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State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys

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State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Walter J. Hickel, Governor Harold C. He&, Commissioner Thomas E. Smith, Director and State Geologist May 1992 'MI report im a preliminary publication of DGGS. The author in rolely rzpponaiblc for itr content ad will appreciate candid commcntr on the rccumcy of the data as well as suggestions to improve the report. Report of Investigations 92-1 GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GEYSER BIGHT GEOTHERMAL AREA, UMNAK ISLAND, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALAKSA BY Christopher J. Nye, Roman J. Motyh, Dodd L. Turner and Shirley A. Liss STATE OF ALASKA Department of Natural Resources DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS According to Alaska Statute 41, the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys is charged with conducting "geological and geophysical surveys to determine the potential of Alaskan land for production of metals, minerals, fuels, and geothermal resow; the locations and supplies of ground water and construction materials; the potential geologic hazards to buildings, roads, bridges, and other installations and structures; and shall conduct such other surveys and investigations as will advance knowledge of the geology of Alaska." In addition, the Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys shall collect, record, evaluate, and distribute data on the quantity, quality, and location of underground, surface, and coastal water of the state; publish or have published data on the water of the state and require that the results and findings of surveys of water quality, quantity, and location be filed; require that water-well contractors file basic water and aquifer data, including but not limited to well location, estimated elevation, welldriller's logs, pumping tests, flow measurements, and waterquality determinations; accept and spend funds for the purposes of AS 41.08.017 and 41.08.035, and enter into agreements with individuals, public or private agencies, communities, private industry, and state and federal agencies; collect, record, evaluate, archive, and distribute data on seismic events and engineering geology of the state; and identify and inform public officials and industry about potential seismic hazards that might affect development in the state. Administrative functions rn performed under the direction of the State Geologist, who maintains his office in Fairbanks. The locations of DGGS offices are listed Mow: m794 University Avenue .400 Willoughby Avenue Suite 200 (3rd floor) Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3645 Juneau, Alaska 99801 (907) 474-7147 (907) 465-2533 .Geologic Materials Center 18225 Fish Hatchery Road P.O.Box 772116 Eagle River, Alaska 99577 (907) 696-0070 This report, printed in Fairbanks, Alaska, is for sale by DGGS for $5. DGGS publications may be inspected at the following locations. Address mail order to the Fairbanks office. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys 794 University Avenue, Suite 200 Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3645 U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Cater Grace Hall, Alaska Pacific University Campus 4230 University Drive, Room 101 Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4664 CONTENTS Abstract ...........................................................................................................................1 Introduction and background ..................................................................................................1 Description of the Geyser Bight geothermal area ......................... ........................................... 1 Regional geologic setting ...................................................................................................3 Previous work ...................... .........................................................................................4 Purpose and scope of this study ............................................................................................4 Land status and accessibility ............................. .... ..........................................................4 Geology of the Geyser Bight area ..................... ....................................................................5 Overview ......................................................................................................................5 Description of rock units ....................................................................................................6 Beach sand (Qb) ......................................................................................................... 6 Alluvium (Qal) ............................................................................................................6 Dune sand (Qd) .......................................................................................................... 9 Till (Qgt) ...................................................................................................................7 Alluvial-colluvial fans (Qf) ............................................................................................ 7 Undifferentiated colluvium (Qc)........................................................................................ 7 Holocene tephra (Qt) .....................................................................................................7 Rhyolite (Qr) ................................, ........................................................................... 7 Holocene andesite (Qaf) ....................... ....................................................................... 8 Quartz-bearing andesite (Qrq) ..........................................................................................8 Lavas of Cinder Point (Qcp) ...................... ..................................................................9 Lavas of Mt . Recheshoi (Qral. Qm. Qrd) ..........................................................................9 Glacial drift (Qgd) ........................................................................................................10 Volcanics of central Umnak Island (Qcuv) ............................................ 10 Quartz diorite and quartz monzonite pluton (Tdp) ............................... .... ............................. 10 Te~tiarysedimentary and volcanic rocks (Tvs) .......................................................................12 Structure .................................................................................................................... 13 Volcanic hazards .............................................................................................................14 Geochronology of volcanic and plutonic events ............................................................................14 Background ...................................................................................................................14 Analytical methods and reliability of young ages .......................................................................14 Results ................................... .................................................................................15 Geochemistry of volcanic rocks ...............................................................................................19 Introduction ...................................................................................................................17 Chemical variation of lavw ................................................................................................. 18 Petrogenesis of lavas ........................................................................................................19 Crystal fractionation ........................... ........................................................................... 19 Magma mixing ..........................................................................................................25 Crystal accumulation ................................................................................................... 25 Crustal melting ......................... .............................................................................25 Other processes ............................................................................................................27 Inferences for depth of fractionation ......................................................................................28 Temporal variations in magma composition ................................... ..... ...................... 28 Evolution of the magmatic system................................ .. ............ 31 Thennal Areas: description. spring discharge, and convective heat flow ............................................. 31 Location ..................................................................................................................... 31 Spring descriptions ......................................................................................................... 32 SiteF1 ......................................................................................................................32 Site F2 ......................................................................................................................32 Site F3 .................................................................................................................... 34 Site G .................................................................................................................... 34 Site H .......................................................................................................................36
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