Dumfries & Galloway Survey of Designed Landscapes & Gardens

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THE GARDEN HISTORY SOCIETY IN SCOTLAND

DUMFRIES & GALLOWAY SURVEY OF DESIGNED LANDSCAPES & GARDENS RECORDING FORM

A. GENERAL SITE INFORMATION (Expand boxes as necessary) SITE NAME:

Terregles Garden

ALTERNATIVE NAMES OR SPELLINGS:

Terreagles, Toregill, Treveregils, Toreglis, Tarruglis, Trauereglys, Tref yr Eglwys,

ADDRESS AND POSTCODE:

Terregles, Dumfries, DG2 9TH

GRID REFERENCE:

NX 9346 7776

LOCAL AUTHORITY:

Dumfries and Galloway (Historical County Kirkcudbrightshire)

PARISH:

Terregles

INCLUDED IN AN INVENTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES IN SCOTLAND:

TYPE OF SITE: (eg. Landscaped estate, private garden, public park/gardens, corporate/institutional landscape, cemetery, allotments, or other – please specify)

Remnants of landscaped estate

SITE OWNERSHIP & CONTACT: (Where site is in divided ownership please list all owners and indicate areas owned on map if possible)

Private ownership

SIZE IN HECTARES OR ACRES:

4 hectares (10 acres)

PUBLIC ACCESS ARRANGEMENTS/OPENING TIMES (If any):

No public access available

NATIONAL & LOCAL AUTHORITY DESIGNATIONS: (eg. Conservation Area, Green Belt, Tree Preservation Order(s), Nature Conservation Area, etc.

None

LISTED STRUCTURES:

Terregles Estate Former Stables Category A Listed 1971 Ref 17208 http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:17208,Terregles

The Lodge, Terregles MDG18579 Dumfries and Galloway Council Monument Report 2010, C 19472

B. HISTORICAL SURVEY INFORMATION: MAPPED, DOCUMENTARY & PUBLISHED SOURCES MAPPED SOURCES: (please list maps below in date order and attach copies where possible. Give the description or title, date, maker’s name if known, and for Ordnance Survey maps give the date of survey, edition number and sheet number)

Unless otherwise stated all extracts from map images are reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland

Blaeu, Joan 1654 Nithia Vicecomitatus, The Shirifdome of Nidis-dail http://maps.nls.uk/view/00000405#zoom=6&lat=3249&lon=2771&layers=BT

Moll, Herman 1745 The Shire of Dumfries or Nithisdale http://maps.nls.uk/view/00000268#zoom=5&lat=1368&lon=2142&layers=BT

Ainslie, John 1797 The Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. http://maps.nls.uk/view/74400265#zoom=6&lat=2151&lon=8035&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey First Edition Six inch to One mile Kirkudbrightshire Sheet 27 Surveyed 1850, Published 1854 http://maps.nls.uk/view/74427640#zoom=5&lat=9204&lon=4696&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions 25 inches to One mile Kirkcudbrightshire Sheet 021.15 Revised circa1893, Published 1894 http://maps.nls.uk/view/82889133#zoom=3&lat=5344&lon=14640&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Kirkcudbrightshire Sheet XXI.SE Revised 1893, Published 1895 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75633741#zoom=4&lat=2284&lon=3860&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Dumfries-shire Sheet XLIX.SW Revise d 1898, Published 1900 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75503123#zoom=4&lat=3160&lon=3138&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions 25 inches to One mile Kirkcudbrightshire Sheet 021.15 Revised circa1907, Published 1909 http://maps.nls.uk/view/82889136#zoom=3&lat=5497&lon=13296&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Kirkcudbrightshire Sheet XXI.SE Revised 1907, Published 1910 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75633738#zoom=4&lat=2330&lon=4092&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Dumfries-shire Sheet XLIX.SW Revised 1946, Published 1949 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75503117#zoom=4&lat=3304&lon=3684&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Dumfries-shire Sheet XLIX.SW Revised 1946, Published 1951 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75503114#zoom=4&lat=3372&lon=3396&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Dumfries-shire Sheet XLIX.SW Revised 1929, Published 1933 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75503120#zoom=4&lat=3412&lon=3412&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Second Edition & Later Editions Six inch to One mile Kirkcudbrightshire Sheet XXI.SE Revised 1946 Published 1952 http://maps.nls.uk/view/75633735#zoom=4&lat=2452&lon=3900&layers=BT

