DOCSLIB.ORG

Fumaroles, Steaming Ground, and Boiling Mudpots

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fumaroles, Steaming Ground, and Boiling Mudpots U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY and the NATIONAL PARK SERVICE—OUR VOLCANIC PUBLIC LANDS “Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park— Fumaroles, Steaming Ground, and Boiling Mudpots Hydrothermal (hot water) features at Lassen Volcanic National Park fascinate visitors to this region of northeastern California. Boiling mudpots, steaming ground, roaring fumaroles, and sulfurous gases are linked to active volcanism and are all reminders of the ongoing potential for eruptions in the Lassen area. Nowhere else in the Cascade Range of volcanoes can such an array of hydrothermal features be seen. Recent work by scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with The hottest and most vigorous hydrothermal features in Lassen Volcanic National Park are at Bumpass the National Park Service, Hell, which marks the principal area of upfl ow and steam discharge from the Lassen hydrothermal system. A prominent steam plume marks the site of Big Boiler, the largest fumarole (steam and volcanic-gas vent) is shedding new light on the in the park. The temperature of the high-velocity steam jetting from it has been measured as high as 322°F inner workings of the Lassen (161°C). Most of the hydrothermal features in the park contain mixtures of condensed steam and near-sur- face ground water and have temperatures that are near boiling. The steam-heated waters of the features hydrothermal system. are typically acidic and, even if cool enough, are not safe for bathing. The remarkable hydrothermal features and steaming ground. These features are re- in the Basin and Range Province, just to in Lassen Volcanic National Park include lated to active volcanism and are indications the east. roaring fumaroles (steam and volcanic-gas of the ongoing potential for further erup- Nearly all of the volcanic rocks in the vents), thumping mudpots, boiling pools, tions from the Lassen “volcanic center.” Lassen region were erupted within the past 3 The Lassen region is at the south end million years. Volcanic activity at the Lassen of the Cascade chain of volcanoes and volcanic center began with the formation of at the west edge of the Basin and Range the Brokeoff stratovolcano about 600,000 Province. The volcanoes of the Cascade years ago. More recent activity created Las- Range are created by rising molten rock sen Peak, a volcanic dome emplaced about (magma). This magma is generated as the 27,000 years ago; Chaos Crags, a dome oceanic Juan de Fuca Plate, one of the complex formed about 1,100 years ago; and tectonic plates making up the Earth’s outer Cinder Cone, which erupted about 350 years shell, plunges (is “subducted”) beneath ago. The latest eruptions in the area occurred the continental North American Plate. The during 1914–17 at Lassen Peak. boundary between these plates, called the Cascadia Subduction Zone, dips eastward Hydrothermal Features The vigor of Lassen’s hydrothermal features, such as beneath the Pacifi c Northwest at an off- The areas of hydrothermal activity in Las- this mudpot, varies seasonally. In spring, when cool shore trench. The geology of the Lassen sen Volcanic National Park include Bumpass ground water from snowmelt is abundant, fumaroles and pools have lower temperatures, and the mud in region is also infl uenced by horizontal Hell, Little Hot Springs Valley, Pilot Pinnacle, mudpots is more fl uid. extension (stretching) of the Earth’s crust Sulphur Works, Devils Kitchen, Boiling U.S. Department of the Interior USGS Fact Sheet 101-02 U.S. Geological Survey 2003 THE LASSEN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM elevations. The steam- heated waters are typi- Water from rain and snow cally acidic and are not (meteoric water) that falls on the highlands of Lassen Volcanic safe, even for bathing, National Park feeds the Lassen except at Drakesbad hydrothermal system. Once Guest Ranch. deep underground, the water is heated by a body of hot or molten The vigor of Lassen’s rock beneath Lassen Peak. The hydrothermal features deeper part of the system, where varies both seasonally hot water saturates the rock, is called the liquid-dominated and from year to year. In zone. At shallower depths, lower spring, when cool ground pressure allows rising hot water water from snowmelt is to boil. The subsurface area in which steam and gas prevail abundant, the fumaroles in open fractures is called the and pools have lower vapor-dominated zone. Although temperatures, and the most of the steam condenses near the surface, some reaches mud in mudpots is more the surface through conduits fl uid. In late summer to form fumaroles (steam and and in drought years, the volcanic-gas vents), such as those at Bumpass Hell. Addition- features become drier and ally, beneath the surface, gas- hotter because there is depleted hot water fl ows away less mixing with shallow, from the liquid-dominated zone and reaches the surface south cool ground water. On of the Park to form hot springs, a longer time scale, hy- such as Morgan Hot Springs drothermal features may (inset photo). shift position, die out, or evolve into different types Springs Lake, and