Investigation of the Nonlinear Phase of Edge-Localized-Modes on the DIII-D Tokamak

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Investigation of the Nonlinear Phase of Edge-Localized-Modes on the DIII-D Tokamak Investigation of the nonlinear phase of edge-localized-modes on the DIII-D tokamak Matthias Knölker München 2019 Investigation of the nonlinear phase of edge-localized-modes on the DIII-D tokamak Matthias Knölker Dissertation an der Fakultät für Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Matthias Knölker aus Bergisch Gladbach München, den 25.01.2019 durchgeführt am DIII-D Tokamak der Firma General Atomics in San Diego, CA, USA Dissertation an der Fakultät für Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Matthias Knölker am 25.Januar 2019 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Zohm Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24. April 2019 Der Blick über die Welt hinaus ist der einzige, der die Welt versteht. Only the glance beyond the world understands the world. Richard Wagner Zusammenfassung Als eine der Herausforderungen künftiger Kernfusionskraftwerke gelten sogenannte Edge localized modes (ELMs). Bei diesen Störungen am Plasmarand handelt es sich um magnetohydrodynamische Instabilitäten, die zum Teilchen- und Energieauswurf aus dem heißen und eingeschlossenen Plasma führen. Einerseits tragen sie so zur Dichtekontrolle und zum Abtransport von Verunreinigungen, wie der Heliumasche, aus der Kernzone des Plasmas bei, andererseits verschlechtern sie den Plasmaeinschluss und können zu Erosion und partiellem Schmelzen der exponierten Komponenten (vor allem des Divertors) führen. Daher ist es von großer Relevanz, die Ursache und den Verlauf von ELMs besser zu verstehen. Zwar wurde die Verkleinerung und völlige Unterdrückung von ELMs auf mehreren Forschungsanlagen demonstriert und Reaktorszenarien ohne ELMs entwickelt, jedoch sind all diese nur unter bestimmten operationellen Voraussetzungen realisierbar. Es gilt somit als fraglich, ob sie uneingeschränkt auf die gerade in Frankreich im Bau befindliche ITER Anlage oder künftige Fusionskraftwerke übertragbar sind. Während die lineare ELM Phase, d.h. das Auftreten der Instabilität, gut durch das so genannte Peeling-Ballooning-Modell erklärt werden kann, sind noch viele Fragen im Bereich der nichtlinearen ELM Dynamik offen, die im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen, wie beispielsweise Größe und Verlauf. Mittels Infrarotthermografie, Röntgenstrahlapparaturen und Magnetspulen werden ELM- Ausbrüche auf dem DIII-D Tokamak charakterisiert und in einer Datenbank katalogisiert. Mit ihrer Hilfe wird der Einfluss von Parametern am Plasmarand (wie Druck und Temperatur) auf die Wärmebelastung am Divertor untersucht und mit gegenwärtigen Modellen verglichen. Dabei kann neben bisher bekannten vor allem die Nähe zur LH-Schwelle (nötige Heizleistung um die H-mode zu erreichen, einen Operationsmodus mit verbessertem Teilcheneinschluss) als entscheidender Faktor ermittelt werden. Im schwellennahen Operationsgebiet, das auch für ITER vorgesehen ist, sinkt die Frequenz der ELMs und ihre Größe nimmt zu. Dies kann zu hoher Divertorbelastung führen und damit einem Trend, der nicht von den Modellen erwartet wird. Mit Hilfe linearer Stabilitätsanalyse wird zudem eine inverse Proportionalität zwischen der Modenzahl und der ELM Energiedichte (Zeitintegral des Wärmeflusses) nachgewiesen. Während der ELMs fließen Ströme in die Divertorziegel, die mit Hilfe einer dafür installierten Diagnostik gemessen werden. Diese Ströme oszillieren zu Beginn der nichtlinearen Phase und weisen eine beachtliche Stärke auf. Die Amplitude der Stromstärke weist geringe Korrelation mit der ELM Größe auf. Ein Modell zur Erklärung dieser Ströme basierend auf thermoelektrischen Effekten wird entwickelt, das im Stromfluss durch den Plasmarand eine Ursache für das explosive Wachstum der Instabilität ausmacht. Modellvorhersagen der Spitzenströme stimmen mit den experimentellen Messergebnissen überein. Wenn Dynamik und zeitlicher Verlauf der ELM Ströme durch Simulationen mit großen, nichtlinearen Codes reproduziert werden können, ergibt sich hier eine Möglichkeit, die Größe der ELMs allgemein zu mindern: Durch Anlegen von Spannung an Divertorziegel oder Treiben helikaler Ströme würden die ELM Ströme gedämpft und das Wachstum der Instabilität begrenzt. Abstract Edge-Localized-Modes (ELMs) are a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma instability and pose a major challenge for future fusion power plants. While providing impurity transport and density control in fusion plasmas operating in the standard high-confinement mode (H-mode), ELMs decrease confinement and emit pulsed heat loads that can cause material erosion and partial melting in the divertor. Thus, understanding the cause and nature of ELMs is crucial to the success