Ordnance Survey Seventh Edition 1:10,000 1980

Dumfries and Galloway Council Historic Environment Record Follow the link below and search 'Terregles': http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=11720 (by kind permission of Dumfries & Galloway Council)

PRIMARY & DOCUMENTARY SOURCES: (plans, manuscript documents and other estate records) Please list material consulted in date order and attach copies where possible. Give description of material, and location and reference number of archival holding.

Please see Section D

HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS & PICTORIAL SOURCES: (drawings, paintings, photographs, aerial photographs etc. Include type, subject, artist, source or reference location, and date if known)

19th Century Garden Photographs - Private Collection Old photographs of Terregles Estate & Gardens– some are dated - Private Collection

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLISHED SOURCES: (Statistical Accounts, Gazetteers, Directories, Travel Accounts etc.) Please list publications consulted in alphabetical order. Include details of author, title, journal or periodical, and date, volume/edition and page numbers where relevant.

The Gardener’s Magazine 1833, vol 9, p.4

Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society Transactions 1890, series 2, vol 6, p.267 – no specific author stated

The Gardeners’ Chronicle October 14th 1899, p.290

The Scottish Gardener (Northern Forester) 12 July 1913, vol 8, no.297

Circuit Journeys – South Circuit Autumn 1844 pp 239/240 Judge Cockburn

Second (New) Statistical Account of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright Volume 4 Terregles Parish 1845 p.230 http://stat-acc- scot.edina.ac.uk/sas/sas.asp/?account=2&accountrec=3435&action=publicdisplay&county=Kirkcudbright &monospace=&naecache=11&navbar=&nohighlight=&pagesize=&parish=Terregles&session- id=03d127e7c2c228285ae9c0609f310f9e&transcript=&twoup=

Ramsay J, Arnott D G, Laird M C 1965 Third Statistical Account of Scotland. Counties of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown

Macaulay, James 1987 The Classical Country House in Scotland 1660 - 1800 Faber & Faber Dumfries and Galloway Council Monument Full Report 26 November 2010

PRINCIPAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:

1788 – 1840s

PRINCIPAL ARCHITECTS/DESIGNERS ASSOCIATED WITH SITE: (please reference source of information)

Thomas Atkinson (1729 – 1798) from York, designed the house [Macaulay, James 1987 The Classical Country House in Scotland 1660-1800 Faber & Faber, p.188]

Sir Robert Smirke (1780-1867) architect for the stables and extension to the house around 1831 http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200349 Hume, John R 2000 Dumfries and Galloway An Illustrated Architectural Guide Dumfries and Galloway Council Monument Full Report 2010

ORAL RECORDS/REMINISCENSES Please include a list of any people interviewed during the course of research/survey work. Include name and role of interviewee (eg. family member, former employee, local resident), date of conversation and major dates, features or events recalled. Attach a transcript of the conversation if possible.

Current local resident Owner - 2011 – 2012 Local Resident - 2012 Previous Inhabitant of Stables Cottage 2012

[C. SITE SURVEY Use map provided to mark positions and boundaries. Take photographs where possible. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Note the materials used, the dates and styles of various phases of development, and category of listing if appropriate PRINCIPAL HOUSE OR BUILDING:

Demolished in early 1960s

OFFICES (stables, outbuildings, etc):

Stables – built of red stone around a courtyard. Stables now converted to several private residences Potting sheds – built of stone

HOME FARM OR MAINS:

None

BOUNDARIES (External & internal; estate walls, ha-has, park fences etc.):

Some of the external estate boundary walls survive Parts of walled garden walls survive

GATES/GATE LODGES:

Gateposts for drive to stables survive. Substantial gates could be original Original gateposts at the lodge survive, leading to what had been part of the drive to the house. Lodge – SMR no: MDG24279 - parts may date back to the 19th century

