Dimensions of Antigypsyism in Europe
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Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin
www.ssoar.info Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Marushiakova, E., & Popov, V. (2017). Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections. Social Inclusion, 5(4), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183–2803) 2017, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 48–59 DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Article Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Elena Marushiakova * and Vesselin Popov School of History, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9BA, UK; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.M.), [email protected] (V.P.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 14 August 2017 | Accepted: 16 October 2017 | Published: 22 December 2017 Abstract This article presents the history of the politics of multilingualism (or lack thereof) in regard to Roma (formerly known as ‘Gypsies’). In the 1920s and 1930s in the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, against a backdrop of pro- claimed principles of full equality of all peoples1 living in the new state, commenced a rapid creation of schools for Roma children with instruction in Romani mother-tongue along with special training of Roma teachers. -
Contributing from a Critical and Engaged Ethnography
THE UNMAKING OF ROMA STUDENTS: CONTRIBUTING FROM A CRITICAL AND ENGAGED ETHNOGRAPHY KITTI BARACSI1 Abstract: In this study, the focus is put on the process by which the different educational actors – in this case mostly teachers – produce the image of Roma students and how a critical and engaged ethnography can show how ideas related to Roma culture, identity and integration play a role in the making of Roma students. Through this we can understand more thoroughly how the processes through which the categories that are meant to interpret the complexity of social processes or bring about positive changes become instruments that actually reinforce discriminative practices. Keywords: Roma students, education, engaged ethnography, collaborative research, teacher narratives Summary: I. INTRODUCTION; II. THE CONTEXT; III. CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE METHODOLOGY, RESEARCH PROCESS AND POSITION; III.1 Methodology; III.2 The research process; III.3 The researcher’s position; IV. CRITICAL AND ENGAGED AT THE SAME TIME?; IV.1 Challenges and limits of attempting to have an engaged position; IV.2. Transgression at the service of critical ethnography?; V. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION McDermott and Varenne (2006), in their study “Reconstructing Culture in Educational Research” discuss how culture can be reconstructed through educational research. Based on the experiences of their work on success and failure (Varenne & McDermott, 1998), they adopt a critical stand that intends to reveal what some taken-for- granted categories imply: “A cultural analysis is not about giving solutions to acknowledged and likely false problems, but about sketching and confronting the conditions that tied problems and apparent solutions together.” (McDermott & Varenne, 2006: 13) At the same time, they reflect on the limits of the cultural approach and call attention on its grounding in institution and time. -
Romanies in Italy: from National ‘Emergency’ to National ‘Strategy’ in Rome’S Campi Nomadi
Romanies in Italy: From National ‘Emergency’ to National ‘Strategy’ in Rome’s Campi Nomadi Riccardo Armillei Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swinburne Institute for Social Research Faculty of Health, Arts and Design Swinburne University of Technology 2015 Abstract This dissertation deals with the social exclusion of Romanies in Italy. Based on interviews with Romani individuals, institutional and Civil Society Organisations’ (CSOs) representatives, participant observation and a broad range of secondary sources, the thesis focuses on the condition of those living in ‘ campi nomadi’ (nomad camps) and on the recent implementation of a state of emergency, the so-called ‘ Emergenza Nomadi’ (Nomad Emergency). The enactment of this extraordinary measure concealed the existence of a long-established institutional tradition of racism and control directed at Romanies. It was not the result of a sudden, unexpected situation which required an immediate action, as the declaration of an ‘emergency’ might imply, but rather of a precise government strategy. The extreme poverty of the ‘Romanies of the camps’ should be understood as the result of a protracted institutional immobility and political vacuum, which has basically created the ‘emergency’ and the premises for the implementation of a ‘state of exception’. Specifically, the present study focuses on the city of Rome, where the author conducted fieldwork in 2011 and 2012, and provides an investigation of the interactions between Romanies, local institutions and Third Sector organisations. It finds that national and local institutions and their sub-contracted agents have failed to promote the social inclusion of this minority group. -
South-East Europe International Relations Quarterly
