Ali'i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Phase 2 Research

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Phase 2 Research

Compiled by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Washington, D.C. Bureau In partnership with Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

June 2009

Aloha nui kākou e nā ‘ōiwi ‘ōlino, nā pulapula a Hāloa, mai Hawai‘i a Ni‘ihau a puni ke ao mālamalama:

I am very pleased that the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) and Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club (KAMHCC) have again joined together as partners to produce Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Research Phase 2. OHA deeply appreciates this continued partnership with KAMHCC, and acknowledges the leadership, research, commitment and time of all the individual volunteers, KAMHCC members and the OHA D.C. Bureau “team” that worked together to produce this second booklet for all of us. On behalf of the OHA Trustees and Administrator, mahalo nui.

The Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Phase 2 enhances our understanding of the kuleana of the Ali‘i and those Native Hawaiians that accompanied them, participating in the world community as native, indigenous leaders, and representatives of a sovereign nation.

As originally stated in Phase 1, this is not intended to be a definitive work, but rather, an amplification of previous research. Through this second compilation, we gain a better understanding of the events experienced by the principals of certain diplomatic missions and other official business, we discover who led on these journeys and who accompanied, where they stayed, whom and where they visited and what length of time they spent conducting official business in Washington, D.C. We are reminded again of the many differences between traveling and conducting such business in the past as compared to the present day.

For those interested in re-tracing the steps of these historic missions, researchers have reviewed official itineraries to identify the addresses of lodgings, meetings and introductions, as well as other local sites which were visited in the course of official business travel. If a named building or address no longer exists, or has been renamed or replaced with a new structure, that information, if available, is provided to the reader. Where possible, the reader is provided with an address or a geographic location, and information about how the current site compares to the original noted in the historic itinerary. A chapter on Hawaiian postal service and postage has also been included in Phase 2, as a means of documenting one of the characteristic activities of a sovereign nation.

We anticipate that the partnership between OHA and KAMHCC will continue with the Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Research Phase 3.

New and established research sources will be explored to further amplify existing chapters of research, to identify additional Hawai‘i diplomatic representatives and to document their contributions to Native Hawaiian world diplomacy. We look forward to this continuing work, as it presents information on how the historic missions of the Ali‘i as representatives of their indigenous sovereign nation continue through to the present day.

No nā ‘ōiwi ‘ōlino,

Trustee S. Haunani Apoliona, MSW Chairperson, Board of Trustees Office of Hawaiian Affairs

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Ke Ali`i Maka`āinana Hawaiian Civic Club

Aloha Kākou, June 2009

Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club (KAMHCC) and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) continue in partnership on this historic project entitled, Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Research Phase 2. This fine collaborative work showcases the commitment of our dedicated researchers, of the community resources they engaged and the generosity of those resources who often provided unexpected richness to many, many data points. Phase 2 is an accounting of an indigenous sovereign nation, of government-to-government relationships and inherent self- determination; of our Ali`i working for the kanaka maoli.

A relationship with Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, introduced an interested on-site librarian to the history of Hawaiì. Our site visit revealed guest registries signed by our beloved Queen Kapiòlani and Princess Liliùokalani. A gardener’s work ledger describes the visit of the royal party; an archival Washington Post article details the dress and appointments of the royal entourage, identifying Queen Kapiòlani and Princess Liliùokalani in a group photograph taken near the back porch of Mount Vernon. During our visit, one Mount Vernon tour guide, noting a few Hawaiians in the crowd, commented that on a separate visit “the Queen from the Sandwich Isles”, Queen Liliùokalani, brought with her a “wreath” of flowers to present to George Washington at his final resting place.

KAMHCC members continue community discussions about this project’s progress with Pacific Islander communities in Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia. During the March 2006 Mainland Council of Hawaiian Civic Clubs’ meeting, an Ali‘i Missions Project brief generated a suggestion from one of our kupuna: inclusion of photos / drawings of minted coins and postal stamps depicting the actions of a sovereign nation. A section on Hawaiian postal service and postage has been incorporated in this Phase 2 booklet. Mahalo, kupuna. We are listening. We mahalo all who read, typed, emailed, googled, archived, traveled, sat in conference with librarians, historians, and staff to retrieve and piece together the even more of the journeys of our beloved Ali`i to and through Washington, DC.