GARDEN BUILDINGS (Summer houses, view houses, temples, grottoes etc):

Remains of 'Ladies Walk' & Grotto below Italianate Garden

CHAPELS/MAUSOLEUMS/BURIAL GROUINDS:

None on site Maxwell burials in a building attached to Terregles church (known as the 'Queir')

CONSERVATORIES/FERNERIES:

None

GARDEN STATUARY (Fountains, statues, sundials, monuments etc.) Note any inscriptions:

Fountain (created after 1844) MDG24332 Statues Stone angels holding a scallop shell – wall-mounted beside the Ladies Walk Sundial made of red sandstone – existed at sometime between 1844 and 1920, but no trace remains

BURIAL GROUNDS/CEMETERIES (Note principal memorials and headstones with inscriptions where possible):

None on garden site

BRIDGES:

One bridge over stream on the way to the ice-house

TERRACES (Including steps & stairways):

Italianate Garden & Steps Late 19th Century

Remains of Steps at Italianate Garden November 2010

WALLED GARDENS (Including potting sheds, bothies, glasshouse ranges etc.):

Remains of glasshouse walls and chimney

AVENUES, CARRIAGE DRIVES, ORNAMENTAL WALKS, SERVICE DRIVES ETC:

Ornamental Italianate Garden Late 19th Century with 'The Ladies Walk' in the foreground and Grotto at the far end

ROCKERIES:

None

WATER FEATURES (natural & man-made including rivers, cascades, lochs, pools etc.):

Stream

ANY OTHER FEATURES NOT INCLUDED ABOVE (Include any historic or modern feature and indicate use where possible):

Remains of brick works Remains of wall-mounted water source, which would have had a tap, beside potting shed Ice house – 18th century to modern

PLANTED ELEMENTS: The garden or park should divide up naturally and historically into different areas, e.g. ornamental gardens, parkland, walled garden, policy planting. Each area should be delineated on a plan and current use noted. 1. ORNAMENTAL GROUNDS GRASSED AREAS (Lawns, meadows, terraces):

Remains of Terraces and Italianate Garden now grassed over and used as grazing for cattle

FLOWER BEDS (Indicate theme or type – parterres, perennial herbaceous border/annual bedding where possible. Note whether significant plant collection):

None

SHRUBBERY INCLUDING HEDGES & TOPIARY (Include details of height, species etc. if possible):

None

ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING (Single specimens, groups – include details of age and species if possible):

Three Horse Chestnut trees, unfenced

AVENUE PLANTING (May also cross parkland and policy planting. Note predominant species and whether single or double planted if possible:

None

ANY OTHER ORNAMENTAL PLANTING FEATURE NOT COVERED ABOVE:

None

2. KITCHEN GARDENS AND ORCHARDS KITCHEN GARDENS (walled, hedged or other boundary. Note any other historical features and current use)

Kitchen garden walled on three sides, now used as a field for grazing cattle

ORCHARDS (walled, hedged or other boundary. Note any other historical features and current use)

None

3. PARKLAND GRASSED AREAS (Note current use, amenity grassland, agricultural use – grazing, cultivation etc.):

Agricultural use for grazing cattle

TREE PLANTING (Individual specimens, clumps, belts, roundels etc. Note species if possible, and whether fenced):

Three copper beeches

ANY OTHER PARKLAND FEATURE NOT INCLUDED ABOVE:

None

4. POLICY WOODLAND PLANTING COMPOSITION (Note composition of woodland; deciduous/coniferous/mixed, and principal species if possible. Note current use eg. commercial timber cropping/amenity woodland):

None

ANY OTHER POLICY WOODLAND FEATURE NOT INCLUDED ABOVE:

None

5. VIEWS, VISTAS, BORROWED LANDSCAPE & PERIPHERAL AREAS, KEY VIEWS (please note views inwards to the house, outwards from the house, and internally within the landscape):

None

BORROWED LANDSCAPE (please note any features, natural or man-made, lying outside the designed landscape which act as eye-catchers or contribute to the outward views):

None

PERIPHERAL AREAS (please note any features lying outside the main landscape but which are clearly designed e.g. regularly spaced roadside/field boundary trees, estate walls etc.):

None

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON CURRENT CONDITION OR CARE OF THE LANDSCAPE

Grazing for cattle

SURVEY DRAWINGS AND/OR PHOTOGRAPHS

Please include a list and copies where possible of any drawings, photographs made/taken during the ground survey.

