HATFIELD & DAWSON BENJAMIN F. DAWSON III, PE CONSULTING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS TELEPHONE (206) 783-9151 THOMAS M. ECKELS, PE 9500 GREENWOOD AVE. N. FACSIMILE (206) 789-9834 STEPHEN S. LOCKWOOD, PE , 98103 E-MAIL [email protected] DAVID J. PINION, PE ERIK C. SWANSON, PE JAMES B. HATFIELD, PE CONSULTANT THOMAS S. GORTON, PE MICHAEL H. MEHIGAN, PE MAURY L. HATFIELD, PE (1942-2009) PAUL W. LEONARD, PE (1925-2011) 20 November 2013 Suzanne Bosman Whatcom County Planning & Development Services 5280 Northwest Drive Bellingham, WA 98226

Dear Ms. Bosman;

This purpose of this letter is to provide a basic framework for understanding the and how radio signals work, and to illustrate some key characteristics of the differences between AM radio and other uses of the spectrum.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Bands The federal government, through the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), coordinates and regulates all uses of electromagnetic spectrum in the United States. Every portion of the spectrum is organized into types of uses. See attached United States Frequency Allocation chart and Spectrum table.

AM radio operates in the Medium Wave (MW)1 band, and is different from FM which operates in the Very High Frequency band (VHF),2 TV which operates in both the VHF band and the

1 MW is Medium Wave which is 300 kHz to 3,000 kHz (3 MHz).

2 VHF is Very High Frequencies from 30 to 300 MHz.

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Ultra-High Frequency band (UHF),3 and cellular which also operates in the Ultra-High Frequency band. Other communications uses of the electromagnetic spectrum include Amateur “Ham” Radio, military communications, and emergency responder communications. There are also industrial spectrum uses that include heat sealing machines (for retail plastic packaging), fluorescent lighting, infrared temperature sensors, television remote controls, laser bar code scanners, etc. All of these common, everyday devices utilize different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Each portion of the spectrum has different uses and each portion of the spectrum behaves in a different manner. Different portions of the spectrum need different types of equipment in order to be harnessed for a useful purpose, and each portion of the spectrum has unique properties. As an example of the quality of these differences, consider a comparison between steel and ice. Both are solid structures that can be shaped into a bar, but the physical properties are quite different. Their melting points are different; their ability to resist fracture is different; and they can’t be used for the same applications. Likewise, cellular spectrum has little in common with AM; and FM spectrum has little in common with AM. They are different frequencies and different spectrum uses, and for analytic purposes they should not be lumped together.

3 UHF is Ultra High Frequencies from 300 MHz to 3,000 MHz.

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Radio Propagation (how signals travel) FM and TV signals travel using line-of sight paths, so VHF antennas must be placed at elevated locations to transmit FM and TV signals. In the central Puget Sound region, these signals are primarily transmitted from towers at West Tiger Mountain, Cougar Mountain, Queen Anne Hill and Capitol Hill. In the northern Puget Sound region, FM and TV broadcasters tend to locate on Mt. Constitution on Orcas Island. The overwhelming majority of FM and TV stations in Western Washington transmit their signals from areas higher than 950 feet above mean sea level, to provide line-of sight service to radio receivers. VHF signals essentially travel the same way whether it is daytime or nighttime. The FM signal you listen to in your car traveled to your car receiving antenna on a direct, line-of-sight path from the transmission antenna. Similarly, cellular signals also travel by line-of-sight paths; cellular antennas must be elevated above obstructions such as trees or buildings in order to function at an optimal level.4

In contrast, AM radio signals have unique propagation pathways. By analogy, if you placed an orange, sliced in half, wide (cut) face down on your desk, you’d have a little dome. Imagine the orange core is an AM antenna holding the dome together like a tent. This is similar to what an AM signal looks like if you could see it. AM radio signals have two components, a groundwave signal (the part touching your desk in all directions) and a skywave signal (all the surfaces of the orange not touching your desk). The skywave signal bounces back to earth at night when one portion of the atmosphere's properties change by being shadowed from the sun. The groundwave signal travels along the surface of the Earth, and is the primary pathway to enable in-car or in-home reception of an AM radio station. Groundwave signals depend on specific properties of soil and topography; AM radio cannot typically be located on, or next to, hills, because such features impede groundwave signal propagation.

4 For AM radio, the entire length of each AM structure acts as an antenna. This contrasts with cellular signals, which are transmitted from panels or rods attached to another, non-transmitting structure, such as a monopole, light standard or building roof.

Hatfield & Dawson Consulting Engineers

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After sundown, AM signals also travel using “skywave” propagation. Skywaves are radio waves that are reflected back to Earth by the ionosphere, and thus can travel much farther than do groundwaves. The ionosphere is the upper region of the earth’s atmosphere located approximately 30 to 250 miles above the surface of the earth. Sunlight changes the physical properties of the ionosphere. During daytime AM signals are absorbed by the ionosphere, but at nighttime AM signals are reflected back to Earth.