Terminal Geyser, which upfl ow and steam discharge from the Las- of features. For example, an area of steam- is not a true geyser but the result of a cold sen hydrothermal system. The temperature ing ground in upper Sulphur Works col- stream fl owing over a steam vent. Related of high-velocity steam jetting from Big lapsed in the early 1980’s to form a huge, features also occur south of the park in Boiler, the largest fumarole in the park, has boiling mudpot. To protect visitors and also Mill Canyon at Morgan and Growler Hot been measured as high as 322°F (161°C), to understand the origin and evolution of Springs. making it one of the hottest hydrothermal such features, National Park Service (NPS) All the features in the park are driven fumaroles in the world. Most of the hydro- personnel and scientists with the U.S. by steam generated by boiling of an under- thermal features contain mixtures of con- Geological Survey (USGS) continuously ground reservoir of hot water. The hottest densed steam and near-surface ground monitor the physical and chemical charac- and most vigorous features are at Bumpass water and have temperatures that are near teristics of surface hydrothermal activity in Hell, which marks the principal area of the boiling point of water at their respective Lassen Volcanic National Park. HYDROTHERMAL AREAS OF 800 Lassen Peak 0 6800 72 EXPLANATION6800 THE LASSEN VOLCANIC 0 00 880 LASSEN Hydrothermal areas NATIONAL PARK REGION Area Volcanic feature or remnant of map Pilot Pinnacle Pilot Pinnacle 8000 EXPLANATION Mount Diller Outline of Brokeoff Volcano 8400 VOLCANIC Hydrothermal feature CALIF. 6000 Volcanic feature or Bumpass Cold Boiling Lake remnant Sulphur Works Hell Little Hot NATIONAL r e Brokeoff Drakesbad e Devils Kitchen k Mountain Springs Valley Butte Lake 89 Mount 6 Cha Cinder Cone Boiling Springs Lake 00 os Ju Conard 0 mble PARK Manzanita s 89 LASSEN VOLCANIC 7600 M Lake Chaos Crags Snag 7200 Map area i Lake ll Terminal Geyser C a Lassen Peak Red 6000 n NATIONAL PARK 6800 y 6 Cinder o 80 Horseshoe n 6400 0 Mount Diller Lake Juniper 89 Bumpass Hell Lake N Brokeoff 0 123MILES Mountain Mount Conard Growler Hot Spring Brokeoff 5200 0123KILOMETERS Volcano 0 4MILES 89 Growler Hot Springs Morgan Hot Springs to Mineral 04KILOMETERS Contour interval 400 feet Morgan Hot Springs 6000 BROKEOFF MOUNTAIN AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION Volcanic activity at the Lassen volcanic center began with the formation of “Brokeoff” stratovolcano (also called Mount Tehama) about 600,000 years ago. A drive through the exposed interior of the old Brokeoff Volcano, along Highway 89 in Lassen Volcanic National Park, provides dramatic views (left) of yellow- brown altered rocks, evidence that a hydrothermal system has been active throughout the volcano. Hydrothermal alteration occurs when acidic hot water chemically changes minerals in rocks. The end product of such alteration in volcanic rocks is a white material rich in kaolinite clay and silica; this material is abundant at Bumpass Hell (right). The alteration process weakens rocks, making them more susceptible to erosion. Over time, a substantial part of Brokeoff Volcano was removed by erosion, leaving remnants that include today’s Brokeoff Mountain, Mount Diller, and Mount Conard. The thermal areas of Sulphur Works and Little Hot Springs Valley are within the depression left by this erosion. The focus of hydrothermal activity and alteration shifts with time as the under- ground plumbing changes and pathways of fl uid fl ow are sealed by mineral deposition or fractured by earthquakes. The Origin of the Lassen Hydrothermal acids react with surrounding rock, enrich- the surface. This condensed steam and heat- System ing the water in dissolved silica (SiO2) and ed water may boil at the water table, creating Steam vents and hot springs are surface metals. The chemically evolving hot water areas of steaming ground or surface features expressions of hydrothermal systems, in rises to a depth of about half a mile to a such as boiling mudpots and sizzling which cold surface water percolates deep mile (1-2 km) below the surface, where it into the ground, where it is warmed by the saturates permeable rock and accumulates slow release of thermal energy from a heat in fractures beneath the thermal features source. The Lassen volcanic center is host in Lassen Volcanic National Park. This to such a system because it has the three reservoir of hot water in the deeper part required elements—abundant ground water, of the hydrothermal system is called the permeable rock, and a heat source at depth. liquid-dominated zone.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geologic Map of the Long Valley Caldera, Mono-Inyo Craters