A selection of photographs taken during the survey is included in the text above. A full set of images will be included in the copy of this report to be lodged with the Ewart Library, Dumfries.

D. SUMMARY HISTORY OF THE SITE

This section should be set out in chronological form and should include information on the way the site has developed and changed since it was first recorded, using dates and maps where possible. The names of owners, architects or designers involved, and relevant historical events should be recorded, and the sources noted.

Historical Information about Terregles Estate The Barony of Terregles was granted to Sir John Herries by King David II in about 1358. Terregles castle (tower) was built by the Herries family in the 1480s Sir Herbert Herries was created Lord Herries of Terregles in about 1489 by King James IV. Of his three great-grand-daughters, the heiress Agnes (1534 to 1594) married Sir John

Maxwell, second son of Robert, 5th Lord Maxwell. Sir John (d.1582) extended the property and took the title 4th Lord Herries through his wife. He has been described as Mary Queen of Scots’s most faithful defender. Queen Mary fled to Terregles after the battle of Langside on 13th May 1568 and remained there some days. In revenge, the old Terregles tower house was condemned to be pulled down in 1568 by Regent Moray, but the order was reversed when it became known that this would be assisting Lord Herries in his intention to build a new house. Lord Herries was interred in the choir “Queir” of the church at Terregles [“Queir” of Terregles] in 1582. He had built it as a sepulchre for himself and his family. The Queir forms the choir of the established Church of Scotland kirk, but is divided from it by a wall and has a separate entrance on the South side, forming a beautiful mortuary chapel. The Queir has remained in the catholic faith and mass is still said there on certain anniversaries. Around 1600 a third tower was added to the old Terregles house by William Maxwell, 5th Lord Herries. A carved door from this block was preserved in the later new mansion. His grandson, John Maxwell, 7th Lord Herries, became 3rd Earl of Nithsdale in 1667 on the death of his kinsman. William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale (d.1744) supported the Jacobites in 1715. He was captured and sentenced to death in London, his titles forfeited. His wife Winifred (d.1749), pleaded for clemency and when that seemed unsuccessful, she helped him to escape disguised as a woman. The couple fled to the continent, living in poverty. Their son William (d.1776), pleaded for restoration of the family estates and titles and was recognised as 6th Earl of Nithsdale. He left an only daughter Winifred Maxwell (d.1801). She married William Haggerston Constable of Everingham (d.1797), who added the surname Maxwell. The new red sandstone mansion house at Terregles was built from 1788 – 94 by Lady Winifred and her husband. As William Haggerston Constable Maxwell’s main estate was in Yorkshire, Thomas Atkinson, a convert to Catholicism, was summoned from York to design the house. References to the progress of the building are in letters from members of the family at the University of Hull. The old castle was demolished. The new house is mentioned in one of Robert Burns’s poems: Nithsdale’s Welcome Hame 1791. The house was enlarged in the early 1830s, when the wrought red sandstone stables were also probably built, with housing for coachmen and grooms. The eldest son of Winifred and William, Marmaduke William Constable Maxwell (1760 to 1819) left the Constable and Maxwell properties to his eldest son William (1804 - 1876), who successfully petitioned to succeed to the title of 10th Lord Herries, after the restoration in blood of the descendants of the disgraced 5th Earl of Nithsdale. The Terregles estate was left to Marmaduke’s second son, also called Marmaduke (b.1806). As he had no children, the estate passed to Captain Alfred Peter Constable Maxwell (1841 – 1889), son of Marmaduke’s third son, Peter (b.1807). Captain Alfred Peter Constable Maxwell restored the Queir in 1875. At the time of his death in 1889 the valuation roll gives the annual value of the estate as £13,268. On Alfred Peter’s death the estate passed to his uncle Henry Constable Maxwell (1809 – 1890), who had already inherited Traquair estate from Lady Louisa Stuart (1776 – 1875), sister of the 8th Earl of Traquair and a distant relation. He had added the surname Stuart. On Henry’s death, the Terregles estate passed to his son, Herbert Joseph Constable Maxwell Stuart of

