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Universidad De Guayaquil Facultad De Ciencias UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES CARRERA DE BIOLOGÍA FAUNA BENTÓNICA ASOCIADA A COLECTORES ARTIFICIALES EN SANTA CRUZ, GALÁPAGOS ENTRE 2009 Y 2010 AUTOR: SANDRA PAULINA MASAQUIZA MASAQUIZA TUTOR: DRA. MARÍA LUZURIAGA VILLAREAL MSc. GUAYAQUIL, SEPTIEMBRE 2018 i UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES CARRERA DE BIOLOGÍA FAUNA BENTÓNICA ASOCIADA A COLECTORES ARTIFICIALES EN SANTA CRUZ, GALÁPAGOS ENTRE 2009 Y 2010 AUTOR: SANDRA PAULINA MASAQUIZA MASAQUIZA TUTOR: DRA. MARÍA LUZURIAGA VILLAREAL MSc. GUAYAQUIL, SEPTIEMBRE 2018 ii © Derecho de Autor Según la ley de propiedad intelectual, Art. 5: “El derecho de autor nace y se protege por el solo hecho de la creación de la obra, independientemente de su mérito, destino o modo de expresión... El reconocimiento de los derechos de autor y de los derechos conexos no está sometido a registro, depósito, ni al cumplimiento de formalidad alguna”. SANDRA PAULINA MASAQUIZA MASAQUIZA 2018 iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi xvii DEDICATORIA Este trabajo es dedicado a mis padres Francisca Masaquiza y Domingo Masaquiza; por el inmenso amor, consejos, apoyo, sacrificio y por impulsarme a ser una mejor persona cada día. A mis hermanos, Freddy Masaquiza, Jhon Masaquiza, sobrina Keilly Masaquiza Zapata, Jessica Zapata y a mis abuelitos, Mercedes Jeréz y José Masaquiza que han sido mi fortaleza y sonrisas motivadoras. A mis dos grandes amores, mi hijo Liam Alejandro De La Paz Masaquiza y Brian De La Paz. A una de mis mejores amigas, Daniela Vargas que me dejó con sus consejos, fortaleza y lucha hasta el final de sus días, mi gran guerrera. xviii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a la Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos (DPNG) por la apertura y condiciones necesarias para poder llevar a cabo mi tesis. Al Blgo. Eduardo Espinoza encargado del área de Conservación y uso de Ecosistemas Marinos de la DPNG por sus críticas constructivas y recomendaciones para la elaboración y desarrollo al inicio de mi tesis. A la Blga. Jennifer Suárez de la DPNG por su apoyo en la identificación de poliquetos, sus observaciones y críticas constructivas. A la Dra. María Luzuriaga MSc. por sus observaciones y comentarios para el progreso y enfoque adecuado de la tesis, además de su impulso en pro de la culminación del proyecto. A la Blga. Eloísa Torres Hernández del Laboratorio de Biología Acuática de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México por su colaboración en la identificación de peces de la Familia Labrisomidae. A la Dra. Elba Mora del Instituto Nacional de Pesca, quien colaboró de gran manera en la verificación de la identificación de moluscos. A Gonzalo Sevilla, Jhon Masaquiza y Charig Masaquiza quienes pasaron gran cantidad de horas en el laboratorio colaborando en el conteo de muestras. xix Contenido INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................... 1 CAPITULO I ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Planteamiento del Problema ..................................................................... 3 1.2 Justificación .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Objetivos ................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Objetivos generales ............................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Objetivos específicos .......................................................................... 5 CAPITULO II ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Marco Teórico ........................................................................................... 6 2.2 Macroinvertebrados marinos ..................................................................... 6 2.3 Especies bentónicas ................................................................................. 6 2.4 Antecedentes ............................................................................................ 8 2.5 Marco legal ............................................................................................. 12 2. 6 Marco Conceptual .................................................................................. 14 CAPITULO III ................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Área de estudio ....................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Canal Itabaca .................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Bahía Tortuga ................................................................................... 17 3.1.3 Colectores Artificiales ....................................................................... 18 3.2 Levantamiento de Muestras de Campo .................................................. 20 3.3 Trabajo de Laboratorio ............................................................................ 21 xx 3.4 Análisis Estadístico ................................................................................. 21 CAPITULO IV ................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Resultados .............................................................................................. 23 4.1.1 Composición Taxonómica y Abundancia ............................................. 24 4.1.1.1 Bivalvia .......................................................................................... 25 4.1.1.2 Gastropoda .................................................................................... 27 4.1.1.3 Hexanauplia ................................................................................... 30 4.1.1.4 Malacostraca.................................................................................. 30 4.1.1.5 Polychaeta ..................................................................................... 32 4.1.1.6 Echinoidea ..................................................................................... 33 4.1.1.7 Holothuroidea................................................................................. 34 4.1.1.8 Actinopterygii ................................................................................. 35 4.1.1.9 Phascolosomatidea ........................................................................ 37 4.1.2 Índices de diversidad ........................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Comparación de muestras entre Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga ..... 39 4.1.4 Abundancia estacional ......................................................................... 39 Discusión ...................................................................................................... 41 Conclusión .................................................................................................... 45 Recomendaciones ........................................................................................ 46 Referencias Bibliográficas ............................................................................. 47 ANEXOS .......................................................................................................... 56 xxi Índice de Figuras Figura 1. Grupo de corrientes y contracorrientes que influyen sobre el Archipiélago y la zona costera ecuatoriana. ....................................................... 8 Figura 2. Vista aérea de Canal Itabaca y puntos de ubicación de los colectores artificiales. ........................................................................................................ 17 Figura 3. Vista aérea de Bahía Tortuga y puntos de ubicación de los colectores artificiales. ........................................................................................................ 18 Figura 4. Componentes de un colector artificial ............................................... 19 Figura 5. Abundancia total de los grupos taxonómicos presentes en Canal Itabaca durante los años 2009 y 2010. ............................................................ 24 Figura 6. Abundancia total de los grupos taxonómicos presentes en Bahía Tortuga durante los años 2009 y 2010. ............................................................ 25 Figura 7. Abundancia mensual (ind./col.) de Bivalvos en Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante el 2009 y 2010. ...................................................................... 26 Figura 8. Total de individuos (ind./col.) por especies de bivalvos presentes en Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante 2009 y 2010. ...................................... 27 Figura 9. Abundancia mensual (ind./col.) de gastrópodos en Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante los años 2009 y 2010................................................... 28 Figura 10. Total de individuos (ind./col.) por especies de gasterópodos en Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante 2009 y 2010. ...................................... 29 Figura 11. Abundacia mensual (ind./col.) de balanos en el Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante los años 2009 y 2010................................................... 30 Figura 12. Abundancia mensual (ind./col) de malacostraca en Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante los años 2009 y 2010................................................... 31 xxii Figura 13. Total de individuos (ind./col.) por especies de malacostracos en Canal Itabaca y Bahía Tortuga durante 2009 y 2010. .....................................
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