The year 2012 marks an Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs convention to be held in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area, hosted by the Mainland Council. A Walking Tour DVD of the Ali`i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. is under consideration for presentation at that event.

The KAMHCC Board vows to continue this honored partnership with OHA and the Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Research Phase 3. We are motivated and take up this ongoing commitment with vigor and focus, viewing the venues and events of Washington, D.C. with renewed interest.

Darlene Kehaulani Butts, President KAMHCC

P.O. Box 33802 Washington, DC 20033-3802 www.kamhcc.org

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Introduction to Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel Research Phase 2

Prepared by Martha Ross, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Research Project 1 & 2 Director

Aloha kakou. We, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club (KAMHCC) and many volunteers worked together on this project to learn more about nation-to-nation diplomatic missions to Washington, D.C. directed by Native Hawaiian Ali’i (chiefs, kings, queens - leaders of the indigenous sovereign nation of Hawai‘i), and to share our findings.

The inspiration for this research are the leaders of the Royal Order of Kamehameha 1, ‘Ahahui Ka‘ahumanu, Hale O Nā Ali‘i O Hawai‘i and The Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors - Māmakakaua, who traveled together to Washington, D.C. the week of September 13, 2003, joining OHA Trustees, Administrator and D.C. Bureau Chief, to walk the halls of Congress and speak with U.S. Senators. These Native Hawaiian royal benevolent societies and OHA representatives sought support for the Akaka bill to reaffirm the political-legal relationship between the U.S. and Native Hawaiians and establish a process of federal recognition for a reorganized Native Hawaiian representative governing entity, similar to the recognition process already available to American Indians and Alaska Natives. They understood in order for Native Hawaiians to have strong standing to negotiate reconciliation between Native Hawaiians and the U.S. and State of Hawai’i, protect existing Native Hawaiian rights, assets and cultural places from erosion and assure perpetuation of the distinct indigenous Hawaiian culture through self-determination, the political and legal status as indigenous sovereign must be reaffirmed, and a reorganized Native Hawaiian governing entity recognized, before government-to-government discussions can take place.

The OHA D.C. Bureau is asked about Ali‘i diplomatic missions to D.C. Ali‘i conducted diplomatic business throughout the world community, including D.C. These missions to D.C. continued after the illegal overthrow of the kingdom of Hawai’i by force in 1893, when the Ali‘i advocated in D.C. for restoration of the Native Hawaiian government, and continued to express inherent indigenous sovereign rights, culture, values and priorities. Today, in 2009, Native Hawaiians, the lineal descendents of the indigenous, native, aboriginal people who lived and exercised sovereignty in the Hawaiian archipelago that later was taken as part of the United States, have a distinct Hawaiian community, continue Hawaiian language and cultural practices and give political expression to Hawaiian sovereignty as a people.

Visitors ask where, why and with whom did the Ali‘i conduct business in Washington, D.C.? Many want to visit these places of historic importance. Our research to answer these inquiries is on-going; not all Ali‘i diplomatic missions in Washington, D.C. are included in Phase 1 & 2, and not all diplomatic purposes, itineraries and locations, then and now, have been identified at this time. Our intention in producing Research Phase 1 & 2 is to provide some additional facts, as a place to start for those interested in visiting sites where Ali‘i and their representatives conducted business and lodged while in D.C. There is much more research to be completed in Research Phase 3. We hope readers find Research Phase 1 & 2 useful. We have included our sources and worked carefully to be accurate, however, we apologize for any errors, or if the information you seek is not included in Phase 1 or 2.

Please contact [email protected], or [email protected], should you have questions, any information to share, any corrections or if you want to assist with Phase 3.

OHA deeply appreciates all who worked together to collect and share this information.