Traquair and Terregles (1842 to 1921). From 1897 to 1920, the Terregles House and immediate policies were leased to Mr Charles Edward Galbraith. In 1920 the then Board (now Department) of Agriculture for Scotland bought the entire Terregles estate. In 1921 the Board divided the acquisition into small holdings for the resettlement of ex-servicemen. Terregles House and policies were sold (? in the 1930s) to Mr James Clenachan who in the early 1960s was farming the land, though it was originally intended that it should be developed as an agricultural college. The extensive stabling of the house was used for a short time after 1921 by a private company as a bacon factory, but this soon proved unprofitable. During World War II the house was requisitioned for use by the Norwegians during occupation of their country. After World War II the house was partly occupied by the owner until at least 1955, but later lay empty and was eventually gutted before being demolished in the early 1960s. The former stables have been converted into housing.

References: 1. SCAN catalogue DS/UK/24445 – Constable-Maxwell Family 2. Dumfries and Galloway Archives GB226/GGD242 – Papers of Captain A Constable Maxwell of Terregles. 3. Dumfries and Galloway Archives NA24255 – Captain Alfred Peter Constable Maxwell (1841 – 1889) 4. Maxwell-Irving, Alastair M T (2000) The Border Towers of Scotland – Terregles Castle p.242 5. Blundell, Dom Odo, OSB 1907 Ancient Catholic Homes of Scotland Burns & Oates Ltd, London 6. SCAN catalogue DS/UK/24903 – Constable-Maxwell-Stuart of Traquair family 7. Gifford, John 1996 The Buildings of Scotland – Dumfries and Galloway Penguin Books 8. The Gardeners’ Chronicle 14 October 1899 page 290 9. Mckerlie, P.H. 1878 History of the lands and their owners in Galloway vol 5. 10. Third Statistical Account of Scotland. Counties of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown. Ed. J Laird and D G Ramsay. Pub. Collins 1965 11. Macaulay, James 1987 The Classical Country House in Scotland 1660 – 1800.Faber and Faber 12. Sales catalogue for Terregles, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright 1920 (Ewart Library, Dumfries). 13. 2013– personal communication.

Historical Information about the Garden and Plants at Terregles: In 1833 a gardening tour described in the Gardeners’ Magazine included Terregles Mansion. It was noted that some additions to the house were being made and that the park had been sprinkled over with single trees, arranged equidistantly in complete contrast to natural grouping. These trees were chiefly oaks from 20 to 30 feet high, which had been moved in the preceding two years, almost all surviving. Adjoining the house was an old architectural garden, consisting of a level square platform with thick, lofty, hornbeam hedges and on two sides a broad grass terrace, between 20 and 30 feet higher than the exterior grounds. There was an unusual view from the terrace to a new kitchen- garden, on a gentle slope backed by woods. The garden was in excellent order and the author felt that it should be retained as a garden of fruit and flowers, rather than undergoing routine improvement into a pleasure-ground.

In autumn 1844 Judge Cockburn recorded in ‘South Circuit’ how he and his family ‘called at Terregles, where we saw a recently-made flower garden. It is extremely beautiful. Good flowers, shrubs and trees adorning, but, as usual, more adorned by pure, regular walks, bright, smooth turf, and well-kept stairs, urns, and terraces. But there are three errors. First, no water. They are going to bring it for the house soon, from a mile off, and then they promise fountains...Second, they have put lines of gravel walks alongside of most of the flower-plots....instead of leaving the plots to be bounded by the grass itself. Thirdly, and chiefly, they have employed a professional rock-maker, from London, I believe, to manufacture masses of fantastic rock-work. This in Scotland! A country full of the best productions of the great rock maker, Nature!’