Tuning through the AM band at nighttime it is possible to experience skywave propagation. There are a number of radio stations from locations far away that can be received in this area. In particular, there are several San Francisco Bay area stations that have good coverage up and down the coast during nighttime hours. A good example of this phenomenon is radio station KFBK, which operates on 1530 kHz in Sacramento, CA. KFBK cannot be received in the Puget Sound area during the daytime but at nighttime it is received quite well. The propagation change between daytime and nighttime often requires that a station use different antenna configurations and/or power levels during daytime and nighttime, in order to minimize interference to other stations.5 Most stations use multiple antenna structures in order to reduce skywave interference, which affects the size of property needed for an antenna system. KRPI uses five structures in different combinations to change its signal. At least one AM station has 12 structures to shape its signal.

Radio Physics (basic properties)

5 Interference is defined as unwanted signals degrading the performance of reception of a desired signal. Interference can be from several sources. These include: co-channel interference which is a signal broadcast on the same channel as the desired signal; adjacent channel interference which is a signal broadcast on a nearby channel; and electrical noise which is static that can come from electrical sources (hair dryer, flourescent lights, other electrical motors, power lines, etc.).

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Imagine a wave. In the common range for cellular frequencies of 300 – 3000 MHz, if you could see a cellular signal, the would be in the range between approximately four inches and approximately three feet long. If you could physically see an FM signal, the wavelength would be approximately six feet long. To transmit a signal, the ‘wave’ needs an appropriately sized antenna to send the wave on its way to your radio. This is why cellular signals commonly use three to six foot long white rectangular panel antennas attached to towers or buildings. FM signals are transmitted from a bigger antenna element attached to a tower, as well. Cellular and FM only use the tower as a structure to elevate the antenna.

In contrast, for AM radio, if you could physically see an AM signal, the wavelength would be 635 feet long at KRPI’s frequency of 1550 kHz AM, and over 1,200 feet long at KGMI’s frequency of 790 kHz AM. AM radio signals require structures that range in size from 150 feet tall to 750 feet tall. The entire piece of steel is the AM antenna. The KOMO 1000 antenna structures are each 500 feet tall to make the KOMO signal that you hear in your car. In addition, about half of an AM antenna system is buried in the ground. FM, TV, and cellular antennas don’t operate that way. AM radio antennas require 120 copper wires around the base of each radiating element to develop the signal. These wires are the diameter of #2 pencil lead. The length of the wires is tied to the wavelength of the signal—for example, for KRPI 160 feet—and extend in a multidirectional pattern out from the above ground antenna structure. This takes up additional land. FM, TV, and cellular don’t need large tracts of land for signal propagation in the way AM radio does.

Hatfield & Dawson Consulting Engineers

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AM radio is also different from FM, TV, and cellular in another significant way. Many AM stations (including KRPI) must use a directional antenna at night to reduce potential interference to other stations on or near the same channel because of skywave propagation. KRPI also uses a directional antenna to protect a U.S. government monitoring station in Ferndale. A directional antenna system is one that produces more power in some directions and reduces the power in other directions. An understandable analogy for directional antennas is a floodlight. A floodlight puts a lot of light in one direction but behind it there is very little light. Directional antenna systems at AM frequencies require the use of multiple towers. FM, TV, and cellular don’t need multiple towers to create a signal in the way AM does. The majority of AM radio stations in this area use directional antennas. KOMO, 1000 kHz (3 towers); KIRO, 710 kHz (2 towers); KJR, 950 kHz (5 towers); and KNWX, 770 kHz (3 towers), all use directional antenna systems to satisfy their interference and coverage requirements. And, adding towers increases the land-area requirement when attempting to site an AM transmission antenna.

Because the physical properties of cellular, AM, and FM are all different(with different spectrum , frequencies, transmission systems, and power levels) it should come as no surprise that the analysis of the properties of one area of the band may not readily apply to another area of the band. To use a rough analogy, extrapolating information in that manner would be like attempting to use an analysis of a Toyota Prius to explain why a Kenworth truck has a problem.

Overview of AM Radio History and Regulation AM radio was developed approximately 50 years after Morse Code, and was advanced for commercial use just after the dawn of the 20th Century. By 1920, AM radio was fully developed. The fundamental technology infrastructure required for AM radio has remained the same for nearly 100 years. The FCC regulates all non-federal use of , including AM radio. An AM radio station’s location, frequency and power are dictated and controlled by

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federal rules. The FCC Rules (along with international treaties relating to use of the spectrum) have been developed over the last 83 years and are designed to provide public service while minimizing interference to and from other broadcast facilities. The rules are codified in Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Radio Coverage AM radio signal strengths are measured in Volts per meter (V/m)6. The FCC requires that AM radio stations provide a predicted 5 mV/m daytime signal and a 5 mV/m nighttime signal or a Nighttime Interference Free (NIF) signal, whichever is greater, over the . KRPI’s NIF signal is 38.5 mV/m. In this case, the FCC requires that KRPI cover all of Point Roberts with a minimum of 38.5 mV/m. The site needs to be located in Point Roberts to achieve this objective.