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Acknowledgements

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Research Phase 2 is available because of the following:

Project Inspiration Royal Order of Kamehameha 1, ‘Ahahui Ka‘ahumanu, Hale O Nā Ali‘i O Hawai‘i and The Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors - Māmakakaua, who traveled to Washington, D.C. the week of September 13, 2003 to speak with U.S. Senators:

(Titles at that time):

Mr. Gabriel Makuakane, Royal Order of Kamehameha 1, Ali‘i Nui Mr. Edward Akana, Royal Order of Kamehameha 1, Ali‘i ‘Ai Moku O Hawai‘i Mr. William Souza, Royal Order of Kamehameha 1, Ali‘i - Kahuna Kuhikuhi Puuone Ms. Margaret Kula Stafford, ‘Ahahui Ka‘ahumanu, Pelekikena Mr. Hailama Farden, Hale O Nā Ali‘i O Hawai‘i, Iku Ha‘i Nui & Māmakakaua, Ilamaku Ms. Marguerite Kealanahele, Hale O Nā Ali‘i O Hawai‘i, Iku Naha Lani Ms. June Mikala Kalepa, Hale O Nā Ali‘i O Hawai‘i, Mamo Hanohano Ms. EiRayna Kaleipolihale Adams, The Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors - Māmakakaua, Kuhina Nui Ms. Elsie Sarah Kawaonaheleopa‘i‘i Durante, The Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors - Māmakakaua, Hope Kuhina Nui

Volunteer Researchers, Phase 1 and Phase 2:

Ms. Darlene Kehaulani Butts President, Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Ms. Kealani Kimball Hawaiian Civic Club (KAMHCC) Native Hawaiian Leadership Project Phases 1 Time Frame: 1941 – 1960 Glendora, CA 91741 Phase 1 Time Frame: 1840 – 1860 Ms. Kanoe Davis Phase 1 Time Frame: 1921 – 1940 Mr. Raymond Carreira III Native Hawaiian Leadership Project Ms. Dreana Kalili Phase 1 Time Frame: 1900 – 1920 Phase 1 Time Frame: 1881 – 1900 Dr. Adrienne Kaeppler, Curator Ms. Kapi`olani Adams Smithsonian National Museum of Hawaiian Newspapers and Editing Natural History Contributed information on Queen Mr. Tim Johnson, Kapi’olani’s gift of a canoe to the Kalaimoku, KAMHCC National Museum Library of Congress Inquiries

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Mrs. Dottie Russ Researcher, document compilation, Hawai‘i State Society and photos / graphics and preparation Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association for print Phase 2; Visit of Kapi‘olani & Lili‘uokalani to Mount Vernon, VA Mr. Bryce Mendez, OHA Volunteer Student, George Washington Univ. Mrs. Debi Velasco Time Frame: 1861 – 1880 Hula Practitioner Volunteer & OHA Intern, Phase 1 Phase 2; Numerous Sources for Project Coordinator 2004-5, Research & Graphics volunteer researchers’ team leader and researcher Mrs. Melissa Scalph Hula Practitioner Mr. James Kawika Riley Member: Hālau Mohala ‘Ilima Fall 2005 Intern and 2006 Fellow Phase 2; Kap‘iolani’s and OHA Washington, D.C. Bureau Lili‘uokalani’s visit to Mt. Vernon Graduate Student, George Washington University Mrs. Maile Duggan Phase 1 Project Co-coordinator KSAA – East Coast Chapter 2006 and Researcher Member Hālau O ‘Aulani Phase 2; Queen Emma’s Visit, 1866 Ms. Valzey Freitas 2005 Summer Intern Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) OHA Washington, D.C. Bureau Washington, D.C. Bureau: Student, University of Hawai’i Researcher Ms. Martha Ross, LSW, Director OHA Planning, Research & Ms. Haunani Yap Evaluation 2005 Summer Intern Honolulu, HI. [email protected] OHA Washington, D.C. Bureau (Opened the OHA D.C. Bureau in Student, Lafayette College February 2003, served as OHA D.C. Researcher Bureau Chief until March 22, 2009.) Diplomatic Missions Research 1 & 2 Ms. Donde Lei Leopoldo Project Director 2008 Spring Intern OHA Washington D.C. Bureau Mr. Tim Johnson, Bureau Chief Student, George Washington Univ. OHA Washington, D.C. Bureau Phase 2: Researcher, Kingdom of 50 F Street NW, Suite 3300 Hawai‘i Postal Service & Postage Washington, D.C. 20001 202.454.0920 [email protected] Research Phase 3 Project Director See photos of OHA Staff, KAMHCC members and other researchers on Mrs. Julie Coleson the following pages. Asst. to the Bureau Chief OHA Washington, D.C. Bureau Note: at time of publishing, we did Phase 1 Project Co-Coordinator not have pictures available for 2006, Researcher, document Kealani Kimball or Raymond compilation, photos / graphics and Carreira III. preparation for print; Phase 2 Project Co-Coordinator 2008; 3 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Photos of Volunteer Researchers and Office of Hawaiian Affairs Staff