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS QUARTERLY, Vol. 5. No.1. (Spring 2014/1) ROMA COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE JÓZSEF-GYÖRGY FEKETE (Abstract) The aim of this paper is to present the Roma1 people and their status in Southeast Europe; since they are the largest and most heterogeneous ethnic minority of the region. We are focusing on the Post-Yugoslav countries, Albania, Romania and Bulgaria. Hungary is not integrated organically to the studied countries, however for the easier comparison; we took the data of the Hungarian Gypsies into the analysis. The Roma people are not a homogeneous community, the religion, the language and the historical background both could differentiate them. Some ethnic groups who are attached the Gypsies also wish to distinguish themselves from the Romanies. The phenomenon of "preferred identity" can be observed within the Roma communities, which means that they do not identify themselves as Roma to avoid discrimination; and because of the assimilation (linguistic, religious and cultural) and "social progress" (especially in the more educated social layer). The socio-economic inequalities are increasing among both the Roms and the rest of the population; and within the Roma population as well. There are people in each country who live under or fall below the poverty line; however this process is much more intense and more drastic amongst the Roma population. This paper also aims to shed the light on the current situation of the Romani people living in the Balkans. For the sake of the objective we found important to present the history of the Roma in each country. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of the Hungarian and foreign literature, therefore, to the maximum extent possible, we tried to get to know previous studies of those researchers as widely as possible the, who live in the countries concerned. -
Roma Labelling: Policy and Academia Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov
4 66 • 2018 ARTICLES ROMA LABELLING: POLICY AND ACADEMIA ELENA MARUSHIAKOVA, VESSELIN POPOV https://doi.org/10.26363/SN.2018.4.02 ©Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology of SAS Professor Elena Marushiakova, PhD, School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine’s Lodge, The Scores 14, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Professor Vesselin Popov, PhD, School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine’s Lodge, The Scores 14, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: vp43@ st-andrews.ac.uk For centuries in different countries of Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe groups of people have lived who are all called by their surrounding population with different appellations, which is usually translated into English as “Gypsies”. In the last quarter of a century, instead of these names, a new common designation has been established in the region’s public discourse, based on their self-appellation “Roma”. The processes of labelling and imposition of the new name on these communities did not stop in this region, and the label “Roma” is increasingly spreading in the remaining parts of Europe and even beyond. This process of imposing “from above” of a “politically correct” labelling, however, has led to, for some perhaps unexpectedly, to others predictably, an impact on the field. Some local communities labelled today “Roma” started to demonstrate publicly their reluctance to comply with the designation imposed on them from the “outside”. The proposed article will reveal the historical sources of labelling of these communities and main dimensions of these contradictory processes. -
Romani | Language Roma Children Council Conseil of Europe De L´Europe in Europe Romani | Language
PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMANI | LANGUAGE ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE ROMANI | LANGUAGE Factsheets on Romani Language: General Introduction 0.0 Romani-Project Graz / Dieter W. Halwachs The Roma, Sinti, Calè and many other European population groups who are collectively referred to by the mostly pejorative term “gypsies” refer to their language as Romani, Romanes or romani čhib. Linguistic-genetically it is a New Indo-Aryan language and as such belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. As an Indo-Aryan diaspora language which occurs only outside the Indian subcontinent, Romani has been spoken in Europe since the Middle Ages and today forms an integral part of European linguistic diversity. The first factsheet addresses the genetic and historical aspects of Romani as indicated. Four further factsheets cover the individual linguistic structural levels: lexis, phonology, morphology and syntax. This is followed by a detailed discussion of dialectology and a final presentation of the socio-linguistic situation of Romani. 1_ ROMANI: AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE OF EUROPE deals with the genetic affiliation and with the history of science and linguistics of Romani and Romani linguistics. 2_ WORDS discusses the Romani lexicon which is divided into two layers: Recent loanwords from European languages are opposed by the so-called pre-European inherited lexicon. The latter allowed researchers to trace the migration route of the Roma from India to Europe. 3_ SOUNDS describes the phonology of Romani, which includes a discussion of typical Indo-Aryan sounds and of variety- specific European contact phenomena. THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS WORK ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORS AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE OFFICIAL POLICY OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE. -