AM radio receivers vary greatly in sensitivity and much has been written lately about the poor performance of AM receivers built today. The general practice for broadcaster use for coverage is 2 mV/m for coverage in vehicles, 5 mV/m to 25 mV/m for in home and 25 mV/m in downtown office buildings. On a Walkman-type portable radio, you may need as much as 5 millivolts (5 mV/m) of AM signal to have static-free reception.7 The reason for these recommended AM signal levels is to overcome the effects of interference. Sources of interference include electrical noise from fluorescent lights, computers, TVs, office equipment, overhead power lines, and other appliances operating near a radio that can overload the AM receiver. In a city core, stations generally need more AM signal than this because of heavy attenuation inside large steel structures like office buildings. In your home, depending on the location, type of radio, and the utilization of any external antennas, you can have good reception with signals between 1 mV/m and 25 mV/m. KPRI is attempting to increase its daytime power to overcome these sources of interference.

6 1 mV/m (millivolts per meter) = 0.001 V/m and 1 µV/m (microvolts per meter) = 0.000,001 V/m 7 International Telecommunication Union Recommendation 415-2, Type A Receivers, ITU-R, Volume 1997 BS Series

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Power is measured in Watts (W). One kilowatt (kW) is equal to 1,000W. The transmitter output power for an AM radio station in the United States ranges from 1 to 50 kW. Elsewhere in the world, AM radio stations operate at power levels ranging as high as 500 kW.8 In the Puget Sound area KOMO 1000 kHz, KIRO 710 kHz, KYCW 1090 kHz, KJR 950 kHz, KRKO 1380 kHz, and KKXA 1520 kHz are all authorized and licensed to operate full time at this power. The proposed power for KRPI is 50 kW daytime and 50 kW nighttime.

Antenna Theory AM antenna heights are referenced to a wavelength9 (this only includes the radiating portion of the antenna structure). In AM broadcasting, 5/8 wavelength (or 225°) antennas are more efficient than ¼ wave antennas. A ¼ wavelength (or 90°) antenna is near the lower end of acceptable antenna heights. Antenna heights below 1/5 wavelength are undesirable as efficiencies decrease dramatically around this height resulting in reduced coverage. A 225° antenna provides the maximum coverage and is the theoretical maximum. The efficiency also decreases for antennas taller than 225°, which results in reduced coverage. In summary, taller towers are more efficient for AM (to a point) and shorter towers decrease coverage and are more difficult to work with. The following table summarizes the heights and efficiencies of the proposed KRPI facility:

8 As a side note, the United States Navy operates a Very Low Frequency (VLF) transmitter site near Arlington, Washington with an output power of 3 million Watts. VLF frequencies are lower than those used by AM and travel around the globe along the surface of the Earth. 9 Wavelength or  is determined by the following formula:  = c/f where f is frequency in Hz (1/S - where S is time in Seconds) and c is the speed of light in meters per second (299,792,458 m/s). A full wavelength for KRPI operating at 1550 kHz is  = 193.4 m or 634.6 ft. Antenna heights (and other antenna dimensions) are also expressed in electrical degrees where  = 360° and ¼ = 90°.

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Element Height Efficiency Station Overall Height Active Element Active Element (electrical degrees) (mV/m at 1 km for 1 kW) KRPI 150 feet 141 feet 43 meters 80° 299.4 mV/m 1550 kHz

The theoretical ideal antenna element height for KRPI is 356 feet tall and the theoretical minimum is 158 feet tall. KRPI has gone below the typically acceptable minimum threshold of 1/4 in order to develop an antenna system that is minimally intrusive.

Please feel free to contact me should you have any questions.

Sincerely,

Stephen S. Lockwood, P.E.

Hatfield & Dawson Consulting Engineers

Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band name Abbreviation ITU Frequency Example uses band and wavelength in air Tremendously TLF < 3 Hz Natural and artificial electromagnetic noise low frequency > 100,000 km Extremely low ELF 3–30 Hz Communication with submarines frequency 100,000 km – 10,000 km Super low SLF 30–300 Hz Communication with submarines frequency 10,000 km – 1000 km Ultra low ULF 300–3000 Hz Submarine communication, Communication frequency 1000 km – 100 km within mines Very low VLF 4 3–30 kHz Navigation, time signals, submarine frequency 100 km – 10 km communication, wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics Low LF 5 30–300 kHz Navigation, time signals, AM longwave frequency 10 km – 1 km broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia), RFID, amateur radio Medium MF 6 300–3000 kHz AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur frequency 1 km – 100 m radio, avalanche beacons High HF 7 3–30 MHz Shortwave broadcasts, citizens' band radio, frequency 100 m – 10 m amateur radio and over-the-horizon aviation communications, RFID, Over-the-horizon radar, Automatic link establishment (ALE) / Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) radio communications, Marine and mobile radio telephony Very high VHF 8 30–300 MHz FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight frequency 10 m – 1 m ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications. Land Mobile and Maritime Mobile communications, amateur radio, weather radio Ultra high UHF 9 300–3000 MHz Television broadcasts, ovens, frequency 1 m – 100 mm microwave devices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-way radios such as Land Mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur radio Super high SHF 10 3–30 GHz Radio astronomy, microwave frequency 100 mm – 10 mm devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications satellites, satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio Extremely EHF 11 30–300 GHz Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave high 10 mm – 1 mm radio relay, microwave remote sensing, frequency amateur radio, directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner Terahertz or THz or THF 12 300–3,000 GHz Terahertz imaging – a potential replacement Tremendously 1 mm – 100 μm for X-rays in some medical applications, high ultrafast molecular dynamics, condensed- frequency matter physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum 3 9 14 19.95 20.05 30 30 59 61 70 90 110 130 160 190 200 275 285 300

