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Home , Hoffman Island, Roosevelt Island, Smallpox Hospital, Swinburne Island

in : A Historical Context By Matthew McDonnell Connor- Educational Coordinator National Lighthouse Museum

Before discussing the Maritime Hospital, it is helpful to understand that quarantine is formal public health strategy that dates back to the Middle Ages, although examples of civilizations isolating the sick from healthy populations in some fashion, can be found among ancient Roman and Chinese culture as far back as the 7th Century. Quarantine practice as we know it today was first exemplified during the European Plague: Venetian port authorities mandated that ships arriving from infected ports of origin, dock for a period of thirty (Above) days prior to disembarking. Land-travelers arriving at with a face mask on due to COVID-19 -victorygirlsblog.com the port would be detained for an additional ten days; the term “quarantine,” derives from the Italian, quaranta giorni, meaning “forty days.” In 1403, the world’s first maritime quarantine station (named a lazaretto, after the The current COVID-19 pandemic has brought life Christian Saint Lazarus) was constructed on an as we know it in to a grinding halt with off the coast of Venice. the onset of Governor Andrew Cuomo’s “New York State As for the port of New York, quarantine practice on PAUSE” executive order of March 22nd, 2020. With has roots in the Colonial Era – first employed in 1663 schools and non-essential businesses closed, New Yorkers to prevent entry of incoming ships in an effort to find themselves in a quasi-quarantine state, as they are stem the tide of a Smallpox outbreak. In 1736, a six- encouraged by public officials to stay home, maintain social bed quarantine at City Hall is opened (this almshouse distance, avoid using public transportation, and venture would later be moved, becoming Bellevue Hospital, the outside only for short trips of absolute necessity. If they country’s oldest operating hospital). In 1738, the first are among the unfortunate who find themselves ill, they maritime quarantine station was constructed on Bedloe’s are subject to more stringent forms of quarantine, either Island in New York Harbor for the purpose of inspecting self-isolation for periods of fourteen days or more in their incoming ships into New York Harbor for signs of homes, or in separate wards in our local hospitals where diseased crew and passengers. The island was turned they are denied the comfort of visits from family and over to private ownership from 1746 until 1755, when it friends. A general threat to public health of this magnitude was re-instated as a quarantine station from 1755-1757 may not reside in the memories of New Yorkers during in response to a Yellow Fever outbreak. In 1759-60, a their own lifetimes, yet the threat of infectious disease, hospital was constructed on the grounds, but in 1776, and strict quarantine measures are not new to this city’s colonial insurgents burn the buildings on Bedloe’s Island. history. Here at the National Lighthouse Museum, New York’s historical implementation of quarantine to prevent the spread of infectious disease is part of the heritage of our site. The grounds of the General Depot of the Lighthouse Service occupy land that once housed the largest quarantine facility in the United States: The Maritime Hospital of New York, known simply as, the Quarantine. Quarantine in New York: A Historical Context (Continued)

The Marine Hospital at Tompkinsville, Staten Another plan to move the Quarantine to Seguine’s Island was opened in 1799 to accommodate the port of Point on the other side of , was thwarted New York’s need for quarantine facilities. The Quarantine, when the newly constructed hospital facility was burned administered by both the New York State and New York by arsonists from a neighboring town. A final legislative City Governments, was built on a 30-acre campus on Staten effort was made to move the facility in 1857, with no Island’s North shore; at the time, the island was largely rural. tangible results. By this point, tensions around the With the influx of European immigration, by the 1840s, Quarantine at Tompkinsville had reached an apex, and The Quarantine was treating more than 8,000 patients a the successful arson of the new hospital at Seguine’s Point year. The facility itself, bounded by a six-foot brick wall, may have proven inspiring. On the nights of Wednesday, consisted of a complex of separate buildings ranging its September 1st and Thursday, September 2nd, 1858, a most prominent structure, St. Nicholas Hospital which crowd of rioters gathered to covertly evacuate and burn looked out over the harbor and the descending grounds the Quarantine at Tompkinsville – to rid the island of that included The Female Hospital (a two-story structure). the perceived threat to public health that the facility In addition, the complex included the bayside Small- posed in the minds of the agitators. The conspirators, Pox Hospital which was divided into six-patient wards, who claimed that they acted in self-defense, were later federally owned buildings that housed harbor inspectors, acquitted at trial. and several free-standing wooden houses designated for the doctors of the facility. Brick houses also dotted the property, which provided shelter for the boat pilots, while several wooden shanties were set aside for the numerous stevedores whose task it was to unload cargo from the infected boats. Since its inception, the Quarantine at Tompkinsville sparked controversy. Commercial and government interests supported the location of the facility, but local landowners were concerned about the values of their neighboring properties. In addition, local residents feared (Above) Marine Hospital & Quarantine Hospital,Staten Island exposure to the infectious diseases that afflicted the ill -pages.brownstoner.org residents within the facility. Although the residents were kept within the walls of the Quarantine, those who worked there would pass through the town raising concerns about the spread of diseases. These fears were heightened after several outbreaks of Yellow Fever and cholera in the community during the tenure of the Quarantine, leading to an effort to rid the island of this perceived public danger. Initially, this effort took the form of a public petition to move the facility off the island. (after a particularly severe Yellow Fever outbreak in 1848). The New York State Legislature passed an act in 1849 to move the facility to Sandy Hook, New Jersey, but the move was resisted by New (Above) “Quarantine Marine Hospital” burning down York shipping interests and by the state of New Jersey. -daily.jstr.og Quarantine in New York: A Historical Context (Continued)