Roma Labelling: Policy and Academia Elena
4 66 • 2018 ARTICLES ROMA LABELLING: POLICY AND ACADEMIA ELENA MARUSHIAKOVA, VESSELIN POPOV https://doi.org/10.26363/SN.2018.4.02 ©Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology of SAS Professor Elena Marushiakova, PhD, School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine’s Lodge, The Scores 14, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Professor Vesselin Popov, PhD, School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine’s Lodge, The Scores 14, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: vp43@ st-andrews.ac.uk For centuries in different countries of Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe groups of people have lived who are all called by their surrounding population with different appellations, which is usually translated into English as “Gypsies”. In the last quarter of a century, instead of these names, a new common designation has been established in the region’s public discourse, based on their self-appellation “Roma”. The processes of labelling and imposition of the new name on these communities did not stop in this region, and the label “Roma” is increasingly spreading in the remaining parts of Europe and even beyond. This process of imposing “from above” of a “politically correct” labelling, however, has led to, for some perhaps unexpectedly, to others predictably, an impact on the field. Some local communities labelled today “Roma” started to demonstrate publicly their reluctance to comply with the designation imposed on them from the “outside”. The proposed article will reveal the historical sources of labelling of these communities and main dimensions of these contradictory processes. -
Romany (Gypsies) and Travellers
Romany (Gypsies) and Travellers Federation of Cale/Kale, Manouches, Romany & Sinti Women février 2011 Definition of Terms • Endonyme – a name given • Exonyme – a name given by a community for to a community by themselves people outside of the For example, Romanies is a name that historically the community British Romani community For example, Gypsies is a gives for itself name that historically the For example, Manouche is a English majority society name that historically the French Romani community calls the Romani gives for itself community For example, Cale is a name For example, Gitane is a that historically the Spanish name that historically Romani community gives for itself Spanish majority society has called the Romani community in Spain Gypsies - Gypsy / Gypsies is an exonyme. The term Gypsy is believed to be a corruption of the word Egyptian. When the Romani people left India between 1000-1200 , they travelled from India through from Asia and across Europe - Gypsy/Gypsies was first given to the Romani people by the Greeks (around 1500) who thought the Romani people were Egyptians (Aigyptioi) The arrival of the Romani people in Western Europe was seen as arrivals of ‘Egyptians’. They were called by majority society ‘Egyptians’. - This later became ‘Gypsies’. In Spain, the name Gitane/Gitanos, is also derived from the exonyme ‘Egyptian’ The Romani people • There are Romani branches, notably in Western Europe, who do not historically call themselves Roma: for example, the Sinti , the Cale, the Kale, and Kaale, and the Romanies. These names are all endonyms - they are Romani names for the Romani branches. -
Causes and Consequences of Labelling Minorities As “National” Or “Migrant”: Roma in Italy and Spain
doi: 10.1111/imig.12446 What’s in a Name? Causes and Consequences of Labelling Minorities as “National” or “Migrant”: Roma in Italy and Spain Tina Magazzini* This article analyses how Roma are represented in official policy narratives in Italy and Spain by comparing the four cycles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in the two countries. By tracing the representations that the Italian and Spanish gov- ernments hold (and make) about the Roma, I sketch out the different categories that EU- ropean countries recur to as organizing principles to “other” underprivileged minorities. Based on the tailored-approaches in which both Italy and Spain engage in framing Roma as either a “national” minority or not, I suggest that constructing or “producing” a minority in our imag- ined communities as characterized by national, cultural, social or migrant characteristics relies more on political expediency than on objective analytical categories. INTRODUCTION “When I use a word”, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.” “The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master – that’s all.” (Lewis Carroll, Through The Looking Glass) Social cohesion, migrant integration and Roma inclusion feature prominently in national and European research and policy agendas, and represent one of the most pressing priorities identified by European institutions (Council of Europe, 2016c, 2016d, European Commission, 2015, 2016). Within the far-ranging debates on migration and integration, “Roma integration” has become a field in its own right,1 yet one that has traditionally been addressed in isolation from the wider dynamics of migration and integration regimes, growing inequalities and minority governance. -