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-1933 US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF LONG VALLEY CALDERA, MONO-INYO CRATERS VOLCANIC CHAIN, AND VICINITY, EASTERN CALIFORNIA By Roy A. Bailey GEOLOGIC SETTING VOLCANISM Long Valley caldera and the Mono-Inyo Craters Long Valley caldera volcanic chain compose a late Tertiary to Quaternary Volcanism in the Long Valley area (Bailey and others, volcanic complex on the west edge of the Basin and 1976; Bailey, 1982b) began about 3.6 Ma with Range Province at the base of the Sierra Nevada frontal widespread eruption of trachybasaltic-trachyandesitic fault escarpment. The caldera, an east-west-elongate, lavas on a moderately well dissected upland surface oval depression 17 by 32 km, is located just northwest (Huber, 1981).Erosional remnants of these mafic lavas of the northern end of the Owens Valley rift and forms are scattered over a 4,000-km2 area extending from the a reentrant or offset in the Sierran escarpment, Adobe Hills (5-10 km notheast of the map area), commonly referred to as the "Mammoth embayment.'? around the periphery of Long Valley caldera, and The Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain forms a north- southwestward into the High Sierra. Although these trending zone of volcanic vents extending 45 km from lavas never formed a continuous cover over this region, the west moat of the caldera to Mono Lake. The their wide distribution suggests an extensive mantle prevolcanic basement in the area is mainly Mesozoic source for these initial mafic eruptions. Between 3.0 granitic rock of the Sierra Nevada batholith and and 2.5 Ma quartz-latite domes and flows erupted near Paleozoic metasedimentary and Mesozoic metavolcanic the north and northwest rims of the present caldera, at rocks of the Mount Morrisen, Gull Lake, and Ritter and near Bald Mountain and on San Joaquin Ridge Range roof pendants (map A).
    [Show full text]
  • Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes / Edited by John P
    ISBN 978-1-61530-106-5 Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J. E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition John P. Rafferty: Associate Editor, Earth Sciences Rosen Educational Services Alexandra Hanson-Harding: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Therese Shea Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes / edited by John P. Rafferty. p. cm.—(Dynamic Earth) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-187-4 ( eBook) 1. Plate tectonics.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Observations of Fumarole Activity at Aluto Volcano, Ethiopia: Implications for Geothermal Monitoring and Volcanic Hazard
    Accepted Manuscript Satellite observations of fumarole activity at Aluto volcano, Ethiopia: Implications for geothermal monitoring and volcanic hazard Mathilde Braddock, Juliet Biggs, Iain M. Watson, William Hutchison, David M. Pyle, Tamsin A. Mather PII: S0377-0273(17)30118-X DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.006 Reference: VOLGEO 6091 To appear in: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research Received date: 24 February 2017 Revised date: 6 May 2017 Accepted date: 7 May 2017 Please cite this article as: Mathilde Braddock, Juliet Biggs, Iain M. Watson, William Hutchison, David M. Pyle, Tamsin A. Mather , Satellite observations of fumarole activity at Aluto volcano, Ethiopia: Implications for geothermal monitoring and volcanic hazard, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2017), doi: 10.1016/ j.jvolgeores.2017.05.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Satellite observations of fumarole activity at Aluto volcano, Ethiopia: implications for geothermal monitoring and volcanic hazard Mathilde Braddock1*, Juliet Biggs2, Iain M. Watson2, William Hutchison3, David M. Pyle4 and Tamsin A. Mather4 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK 2 COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK 3 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Springs, Geysers and Fumaroles
    Sciences Secondary volcanic activities: Geothermal springs, Geysers and Fumaroles Geothermal Springs A geothermal (or hydrothermal) spring is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. There are geothermal springs in many locations all over the crust of the earth. Geothermal Springs Surface water percolates downward through the rocks below the Earth's surface to high-temperature regions surrounding a magma chamber, either active or recently solidified but still hot. When the water is heated, becomes less dense, and rises Surface water back to the surface along fissures and cracks. Sometimes these features are called "dying volcanoes" because they seem to represent the last stage of volcanic activity as the magma, in depth, cools and hardens. Water percolation Heated water rises up The temperature of hot springs depends on factors such as: •the rate at which water circulates through the underground channels Hot rocks •the amount of heat at depth •the dilution of the heated water by cool ground water near the surface. Geothermal Springs The water issuing from a hot spring is heated by geothermal heat from the Earth's astenosphere. In general, the temperature of rocks increases with depth. The rate of temperature increase is known as the geothermal gradient (it is about 25°C per km). If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with hot rocks. Warm springs are sometimes the result of hot and cold springs mixing but may also occur outside of volcanic areas. Geysers Geyser are located near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights from Fumarole Gas Geochemistry on the Recent Volcanic Unrest of Pico Do Fogo, Cape Verde