Fixed MARITIME MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME Maritime MARITIME MOBILE Aeronautical Radionavigation FIXED (Radio Beacons) MOBILE MOBILE

Mobile Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons)

NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation Mobile Aeronautical

MARITIME AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL FIXED FIXED FIXED MARITIME FIXED RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME (RADIO BEACONS)

UNITED RADIONAVIGATION MOBILE STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (20 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 3 kHz 300 kHz 1605 1615 1705 1800 1900 2000 2065 2107 2170 2173.5 2190.5 2194 2495 2501 2502 2505 2850 3000 300 325 335 405 415 435 495 505 510 525 535

MARITIME MARITIME

MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE

Aeronautical AERONAUTICAL FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Radionavigation RADIONAVIGATION Aeronautical MARITIME

AERONAUTICAL Radionavigation (RADIO BEACONS) (Radio Beacons) RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) MOBILE LAND MOBILE Space Research LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MARITIME (RADIO BEACONS) RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING LAND MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL (RADIO BEACONS) RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING MOBILE FIXED Mobile (AM RADIO) AMATEUR MOBILE (R) Aeronautical MOBILE MOBILE AERONAUTICAL

STATES RADIOLOCATION BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE Aeronautical MARITIME MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) Mobile MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)

MOBILE MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING) RADIO- STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL

(RADIO BEACONS) MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MARITIME

MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING) LOCATION STANDARD FREQ. STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz) (SHIPS ONLY) MOBILE Maritime

Aeronautical Mobile FIXED FIXED AERONAUTICAL FIXED RADIONAVIGATION Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) FREQUENCY 300 kHz TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz 3 MHz 3.0 3.025 3.155 3.230 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.063 4.438 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.85 4.995 5.003 5.005 5.060 5.45 5.68 5.73 5.90 5.95 6.2 6.525 6.685 6.765 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.35 8.1 8.195 8.815 8.965 9.040 9.4 9.5 9.9 9.995 10.003 10.005 10.1 10.15 11.175 11.275 11.4 11.6 11.65 12.05 12.10 12.23 13.2 13.26 13.36 13.41 13.57 13.6 13.8 13.87 14.0 14.25 14.35 14.990 15.005 15.010 15.10 15.6 15.8 16.36 17.41 17.48 17.55 17.9 17.97 18.03 18.068 18.168 18.78 18.9 19.02 19.68 19.80 19.990 19.995 20.005 20.010 21.0 21.45 21.85 21.924 22.0 22.855 23.0 23.2 23.35 24.89 24.99 25.005 25.01 25.07 25.21 25.33 25.55 25.67 26.1 26.175 26.48 26.95 26.96 27.23 27.41 27.54 28.0 29.7 29.8 29.89 29.91 30.0

FIXED Mobile* FIXED FIXED FIXED Mobile* Mobile Mobile* FIXED Mobile* FIXED FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE MOBILE** MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE FIXED AMATEUR AMATEUR MOBILE** MOBILE** BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING LAND MOBILE Space Research BROADCASTING Space Research Space Research Space Research Space Research BROADCASTING BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE Space Research BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE BROADCASTING NAL (20,000 KHZ) AMATEUR SATELLITE BROADCASTING AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR SATELLITE

MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MARITIME FIXED MOBILE** AMATEUR

MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED . FIXED AMATEUR MOBILE** MOBILE (R) AMATEUR MOBILE FIXED MOBILE (OR) AMATEUR MOBILE MARITIME LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME BROADCASTING RADIO ASTRONOMY MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE BROADCASTING BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE ALLOCATIONS RADIO ASTRONOMY BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) Mobile AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) MOBILE** Mobile* FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED Mobile FIXED FIXED Mobile FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE* AMATEUR

Radio- AMATEUR AMATEUR FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AMATEUR AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED MOBILE* MOBILE* MOBILE* AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

Mobile STANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIG STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (5000 KHZ) FIXED location STANDARD FREQ. FIXED STANDARD FREQ. STANDARD FREQ. STANDARD FREQ. STANDARD FREQ. STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (15,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (10,000 kHz) AMATEUR SATELLITE STAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG AMATEUR SATELLITE MOBILE* FIXED Mobile