Martha Ross Julie Coleson James Kawika Riley OHA DC Bureau Chief OHA DC Bureau Assistant OHA DC Bureau Fellow

Bryce Mendez Valzey Freitas Haunani Yap OHA Volunteer & Intern OHA 2005 Summer Intern OHA 2005 Summer Intern

E. Kapi‘olani Adams Dreanna Kalili Kanoe Davis

4 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Donde Lei Leopoldo Debi Velasco Dottie Russ OHA 2008 Spring Intern Hula Practitioner Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Assn.

Maile Duggan Melissa Scalph Darlene Kehaulani Butts Hālau O ‘Aulani Hula Practitioner Ke Ali‘i Maka’āinana KSAA – East Coast Chapter Member: Hālau Mohala ‘Ilima Hawaiian Civic Club

At Left: Members of the Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club, including volunteer researchers Tim Johnson (standing, Dr. Adrienne Kaeppler, Curator far right) and Darlene Butts (first row, second from left) SI National Museum of Natural History

5 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Table of Contents

Letter of Greeting from OHA Chairperson Haunani Apoliona Page i

Letter of Greeting from Darlene Kehaulani Butts, Pelekikena, Page ii Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club (KAMHCC)

Introduction and Acknowledgements: Martha Ross, LSW, Director OHA Planning, Research & Development Pages 1 - 5

Table of Contents Page 6

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions Phase 2 Chapters:

Chapter I Diplomatic travel led by Queen Consort Emma Rooke – 1866 Pages 7 - 10

Chapter 2 Diplomatic mission led by King David Kalākaua to aid in the negotiation Pages 11 - 14 of the Reciprocity Treaty – 1874

Chapter 3 Diplomatic travel led by Queen Julia Kapi‘olani to attend Queen Pages 15 - 20 Victoria’s Jubilee in England – 1887, accompanied by Princess Lydia Lili‘uokalani

Chapter 4 Diplomatic mission led by Queen Lili‘uokalani to present petitions from Pages 21 - 26 the Hawai‘i Patriotic Leagues to Presidents Cleveland and McKinley – 1897 - 1898

Chapter 5 Continuing advocacy by Queen Lili‘uokalani and her attempts to gain Pages 27 - 32 restitution for lands (and land revenues) ceded to the US by the Republic of Hawai‘i - 1898 thru 1910

Chapter 6 Kingdom of Hawai‘i Postal Service, Post Offices and Postage Stamps; Pages 33 - 43 1819 thru 1893

Photographs / Illustrations Pages 44 - 59

End Notes Pages 60 - 67

Bibliography Pages 68 - 71

Partnership Page Page 72

Research Tool Section Page 73 - 77

6 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Chapter I 1861 – 1880

Diplomatic travel by Queen Consort Emma Rooke included visits to Mexico, Panama, and several nations in Europe, on her way to Washington DC to meet with President Andrew Johnson

Approximate Dates Traveled: Dates in Washington, D.C.: August 13 – 22, 1866 Full Trip Duration: May 6, 1865 – October 22, 1866

Name of Ali`i / Native Hawaiian leader or representative: Queen Consort Emma Rooke1

Organization / Affiliation: Hawaiian Ali‘i, Queen Consort of Hawai‘i, wife of Alexander Liholiho, Kamehameha IV

Purpose of Mission: The purpose of Emma’s trip was to gain support for the Anglican cause in Hawai‘i and to raise funds to build a cathedral as a memorial to her late husband.2 While in Washington DC, Queen Emma met with President Andrew Johnson.