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.631190 Insights from Fumarole Gas Geochemistry on the Recent Volcanic Unrest of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde Gladys V. Melián 1,2,3*, Pedro A. Hernández 1,2,3, Nemesio M. Pérez 1,2,3, María Asensio-Ramos 1, Eleazar Padrón 1,2,3, Mar Alonso 1,2, Germán D. Padilla 1,2, José Barrancos 1,2, Francesco Sortino 4, Hirochicka Sumino 5, Fátima Rodríguez 1, Cecilia Amonte 1, Sonia Silva 6, Nadir Cardoso 6 and José M. Pereira 7 1Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), La Laguna, Spain, 2Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Granadilla de Abona, Spain, 3Agencia Insular de la Energía de Tenerife (AIET), Granadilla de Abona, Spain, 4Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione Roma 2, Roma, Italy, 5Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Japan, 6Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV), Praia, Cape Verde, 7Laboratório de Engenharia Civil of Cape Verde (LEC) Tira - Chapéu, Praia, Cape Verde Edited by: We report the results of the geochemical monitoring of the fumarolic discharges at the Pico Francesco Italiano, do Fogo volcano in Cape Verde from 2007 to 2016. During this period Pico do Fogo National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Italy experienced a volcanic eruption (November 23, 2014) that lasted 77 days, from a new vent Reviewed by: ∼2.5 km from the fumaroles. Two fumaroles were sampled, a low (F1∼100°C) and a Pierpaolo Zuddas, medium (F2∼300°C) temperature. The variations observed in the δ18O and δ2H in F1 and Sorbonne Universités, France F2 suggest different fluid source contributions and/or fractionation processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulphur Works Is Believed to Have Been the Main Vent for Mount Tehama, a Stratovolcano That Started Erupting About 600,000 Years Ago
    Junior Park Explorer Lassen Volcanic National Park Mystery of Mount Tehama Imagine you are standing almost a mile deep inside a stratovolcano. Well, 400,000 years ago you would have been! The area around Sulphur Works is believed to have been the main vent for Mount Tehama, a stratovolcano that started erupting about 600,000 years ago. By 400,000 years ago, it had reached its full height of 11,500 feet. Look around you in a full circle. Can you spot the mountains pictured below? They are all remnants (left over bits) of Mount Tehama. Remnant 1 – Brokeoff Mountain Remnant 2 – Mount Diller Remnant 3 – Pilot Pinnacle Remnant – Mount Conard Activity 1 - See if you can find these remnants on your park map. Trace a circle from one mountain to the next to outline the footprint of Mount Tehama. Be sure to include Little Hot Springs Valley inside the footprint. Activity 2 - Use the diagram on the next page to reconstruct Mount Tehama. Connect point A to point B, A to C, A to D, A to E, & A to F, individually. Can you see Mount Tehama in your imagination? Color in the mountain if you wish. Activity 3 - Another way to reconstruct Mount Tehama is as a view from down in the Sacramento Valley. On the next page, check out how the skyline of Lassen Volcanic National Park looks today, looking east from near Redding. Can you draw what the skyline might have looked like when Mount Tehama was at its full height of 11,500 feet, 400,000 years ago? Use the graph on the next page.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography for a 3D Picture of the Most Active Sector of Campi Flegrei Caldera A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports Corrected: Publisher Correction OPEN Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography for a 3D picture of the most active sector of Campi Flegrei caldera A. Troiano 1*, R. Isaia1, M. G. Di Giuseppe1, F. D. A. Tramparulo1 & S. Vitale1,2 The central sector of the Campi Flegrei volcano, including the Solfatara maar and Pisciarelli fumarole feld, is currently the most active area of the caldera as regards seismicity and gaseous emissions and it plays a signifcant role in the ongoing unrest. However, a general volcano-tectonic reconstruction of the entire sector is still missing. This work aims to depict, for the frst time, the architecture of the area through the application of deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography. We reconstructed a three- dimensional resistivity model for the entire sector. Results provide useful elements to understand the present state of the system and the possible evolution of the volcanic activity and shed solid bases for any attempt to develop physical-mathematical models investigating the ongoing phenomena. Te present research shows the results of an original application of the deep electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) aimed to investigate the central sector of the Campi Flegrei (CF) caldera (Italy). Te CF caldera (Fig. 1) is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe1,2. Te most active zone, as for seis- micity and gas emission, is currently located in the central sector of the caldera including the volcanic structure of Solfatara, Pisciarelli and Agnano Plain3–5. Intense and recurrent volcanism, culminated in two main caldera forming events, namely the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite (39.8 ka)6 and that of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuf (15 ka)7, marks the CF eruptive history.