Towards the end of the 19th century, Captain Alfred Peter Constable Maxwell of Terregles purchased many seeds of flowers and vegetables from seedsmen including Fotheringham and Wallace, Dumfries ; Dickson and co., Edinburgh and James Carter and Co., London. There are invoices from 1887-8 detailing his seed purchases; eg potatoes, peas, kidney beans, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, carrots, lettuce, leek, onion, curled parsley, parsnips, spinach, turnips, celery, cucumber, marrow, broccoli; stock, aster, mignonette, sweet peas, pyrethrum, lobelia.

Captain Maxwell appears to have been a keen horticulturist, although many purchases were destined for his estate in Teneriffe. His regular correspondent from Teneriffe says in one letter that growing the seeds in Teneriffe is very similar to growing them elsewhere, except that in Teneriffe they can be grown out-of-doors. So perhaps some of these seeds were being planted in the glass-houses at Terregles.

Captain Maxwell’s handwritten notebook of 1885-1887 lists his orchids, including which were purchased, when they flowered, how many flowers they had and a description of them. Some had never flowered in this country before; eg in 1887: ‘bought a lot of eight established Crispum Alexandrae labelled 1 to 8 in Jan and April 1886’.

A newspaper cutting from a Dumfries paper (found with a letter dated December 1888) says that – ‘The Gardener’s Chronicle of 1888 gives a drawing of The Orchid Flower Holder. It is a local invention, which was invented by Captain Maxwell of Terregles and is sold by Mr Alfred Outram, Fulham, London’.

In the notice of the funeral of Captain Maxwell in 1889, the road from the House [at Terregles] is described as winding among thick beech hedges and clumps of oak through the trimly kept policies to the North West gate.

When the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society organised a field visit to the gardens on 7th June 1890 it was recorded that the Terregles gardens and ornamental grounds were notable for their extent and magnificence. The visitor was invited to linger at every turn by stately trees, perfectly symmetrical giant beech hedges, grass banks, cunningly contrived grottos, lake, stream and statuary. The grounds were gorgeous at that season with the bright and blended colours of

19 rhododendron and azalea, with a long bank of yellow broom on their outskirts.

An article in ‘Dumfriesshire Illustrated’ 1894, remarked that the gardens attached to the mansion house of Terregles have the reputation of being well and tastefully kept.

In 1896, the Hon. President of Terregles, Lochrutton and Irongray Horticultural Society was Herbert Constable Maxwell Stuart Esq. of Terregles and Traquair. The committee of management of their show of flowers, fruit and vegetables included his gardener, Mr A Chalmers.

In 1899 it was remarked that the place could still be pointed out in the garden where, according to tradition, the Countess of Nithsdale concealed the title-deeds of the estate before departing to London in 1715/16 to try to rescue her husband.

The Gardeners’ Chronicle of 1899 remarked that the gardens at Terregles House had suffered from several causes, including its occupancy by different tenants following the death of the owner-occupier. The present tenant was Mr C. E. Galbraith, who had brought with him from Ayton Castle, Berwickshire, Mr John McKinnon as head gardener. Some of the natural beauties of the estate remained partially undeveloped. These included several lakes, which would add greatly to the charms of the estate if they were tastefully planted and margined. The Italian Garden, occupying a broad terrace close to an apparently artificial ravine, was a conspicuous feature. Its plan was simpler than many Italian gardens and it was planted with zonal Pelargoniums, amid large specimens of Rhus typhina which appeared to have been there for several years. There were high, clipped yew hedges. Most of the flowers needed for cutting were grown in the kitchen garden. Many herbaceous flowers were cultivated eg early chrysanthemums and dahlias. Carnations and violets were grown, together with new varieties of violas and sixty varieties of sweet pea. In the numerous glass houses were grown decorative plants for the mansion and flowers for cutting eg heliotrope, lilies, fuchsias, hydrangeas and pelargoniums. The fernery contained a collection of exotic ferns. Eucharis, Crotons, Marantas and palms were grown, as well as grapes, peaches and tomatoes. 900 Chrysanthemums were grown outside, together with crops of apples, carrots and other vegetables, which were all good with the exception of the brassica family. In the grounds were some fine conifers and deciduous trees, amongst which were a fine Douglas Fir, a good Pinus Sylvestris, a fine Abies Menziesii and a very old Spanish Chestnut of ‘magnificent proportions’.