In the aftermath of the arson of the New York Marine Hospital, quarantine efforts in the port of New York would be located on smaller along the waterways of New York City. For example, the on (constructed in 1856), operated until 1875 at which point it was closed for overcrowding, and replaced by Riverside Hospital on North Brother Island. During the 1870s two islands, and , were built of landfill off the coast of South Beach, Staten Island for the purpose of constructing quarantine facilities to service the growing immigrant population. Bedloe’s island was again designated a quarantine in 1884 by the New York State Legislature, though the island was utilized as a military installation for much of the 19th century. Note: Public health and military-uses aside, Bedloe’s Island (later re-named ) is of interest to lighthouse enthusiasts for its designation as the site for the construction of The Statue of Liberty in 1877 (The Statue of Liberty operated as the nation’s first electrified lighthouse (Above) from 1886 to 1902). From 1892 through 1954, the South Statue of Liberty today Side hospital complex also served the stream of immigrants -libertyellisfoundation.org that came through , providing further screening for infectious disease and other ailments. Today, immigrants and travelers largely arrive to the port of New York via air-travel. Accordingly, the National Center for Disease Control (CDC)currently operates its New York quarantine station at John F. Kennedy International Airport. COVID-19, a form of (Left) “Bedloe’s Island” aka. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, is categorized as Liberty Island in 1877 an illness that may warrant quarantine according to the -archimaps.tumblr/ CDC. Yet, Kathryn Stephenson, author of The Quarantine War: The Burning of the New York Marine Hospital in 1858, reminds us that quarantine is a “blunt,” yet “effective” tool, often accompanied by fear and violence, and best utilized as a last resort. As New York City faces (Right) the current challenges of the pandemic through public Ellis Island health measures such as social distancing, sheltering-in- -thinkimmigration.org place, and self-quarantine, we are asked to slow down. While this is a challenging mandate for New Yorkers, the change of pace affords us all a rich opportunity to explore the history that surrounds us - perhaps the best place to start is the ground beneath our feet. Bibliography Quarantine in New York *click on the links to read more!

Gensini, Gian Franco, Magdi H. Yacoub, and Andrea A. Conti. “The Concept of Quarantine in History: From Plague to SARS.” The Journal of Infection 49, no. 4 (November 2004): 257–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.002.

“Governor Cuomo Signs the ‘New York State on PAUSE’ Executive Order | Governor Andrew M. Cuomo.” Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-signs- new-york-state-pause-executive-order.

“History of Quarantine | Quarantine | CDC,” April 23, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/historyquarantine.html.

Lam, Joyce. “The Abandoned Man-made Islands in NYC: Hoffman and Swinburne Islands.” July 29, 2013. https://untappedcities.com/2020/03/13/nycs-former-quarantine-islands-and-hospitals/

“Lazaretto Quarantine Station.” Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.ushistory.org/laz/history/index.htm.

“Liberty Island Chronology - Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. ).” Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/liberty-island-a-chronology.htm.

National Lighthouse Museum (blog). Accessed April 17, 2020. http://lighthousemuseum.org/. NPR.org. “Bellevue Hospital Pioneered Care For Presidents And Paupers.” Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/16/502301891/bellevue-hospital- pioneered-care-for-presidents-and-paupers.

Perrault, Carole L. “Liberty Enlightening the World: Parts 1 and 2,” U.S Lighthouse Keeper’s Log (Spring 1986) Accessed April 17, 2020. https://uslhs.org/sites/default/files/articles_pdf/statue_of_liberty_parts_1_and_2.pdf.

Stephenson, Kathryn. “The Quarantine War: The Burning of the New York Marine Hospital in 1858.(Public Health Chronicles).” Public Health Reports 119, no. 1 (2004): 79–92.

Young, Michelle. “NYC’s Former Quarantine Islands and Hospitals,” Untapped New York. March 13, 2020. https://untappedcities.com/2020/03/13/nycs-former-quarantine-islands-and-hospitals/.

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