    [Show full text]
  • YELLOWSTONE Today
    YELLOWSTONE Today National Park Service Autumn 2005 Official Newspaper of Yellowstone National Park U.S. Department of the Interior Road Construction DELAYS & CLOSURES See map on back page Yellowstone National graphic removed for faster loading Park’s Mission Preserved within Yellowstone National Park are Old Faithful and the majority of the world’s geysers and hot springs. An outstanding mountain wildland with clean water and air, Yellowstone is home of the grizzly bear and wolf and free-ranging herds of bison and elk. Centuries-old sites and historic buildings that reflect the unique heritage of America’s first national park are also protected. Yellowstone National Park serves as a model and inspiration for national parks throughout the world. Mission of the National Park Service The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspira- tion of this and future generations. The National Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and out- door recreation throughout this country and the world. In This Issue hmidt MAP & ROAD INFORMATION Back Cover .Sc S/J NP Safety . .2 Aspens on Mount Everts, near Mammoth Hot Springs Planning Your Visit . .3 Welcome to the World’s First National Park Ranger-led Programs . .4 Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872 to protect the unique geysers and other hydro- Learn & Explore . .5 thermal features. The park is the core of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem—one of the largest intact temperate zone ecosystems remaining on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Science Teaching Curriculum
    Earth Science for Secondary Schools Earth Science Teaching Curriculum By Chelsea DeVries Brent G. Hallock Advisor California Polytechnic State University Earth and Soil Sciences Department San Luis Obispo 2010 Approval Page TITLE: Earth Science for Secondary Schools AUTHOR: Chelsea D. DeVries DATE SUBMITTED: December 8, 2010 Brent G. Hallock Senior Project Advisor Signature Dr. Lynn Moody Department Chair Signature i Acknowledgments • I want to thank Dr. Moody and Dr. Hallock for being so kind, supportive, helpful, and PATIENT with me through my journey at Cal Poly. I may never have made it without them!!!! • I also want to thank my loving parents, for knowing exactly what to say every time I wanted to give up. • I want to thank my lovely husband-to-be, for being the rock I needed to stand on when I felt like I was in sinking sand. • Lastly, but DEFINETLY not least, I want to thank Katherine O’Clair and Debra Leopard for helping me with all the “computer stuff.” • I am very grateful the Internet, books, and journals that were used to complete this project. Please refer to the resources page when any picture, photograph, or chart is listed. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents Page Tile Page Approval Page i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 7 Resources 82 Appendix 85 ***Power Point Presentations included on CD iii Abstract Creating this senior project, based on secondary Earth Science curriculum, will be directed toward teachers and will assist in lessons and instruction and reaching students at a deeper level.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes Culminating in the 2015 Phreatic Explosion at Lascar Volcano, Chile, Evidenced by Multiparametric Data
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 377–397, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-377-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R. Walter1, Stefan Bredemeyer1,2, Martin Zimmer1, Christian Kujawa1, Luis Franco Marin3, Juan San Martin4, and Claudia Bucarey Parra3 1GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany 3Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Temuco, Chile 4Physics Science Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile Correspondence: Ayleen Gaete ([email protected]) Received: 13 June 2019 – Discussion started: 25 June 2019 Accepted: 5 December 2019 – Published: 4 February 2020 Abstract. Small steam-driven volcanic explosions are com- marole on the southern rim of the Lascar crater