of any future fusion reactor. Although promising approaches in dealing with ELMs, foremost mitigation or suppression by magnetic perturbations and operating in naturally ELM free H-modes, such as the quiescent H-mode (QH-mode), are being explored, an in-depth understanding of ELMs is still highly desirable due to operational limits of controlled ELM regimes. The peeling-ballooning model can robustly predict the linear phase of type-I ELMs determining the onset of the instability. As a step beyond, this thesis explores physics of the nonlinear ELM phase on the DIII-D tokamak determining the size of the transient among others. Fast magnetics, soft x-ray (SXR) and infrared thermography (IR) are used to characterize ELM crashes, allowing the creation of a database to determine the parametric dependencies of ELM energy and particle losses on the plasma conditions and to connect these to the corresponding nonlinear signatures. While collisionality does not play a decisive role, the ratio of heating power to the H-mode power threshold is identified as parameter determining the agreement with the model, with discharges marginally above the threshold showing the largest scatter in the database and exceeding the predicted ELM energy up to twofold. Operation close to the H-mode power threshold is accompanied by low ELM frequency and large ELM heat loads. Using linear stability calculations, ELM energy densities are shown to be inversely proportional to the most unstable linear mode number before the ELM crash. Between mode onset and the subsequent increase in divertor heat flux, large currents flowing into the divertor floor have been measured by an array of shunt current resistors. Rapid oscillations in these currents are seen before the divertor deuterium radiation peaks. Typically, the current measured by a single tile during an ELM can reach 500 A. Assuming representativeness of divertor tiles with current sensor this would amount to a current of up to 20 kA flowing into a concentric circle near the strike point. Toroidal mode number analysis of the divertor currents appears consistent with a mix of low-n modes (n<4). The peak amplitude of the tile currents correlates weakly with the thermal energy loss during ELMs. An ELM current model (ECM) is developed based on a thermoelectric origin of the tile currents with flow through regions inside of the nominal separatrix and found consistent with the current measurements. A current flow through the confined plasma would lead to increased stochasticity at the plasma edge, explosive growth of the instability and thus contribute to particle and energy transport during the ELM. Further ELM current research has the potential for manipulating the ELM character by perturbations through non-axisymmetric divertor bias or tile insulation in the long run. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1 1.1. Nuclear fusion as promising energy source ....................................... 1 1.2. The tokamak path to fusion................................................................ 2 1.3. Transient heat load challenge ............................................................. 5 1.4. Thesis outline ..................................................................................... 5 2. BASICS ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium ................................................... 7 2.2. Plasma shape and quantities ............................................................... 11 2.3. Standard H-mode ................................................................................ 13 2.4. Phenomenology of edge-localized-modes .......................................... 17 2.4.1. Peeling-ballooning model................................................... 19 2.4.2. ELM Scrape Off Layer physics .......................................... 22 2.5. Thermoelectric currents ...................................................................... 26 3. THE DIII-D TOKAMAK ................................................................................ 29 3.1. Machine overview .............................................................................. 29 3.2. Diagnostics ......................................................................................... 30 3.2.1. Thomson Scattering ............................................................ 30 3.2.2. Charge Exchange Recombination ...................................... 32 3.2.3. IR Thermography ............................................................... 32 3.2.4. Tile Current Array .............................................................. 34 4. DIVERTOR HEAT LOADS ........................................................................... 37 4.1. Experimental scenario .......................................................................
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