3 MHz ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz THE RADIO SPECTRUM 30 MHz 30.0 30.56 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.25 39.0 40.0 42.0 43.69 46.6 47.0 49.6 50.0 54.0 72.0 73.0 74.6 74.8 75.2 75.4 76.0 88.0 108.0 117.975 121.9375 123.0875 123.5875 128.8125 132.0125 136.0 137.0 137.025 137.175 137.825 138.0 144.0 146.0 148.0 149.9 150.05 150.8 152.855 154.0 156.2475 157.0375 157.1875 157.45 161.575 161.625 161.775 162.0125 173.2 173.4 174.0 216.0 220.0 222.0 225.0 235.0 300 Amateur MOBILE MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MOBILE RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND MOBILE

MOBILE MOBILE Radiolocation MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE LAND Land Mobile MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL Radiolocation AMATEUR SATELLITE

INTER-SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY LAND BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) BROADCASTING FIXED SPACE OPN. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) MOBILE SPACE OPN. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)

FIXED MOBILE AMATEUR (TV CHANNELS 2-4) (TV CHANNELS 5-6) (FM RADIO) RADIONAVIGATION (TV CHANNELS 7-13) MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED LAND AMATEUR MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE (R) MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE (R) MOBILE (R) MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE Radio- LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE location AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) FIXED AERONAUTICAL FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED RADIODETERMINATION FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE AMATEUR Mobile FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE AMATEUR AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radio Astronomy Mob. Sat. (S-E) Mob. Sat. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) RADIONAV-SATELLITE Fixed LAND MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY

AERONAUTICAL LAND MOBILE RADIOLOCATION 30 MHz ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz 300 MHz RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE 901 2000 2020 2025 2110 2155 2160 2180 2200 2290 2300 2305 2310 2320 2345 2360 2385 2390 2400 2417 2450 2483.5 2500 2655 2690 2700 2900 3000 300.0 322.0 328.6 335.4 399.9 400.05 400.15 401.0 402.0 403.0 406.0 406.1 410.0 420.0 450.0 454.0 455.0 456.0 460.0 462.5375 462.7375 467.5375 467.7375 470.0 512.0 608.0 614.0 698 746 764 776 794 806 821 824 849 851 866 869 894 896 901 902 928 929 930 931 932 935 940 941 944 960 1215 1240 1300 1350 1390 1392 1395 1400 1427 1429.5 1430 1432 1435 1525 1530 1535 1544 1545 1549.5 1558.5 1559 1610 1610.6 1613.8 1626.5 1660 1660.5 1668.4 1670 1675 1700 1710 1755 1850 FX. B-SAT B-SAT FX-SAT AMATEUR MARITIME MOBILE RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE (E-S) (E-S) (S-E) EARTH MET. SAT.

Earth Expl Sat Earth Expl Sat Fixed FIXED FIXED

MOBILE MOBILE S) SAT. (s-E)(s-s) FX Mobile Sat. (S-E) Mobile EXPLORATION (S-S) Earth Expl. Meteorological MOB. RADIO ASTRONOMY (Aero. TLM) Satellite (E-S) LAND MOBILE (TLM) R- LOC. MOBILE R- LOC. Amateur MOBILE**

Satellite (S-E) Radiolocation (E-S) (E-S) FIXED MOBILE Radiolocation MOBILESAT(E-S) FIXED FIXED RADIOLOCATION FIXED-SAT (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED Fixed (TLM) Amateur Amateur FIXED BROADCAST BROADCAST FIXED (TLM) FIXED FIXED SPA CE RESEARCH ( Passive) Met-Satellite Met-Satellite BROADCAST EARTH EXPL SAT FIXED Amateur BROADCASTING B- SAT. FIXED MOBILE SAT. MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE SPACE RESEARCH FIXED FIXED FIXED (Space to Earth) MOBILE MOBILE (Space to Earth) MOBILE (E-S) FX FX MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE SPACE (TV CHANNELS 14 - 20) Mobile Satellite (S- E) Radiolocation (s-E)(s-s) LAND MOBILE BCST-SATELLITE Radiolocation MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) LAND MOBILE OPERATION MOBILE SAT. (E-S) (S-E) AIDS (Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL RADIOLOCATION MOB** AIDS (RADIOSONDE) Space Opn. MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE** FX-SAT (S - E) RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE SAT. (E-S) (E-S)(s-s) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. SATELLITE (Space to Earth) MOB TV BROADCASTING FIXED SPACE OP. AMATEUR SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION MOB SAT. (E-S) SAT. (E-S) EARTH EXPL FIXED EARTH EXPL AIDS Amateur

SATELLITE SATELLITE (TV CHANNELS 21-36) RADIONAVIGATION FIXED (TLM) SATELLITE Fixed FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE SAT. MOBILE FIXED SPACE MOBILE MOBILE ** MOBILE (S-E) (s-E)(s-s) MOBILE (Space to Earth) MOBILE MOBILE AMATEUR FIXED AMATEUR RESEARCH LAND MOBILE SPACE RES. Space res. (E-S) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) Fixed Fixed LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE (E-S) EARTH EXPL SAT (Passive) RADIOLOCATION LAND MOBILE METEOROLOGICAL MET-SAT. SPACE RESEARCH LAND MOBILE MET-SAT. AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE** EARTH EXPL. SAT. (E-S)(s-s) Radio- MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) location MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) RADIOLOCATION MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED Mobile Mobile (LOS) FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE ** FIXED MOBILE MOBILE. Radiolocation FIXED** Radio Ast SAT. (S-E) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE

(S-E) MET. SAT. (space to Earth) (space to Earth) FIXED (space to Earth) FIXED MOBILE**

MARITIME Mobile **

FIXED FIXED SPACE OPN.

RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME SATELLITE (s-E) LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE

BROADCASTING LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (s-E) LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED METEOROLOGICAL LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth) FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO RADIO ASTRONOMY SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE Fixed (E-S)(s-s)

MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION (Space to Earth)

RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION MOBILE (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING) STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz) RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRON. RADIONAVIGATION Mobile

SATELLITE MET. AIDS LAND MOBILE (TLM) AERONAUTICAL (LOS) RADIONAVIGATION SPACE RES. AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION FIXED (Radiosonde) RADIONAVIGATION RADIO ASTRONOMY MET. AIDS AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) sonde) SPACE RES..(S-E) Amateur (Radio- RADIONAVIGATION E-Expl Sat MARITIME MOBILE SAT. RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION AERO. RADIONAVIGATION AERO. RADIONAV. (Radiosonde) LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE ASTRONOMY BCST - SAT. AERO. RADIONAV. RADIODETERMINATION SAT. (S-E) MET. AIDS FIXED-SAT (S-E) Radiolocation Radiolocation LAND MOBILE

ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz BROADCASTING METEOROLOGICAL 3 GHz SPACE OPERATION 300 MHz SATELLITE AIDS 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.65 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.94 4.99 5.0 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.46 5.47 5.6 5.65 5.83 5.85 5.925 6.425 6.525 6.70 6.875 7.025 7.075 7.125 7.19 7.235 7.25 7.30 7.45 7.55 7.75 7.90 8.025 8.175 8.215 8.4 8.45 8.5 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 10.0 10.45 10.5 10.55 10.6 10.68 10.7 11.7 12.2 12.7 12.75 13.25 13.4 13.75 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.47 14.5 14.7145 15.1365 15.35 15.4 15.43 15.63 15.7 16.6 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.3 19.7 20.1 20.2 21.2 21.4 22.0 22.21 22.5 22.55 23.55 23.6 24.0 24.05 24.25 24.45 24.65 24.75 25.05 25.25 25.5 27.0 27.5 29.5 29.9 30.0

METEOROLOGICAL Mobile EARTH EXPLORATION Radio- Radio- location Radio- location location FIXED Radioloc. Mobile Mobile Radio- (no airborne) FIXED Satellite (E-S) location Amateur FIXED MOBILE MOBILE SPACE RESEARCH MOBILE FIXED EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) FIXED MOBILE Radio- MOBILE Land Mobile location Land Mobile Fixed Satellite (E-S) ) Fixed Mobile

Radio- FIXED FIXED L M Sat(E-S) Mobile Satellite Satellite (E-S) FIXED Satellite (E-S) FIXED FIXED Satellite (S-E) location FIXED (Passive) SATELLITE Satellite

SATELLITE (E-S)(no airborne) Amateur Radiolocation FIXED Radiolocation Radiolocation Amateur Amateur EARTH EXPL. SATELLITE (E-S)

SATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION Satellite (S-E) Radiolocation SAT (E-S) Space Research FIXED Amateur Radiolocation Land Mobile Space Research Space Research FIXED MOBILE SAT (S-E) (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (Passive) Radiolocation Satellite (E-S) EARTH EXPL. SAT. EARTH EXPL. SAT. MOBILE FIXED INTER-SATELLITE

MOBILE (S-E) Amateur (S-E) FIXED EARTH EXPL. SAT. FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE Radiolocation Mobile Satellite (S-E) MOBILE MOBILE** (E-S) MOBILE MOBILE SAT. (S-E) MET. Radiolocation (S-E) (E-S) EARTH EXPL. SAT. FIXED FIXED Radiolocation Radiolocation MOBILE** SATELLITE Radiolocation Radiolocation SAT.(E-S Amateur SATELLITE (deep space only) Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation SATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE INTER- (S-E) FIXED FIXED SAT (E-S) FIXED FIXED SAT (S-E) Space Research (E-S) FIXED AMATEUR SATELLITE INTER-SATELLITE N INTER-SAT. SATELLITE FIXED FIXED INTER-SAT. FIXED RADIOLOC. RADIO FIXED SAT. SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) (S-E) Space Research (Passive) FX SAT.(E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED (Passive) ASTRONOMY RADIO- RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE (E-S)

Radiolocation FIXED SAT. MOBILE MOBILE LOCATION STANDARD FREQUENCY (Passive) AIDS Aids FIXED Mobile -E) SPACE FIXED Fixed SPACE RES. FIXED FIXED FIXED Amateur FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE Mobile FIXED FIXED