‘The Scottish Gardener’ in 1913 remarked that the gardens at Terregles, where Mr Galbraith was in residence, had been long noted for their beauty. Many improvements had been made since Mr W. Hutchinson, a well-known gardener, took up duties there. Alpines were assuming importance. There was a recently established and improving rock bed above a low retaining wall, full of good species including Primulas, Saxifrages, Ourisia Coccinea and Gentians. Alpines were also being grown in a long bed in another part of the garden. Other fine hardy flowers included Polyanthus and white tulips. The glass houses contained fine carnations and malmaisons, as well as vegetables. It

20 concluded that Terregles was even adding to its former reputation as one of the leading local gardens.

Gardeners mentioned Mr Carruthers 1833 in references are: Mr Alexander Chalmers (between 1884 and 1895) Mr John MacKinnon (between 1898 and 1904) Mr W Hutchinson 1913

In 1920 the Terregles House and estate were put up for sale and the sales catalogue gives the following description of the estate and gardens: The estate extends over 15,000 acres, which includes some 165 acres of the mansion house pleasure grounds, gardens, policies and magnificently timbered park. The park is studded with magnificent specimens of hardwood trees of great age and symmetry, which with the lakes complete an ideal scene of beauty. Trees mentioned are a Spanish Chestnut tree of great age, oak trees, beech trees and conifers. There is a pine walk and wooded drives. There are two full-sized tennis greens and an extensive orchard. The water supply comes by gravitation from a reservoir on the lands, providing an ample supply for glass houses and gardens.

To the West of the house are Italianate gardens, ornamented with statuary and large fountain in the centre. Adjoining are the vegetable and fruit gardens, divided into sections by splendid ten foot high yew, hornbeam and beech hedges and a high brick wall on two sides. To the North are the glass houses.

There is a large flower pavilion 54 feet by 20 feet; a fernery 80 feet by 15 feet; a tomato and carnation house 54 feet by 10 feet; a begonia house 80 feet by 14 feet; all heated by hot water. Also two vegetable marrow and cucumber frames 80 feet by 8 feet.

There is a large “lean to” house 144 feet by 12 feet divided into four: tomato house, two vinerys and a peach house. Behind the garden wall are potting shed, tool houses, store, apple room and furnace underneath.

There are numerous borders of herbaceous plants, roses and other flowers and large numbers of apple, pear, plum and cherry trees with gooseberries, strawberries, currants and other small fruits.

There are lawns and terraces near to the house. The terraces slope down to the edge of the upper lake, which has a background of lime and other hardwood trees, affording shelter to the house.

The woodlands, apart from within the policies, are in areas ranging from 20 to 100 acres and from 6 to 80 years old.

References: 1. Dumfries and Galloway Archives GB226/GGD242 Papers of Captain A Constable Maxwell of Terregles.

- letters and accounts 1882 - 1890 - notebook recording details of the blooming of his orchids 1886 – 1888 - Funeral report of Captain Alfred Peter Maxwell 27.12.1889 2. Dumfries Ewart Library GKC(366)P - Terregles, Lochrutton and Irongray Horticultural Society prize schedule of show of flowers, fruit and vegetables etc, Saturday 8th August 1896 3. The Gardeners’ magazine vol 9. 1833 p. 4. The Gardeners’ Chronicle October 14th 1899 p.290 author Sam Arnott 5. The Scottish Gardener (Northern Forester) vol viii – no.397 July 12th 1913 – Notes from South of Scotland Gardens 6. Valuation rolls for Kirkcudbrightshire

7. Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society (1890) series ll, volume 6, p.267 8. Sales catalogue for Terregles, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright 1920 (Ewart library, Dumfries). 9. ‘South Circuit – Autumn 1844’ diary notes by Judge Cockburn. 10. Dumfriesshire Illustrated 1894, p.53 – 1. Nithsdale by Peter Gray

Name :

Eileen Toolis, Pam Wortley, Heather Barrington Dumfries & Galloway Designed Landscapes and Gardens Survey Group under the auspices of the Garden History Society in Scotland.

Dates of ground survey work:

2011/2012

Date research completed:

Spring 2013