Are They Nomads, Travellers Or Roma? an Analysis of the Multiple Effects of Naming Assemblages
Area, 2017, 49.1, 18–24, doi: 10.1111/area.12273 Are they nomads, travellers or Roma? An analysis of the multiple effects of naming assemblages Gaja Maestri Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, County Durham DH1 3LE, UK Email: [email protected] Revised manuscript received 14 January 2016 What is the difference between the terms ‘Roma’, ‘gypsies’, ‘nomads’ and ‘Travellers’? These are a few of the names that are used to refer to the Roma minority in scholarly research, political speeches and the media. Most of the Romani studies literature on Roma labels and the state’s categorisation underscores how these often derogatory denominations reflect the widespread stigmatisation of these people and, in turn, perpetuate regimes of exclusion and segregation. However, this literature implicitly conceives of language as purely functional to exclusion, overlooking the ways in which the construction and use of these labels have also created the conditions for the emergence of practices of resistance. This limitation is mainly due to the fact that these works follow a Foucauldian approach, which tends to overemphasise the importance of dominant discourses subjecting the individual, and to downplay the presence of generative and creative practices. I suggest integrating this approach with the notion of ‘assemblage’ as developed by Deleuze and Guattari, which entails both ordering and territorialising dynamics together with destabilising moves. By adopting this lens, the paper discusses the effects of two different Roma naming assemblages: on the one hand, the glossary published by the Council of Europe (CoE) that carefully defines and differentiates all the terms used for the Roma, and, on the other, the French and Italian governments’ discourses that ambiguously lump together all these different denominations. -
En Considering Roma People and Their Relation with Ocieties, It Is Important to Consider Two Common Ki Ers: Barriers Based on Li
Whensocieties, considering it is important Roma people to consider and their two relation common with kinds other of barriers:on communication barriers based issues. on Whilelinguistic the firstissues item and isbarriers related basedto the moregroup related composition to the communication and cultural heritage, process thebetween second Romani one is Not all Roma people share a common language or only one dialect, which may complicate the interaction between two different sub-groups and, or, between one group and the other cultures. Not restall of the Roma society. For example, people a segment of theshare Roma communitiesWhen a common across considering Europe language Roma people or only and their one relation with dialect,speaks a dialect which of Romani (the may traditional complicate language) althoughother usually theysocieties, the also speak, interaction it is important between to consider two two common differentto varioussub-groups degrees, the majority language and, of the countryor, they between livekinds or lived in. Sometimesof barriers:one group barriers and thebased rest on linguisticof issues Romani is confused with the Romanian language, although theyand are twobarriers completely based on communication issues. While the the society.separate languages For with differentexample, origins. This maya makesegment communicationfirst more of difficultitem the is Roma related communities to the group composition and acrossfor CSOs or policeEurope officers: in case speaks an interpreter is required,a dialect culturalit is important ofto clarify heritage, Romani the (the second traditional one is more related to language)what languagealthough will meet the person’s usually needs best and, thosethey whothe speak also Romanicommunication willspeak, follow to processvarious between degrees, Romani and other an interpreter speaking the standard dialect. -
The Modern European: an Analysis of Ethnic Minority Identity in the Twenty-First Century
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2015 The Modern European: An Analysis of Ethnic Minority Identity in the Twenty-First Century Elisabeth Laird College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Laird, Elisabeth, "The Modern European: An Analysis of Ethnic Minority Identity in the Twenty-First Century" (2015). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 121. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/121 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MODERN EUROPEAN: AN ANALYSIS OF ETHNIC MINORITY IDENTITY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in European Studies from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, Elisabeth Ann Laird Accepted for ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Bruce Campbell, Director ______________________________________________ Laurie Koloski ______________________________________________ Robert Mulcahy ______________________________________________ Robert Leventhal Williamsburg, Virginia 17 April 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii INTRODUCTION 1 A NOTE ON SOURCES 6 A NOTE ON NAMES AND ORIGINS