FIXED MOBILE

MOBILE (Passive) MOBILE RADIO- RADIO- MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) FX SAT (S-E) RADIO- MOBILE Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE LOCATION LOCATION FIXED LOCATIO FIXED Meteorological FIXED Space Res.(act.) SATELLITE (S-E) AND TIME SIGNAL (E-S) METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED FIXED SAT (E-S) INTER-SATELLITE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH SATELLITE (E-S) Amateur- sat (s-e) (E-S) MET. FX SAT (E-S) FIXED AERONAUTICAL FX SAT (S-E) RADIO- AERONAUTICAL SATELLITE MOBILE** Mobile RADIO RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE LOCATION RADIO- RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (E-S) Mobile FIXED EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) RADIONAVIGATION Standard LOCATION EARTH EXPL. FIXED SAT(E-S) (E-S) Time Signal NAVIGATION FIXED SATELLITE(S FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E)

RADIO- FIXED Mobile ** Satellite (E-S) Frequency and FIXED FIXED SATELLITE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED LOCATION MOBILE

FIXED AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION e-e-sat MARITIME AMATEUR

RADIO- Standard MOBILE Freq. and RADIOLOCATION RAD.AST FIXED Time Signal MARITIME SATELLITE Satellite (E-S) e-e-sat (s-s) MARITIME

SATELLITE (S-E) AERONAUTICAL SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION FIXED FIXED RADIO Earth RADIOLOCATION LOCATION FIXED RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION MOBILE** RADIONAVIGATION (Ground) STANDARD FREQUENCY MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED RADIO- RADIO- Fixed Space INTER-SATELLITE BROADCASTING SPACE RADIONAVIGATION (Passive) (S-S) Earth FIXED SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION Exploration Mobile** RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION RADIONAV. RADIOLOCATION Fixed FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) Satellite (S-S) AERO RADIONAV

Space Research

MOBILE SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION LOCATION Radiolocation Satellite (Active) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) ASTRONOMY RADIONAVIGATION LOCATION MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)(E-S) AERO. RADIONAV. FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) Satellite (S-S) Earth Expl. Satellite RES. SAT. (S-E) EARTH EXPL. AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. RADIONAVIGATION BCST SAT. RADIO ASTRONOMY (Deep Space) SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) SPACE RES. NAV.(Ground) RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL Earth Exploration Exploration FX SAT (S-E) Earth Expl Sat Space Res. FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) SPACE RES. Earth Expl. AERO. RADIO- SATELLITE (S-E) SPACE SATELLITE (E-S) AERONAUTICAL FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) EARTH EXPL. Research RADIO ASTRONOMY std freq STD FREQ. & TIME SPACE RESEARCH Satellite (Active) RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIONAVIGATION & time FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E) RESEARCH (S-E) RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION AND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (E-S)

3 GHz ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz ACTIVITY CODE 30.0 31.0 31.3 31.8 32.0 32.3 33.0 33.4 36.0 37.0 37.6 38.0 38.6 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 42.5 43.5 45.5 46.9 47.0 47.2 48.2 50.2 50.4 51.4 52.6 54.25 55.78 56.9 57.0 58.2 59.0 59.3 64.0 65.0 66.0 71.0 74.0 75.5 76.0 77.0 77.5 78.0 81.0 84.0 86.0 92.0 95.0 100.0 102.0 105.0 116.0 119.98 120.02 126.0 134.0 142.0 144.0 149.0 150.0 151.0 164.0 168.0 170.0 174.5 176.5 182.0 185.0 190.0 200.0 202.0 217.0 231.0 235.0 238.0 241.0 248.0 250.0 252.0 265.0 275.0 300.0

Radio- Radio- RADIO- SAT RADIO-

INTER- MOBILE EARTH INTER- EARTH RADIO- Amatuer FIXED Mobile EARTH location location EXPL GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE INTER- NAVIGATION EARTH

GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHARED INTER- NAVIGATION EARTH EARTH SAT. FIXED EARTH (Passive) (Passive) Radio- (Passive)

SATELLITE Radio- BCST (E-S) INTER- EARTH (S-E) location location ASTRONOMY SAT (E-S) INTER- (Passive) FIXED EARTH-ES MOBILE EXPLORATION SATELLITE SATELLITE EXPLORATION SATELLITE EXPL SAT. EXPL SAT.

EXPLORATION EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SAT. (Passive) FX FX INTER- SAT MOBILE SATELLITE SPACE RES. MOBILE EXPLORATION MOBILE

BROAD- SATELLITE FIXED

SATELLITE FIXED CASTING (E-S) SATELLITE FIXED EARTH SATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE EARTH FIXED EARTH INTER- EARTH FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) INTER- SATELLITE MOBILE SAT. (Passive) Satellite EARTH EXPL. INTER- SATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE Amateur EXPLORATION SAT. Amateur (Passive) SAT(E-S) SAT(E-S) SATELLITE SATELLITE LOC. MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE SAT. (S-E) SATELLITE

SAT. (Passive) RADIO- SAT. (Passive) EXPLORATION SPACE RES.