revealed a mon at volcanoes worldwide but are rarely documented or pronounced change in the trend of the relationship between monitored; therefore, these events still put residents and the CO2 mixing ratio and the gas outlet temperature; we tourists at risk every year. Steam-driven explosions also oc- speculate that this change was associated with the prior pre- cur frequently (once every 2–5 years on average) at Lascar cipitation event. An increased thermal anomaly inside the ac- volcano, Chile, where they are often spontaneous and lack tive crater as observed in Sentinel-2 images and drone over- any identifiable precursor activity.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Experience Planner
    2017 Experience Planner A Guide to Lodging, Camping, Dining, Shopping, Tours, and Activities in Yellowstone Don’t just see Yellowstone. Experience it. MAP LEGEND Contents LODGING Old Faithful Inn, Old Faithful Lodge Cabins, Old General Info 3 OF Must-Do Adventures 4 Faithful Snow Lodge & Cabins (pg 11-14) Visitor Centers & Park Programs 5 GV Grant Village Lodge (pg. 27-28) Visiting Yellowstone with Kids 6 Canyon Lodge & Cabins (pg 21-22) Tips for Summer Wildlife Viewing 9 CL 12 Awesome Day Hikes 19-20 LK Lake Yellowstone Hotel, Lake Lodge Cabins (pg 15-18) Photography Tips 23-24 M Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel & Cabins (pg 7-8) How to Travel Sustainably 29-30 Animals In The Park 33-34 RL Roosevelt Lodge (pg 25-26) Thermal Features 35-36 CAMPING Working in Yellowstone 43-44 (Xanterra-operated Campground) Partner Pages 45-46 Canyon, Madison, Bridge Bay, Winter Fishing Bridge RV Park, Grant Village (pg 31-32) Reasons to Visit in Winter 37-38 Winter Packages 39-40 DINING Winter Tours & Activities 41-42 Old Faithful Inn Dining Room, Bear Paw Deli, OF Obsidian Dining Room, Geyser Grill, Old Faithful Location Guides Lodge Cafeteria (pg 11-14) Grant Village Dining Room, Grant Village Lake House Mammoth Area 7-8 GV Old Faithful Area 11-14 (pg 27-28) Yellowstone Lake Area 15-18 Canyon Lodge Dining Room, Canyon Lodge Canyon Area 21-22 CL Roosevelt Area 25-26 Cafeteria, Canyon Lodge Deli (pg 21-22) Grant Village Area 27-28 Lake Yellowstone Hotel Dining Room, Lake Hotel LK Campground Info 31-32 Deli, Lake Lodge Cafeteria (pg 15-18) Mammoth Hot Springs Dining Room, Mammoth M Terrace Grill (pg 7-8) Roosevelt Lodge Dining Room.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes Culminating in the 2015 Phreatic Explosion at Lascar Volcano, Chile, Monitored by Multiparametric Data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R
    https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-189 Preprint. Discussion started: 25 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, monitored by multiparametric data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R. Walter1, Stefan Bredemeyer1,2, Martin Zimmer1, Christian Kujawa1, Luis Franco3, Juan San Martin4, Claudia Bucarey Parra3 5 1 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany 3 Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Temuco, Chile. 4 Physics Science Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile. 10 Correspondence to: Ayleen Gaete ([email protected]) Abstract. Small steam-driven volcanic explosions are common at volcanoes worldwide but are rarely documented or monitored; therefore, these events still put residents and tourists at risk every year. Steam-driven explosions also occur frequently (once every 2-5 years on average) at Lascar volcano, Chile, where they are often spontaneous and lack any identifiable precursor activity. Here, for the first time at Lascar, we describe the processes culminating in such a sudden 15 volcanic explosion that occurred on October 30, 2015, which was thoroughly monitored by cameras, a seismic network, and gas (SO2 and CO2) and temperature sensors. Prior to the eruption, we retrospectively identified unrest manifesting as a gradual increase in the number of long-period (LP) seismic events in 2014, indicating an augmented level of activity at the volcano. Additionally, SO2 flux and thermal anomalies were detected before the eruption.
    [Show full text]