Fixed (Passive) RADIO- SATELLITE (E-S) (Passive) SAT. (Passive)

EXPLORATION (Passive) EXPLORATION EXPLORATION Amateur Sat. RADIO- (S-E)

(space-to-Earth) (S-E) Amateur Satellite EARTH SATELLITE (S-E) E A R T H FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) Expl. AMATEUR SAT Earth MOBILE SPACE SATELLITE (Passive)

MOBILE NAVIGATION (Passive) EXPL . SAT SPACE RESEARCH SATELLITE (Passive) AMATEUR

NAVIGATION EARTH Sat (s - e) INTER- * FIXED MOBILE (Passive) (Passive) SPACE SPACE SATELLITE

Radiolocation RADIO- (Passive) (Passive) EXPL. SAT. EXPLORATION FIXED RADIO- RESEARCH SATELLITE RADIO- SATELLITE SPACE RES. SATELLITE (E-S) RESEARCH RESEARCH SATELLITE RES.. Amateur

MOBILE** LOCATION (S-E)

FI XED NAVIGATION SATELLITE (Passive) FIXED FIXED SPACE EARTH-ES NAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH FIXED BROAD- RADIONAVIGATION SPACE RES. MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION (Passive) INTER-SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION EARTH EXPL-SAT (Passive) BROAD- CASTING RADIO- RADIO- FIXED (S-E) (E-S) - SAT CASTING RES. INTER SPACE RES. FX-SAT LOCATION .(Passive) LOCATION SATELLITE SPACE AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR SATELLITE

SATELLITE (E-S) RADIO- SPACE RE. SATELLITE (S-E) SPACE SPACE SPACE SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE MOBILE* RADIO- FIXED NAVIGATION MOBILE RES. RADIO (E-S) RESEARCH RESEARCH NAVIGATION RESEARCH FIXED FIXED SPACE FIXED SPACE SPACE INTER- FIXED (Passive) INTER- FIXED SPACE Amateur Amateur RADIO SPACE MOBILE (Passive) MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE RES. (E-S) SATELLITE (Passive) RESEARCH Amateur MOBILE NAVIGATION (Passive) MOBILE MOBILE

SATELLITE (Passive) SATELLITE (Passive) MOBILE (Passive) SATELLITE(S-E) SATELLITE AMATEUR RESEARCH FIXED MOBILE RESEARCH MOBILE MOBILE SAT (E-S). ASTRONOMY FIXED Amateur Satellite SATELLITE SAT. MOBILE MOBILE INTER- SPACE RESEARCH INTER- SAT SPACE RES.

INTER- SAT SATELLITE

FIXED SATELLITE

MOBILE (E-S) MOBILE BROAD- MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE CASTING MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION SAT. MOB. SAT(E-S) SPACE FIXED (S-E) INTER- SAT FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE FIXED RESEARCH MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE SATELLITE SAT. MOBILE FIXED MOBILE MO- EARTH BILE (Passive) FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED SPACE MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED RADIO RADIO RADIO AMATEUR AMATEUR AMATEUR FIXED EXPLORATION SATELLITE (E-S) EARTH EXPL. ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMY

FIXED ASTRONOMY FIXED FIXED EARTH SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED RADIO MOBILE FIXED FIXED RADIO SPACE RESEARCH FIXED SAT. ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION MOBILE** RADIO- BCST MOBILE FIXED Standard RADIO MOBILE RADIO- MOBILE RADIO- FIXED SATELLITE (Passive) FIXED EARTH FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED

FIXED (E-S) FIXED EARTH SPACE RES. Time Signal EXPLORATION LOCATION RADIOLOCATION SAT FIXED RADIONAVIGATION RADIO- SATELLITE Satellite (S-E) RES. FIXED LOCATION FIXED ASTRONOMY Satellite (S-E) FIXED LOCATION RADIONAV. FIXED RESEARCH (deep space) ASTRONOMY Frequency and FIXED FIXED SPACE and Time Signal SATELLITE FIXED RADIOLOC. RADIOLOC. RADIOLOC. SATELLITE (E-S) ASTRONOMY SAT. (Passive) Stand. Frequency AMATEUR SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) SATELLITE FIXED SPACE RES. EXPLORATION FIXED FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE NAVIGATION RADIONAV.SAT. EXPLORATION SATELLITE SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION ISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz ISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHz ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHz Primary FIXED Capital Letters 30 GHz 59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FOR 300 GHz UNLICENSED DEVICES Secondary Mobile 1st Capital with lower case letters * EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)

** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH 3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å3 x 10Å3Å3 x 10-1Å3 x 10-2Å3 x 10-3Å3 x 10-4Å3 x 10-5Å3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC- FCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changes BAND TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT made to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the DESIGNATIONS VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED. Table to determine the current status of U.S. allocations. PLSC X Radar ACTIVITIES Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast BandsRadar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Infrared X-ray ENT OF C TM OM AR M EP E D R . C .S E 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

N U U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FREQUENCY 0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz 10 Hz N A

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N R National Telecommunications and Information Administration

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T N E I THE RADIO SPECTRUM L Office of Spectrum Management E M C D O A 3 kHz 300 GHz M N MAGNIFIED ABOVE M O TI U A NI CA RM October 2003 TIONS & INFO