Accompaniment: Charles Hopkins, Hawaiian Minister of the Interior, to be the Queen’s secretary & aide John Welsh: the Queen’s manservant Chevalier: a Swiss maid who joined Emma’s accompaniment in England Miss Torbert & Miss Spurgeon Note: this is a list of the Queen’s accompaniment during the U.S. leg of her tour. This list does not include members of her entourage who traveled with her to Europe, but did not join her in the United States.3

Itinerary (Historical): • May 6, 1865: Queen Emma left Honolulu harbor for England.4 On her way to England, she visited Acapulco, Panama City and St. Thomas. She arrived in England on July 13, 1865. She then continued her travels, visiting France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany & Ireland, before sailing from Ireland on July 30, 1866, aboard the steamship Java. • August 8, 1866: Queen Emma arrived in New York aboard the Java, after leaving Queenstown Ireland nine days earlier.5 The crossing was reported as having been extremely rough. • Queen Emma traveled from New York to Washington, D.C. aboard a special train provided by the U.S. Government on August 13. She was accompanied on the train by Robert S. Chilton Esq., a Dept. of State Special Envoy. After arriving in Washington, the Queen was driven by carriage to Willard’s Hotel at 14th Street & Pennsylvania Avenues NW, where she was welcomed by the Hon. Henry Stanberry, the acting Secretary of State. After dinner, the Queen appeared at her window. “The band of 5th US Cavalry struck up a beautiful national

7 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

air.”6 The Queen requested that they play one of her favorite tunes, “Red, White & Blue.” They also played “God Save the Queen” and “America.” • August 14: due to unfavorable weather, Queen Emma stayed in her hotel until shortly before noon. She then went out to visit the Smithsonian Institute and the Patent Office. She also visited the US Capitol, including climbing to the highest accessible point in the Capitol dome. At 8:00pm the Queen and her party proceeded to the Executive Mansion.7 The Queen was received by the President in the Red Room of the White House.8 (See Illustrations Section page 45 for historical photos of the White House, and page 46 for photos of the Red Room and the White House State Dining Room.) • August 15: Queen Emma visited points of interest in Washington DC, including the National Cemetery, the Old Soldier’s Home, and the Botanical Gardens. (See Illustrations Section page 48 for a rendering of the original Old Soldier’s Home.) At 7:00pm that evening, Queen Emma was the dinner guest of Secretary of State William Seward. The Queen and Miss Spurgeon were given “a clamorous welcome” by Secretary Seward’s parrots upon their arrival at his home.9 • August 16: Queen Emma visited the Navy Yard, where several 21-gun salutes were fired in her honor. (See Illustration Section page 48 for a rendering of the Navy Yard 1893-1897.) There, the Queen boarded the steamer Northerner and sailed down the Potomac River to visit Mt. Vernon and the surrounding area. “She was conducted through the spacious grounds of the mansion, noting each point of interest, and expressing her admiration of the scenery and surroundings. The tomb of Washington was visited, where the Queen gave evidence of her knowledge of the history of the Father of his country, and seemed particularly interested in contemplating the republican simplicity of the locality.”10 • At an 8:00pm reception that evening Queen Emma received a delegation of Native Americans who were in the city on business with the Indian Office. “The delegates were members of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee and Pawnee, and she conversed with Big Bear, the chief.”11 There were several women and children included in the visiting Native American group. “The latter tribe (the Pawnee) are of the Simon-pure savage type, and almost wholly absorbed the attention of Her Majesty, who examined curiously their dress, shield, bow and arrows, trinkets, &c., &c. The Queen also manifested the liveliest interest in the papoose, and the children of the Choctaws and the Chickasaws.”12 • August 17: Although invited on a driving tour of the city with Secretary of State Seward, the Queen remained in her rooms at the Willard for the morning, due to the illness of her lady attendant Miss Spurgeon. • On the evening of August 17, the Queen moved from the Willard Hotel to the home of Secretary of State Seward. (See Illustration Section page 48 for a picture of Secretary Seward’s home.) It was reported that the reason Secretary Seward extended the offer of hospitality to the Queen was “to remove her from the annoyances and importunities to which she had been subjected in the city from gossips and flunkeys who force themselves into Her Majesty’s presence and annoy her almost beyond endurance.”13 • August 18: Queen Emma attended a State Dinner in her honor, where she dined with the President and the First Lady, Eliza Johnson, and other members of the Cabinet. This was the first State Dinner held in honor of a visiting monarch.14 “…Eliza began to attend more White House events. The first state dinner in honor of visiting royalty was for Queen Emma of Hawai‘i. Eliza greeted the queen standing, but had to be seated in a chair as she greeted the rest of the guests that night.” 15 Queen Emma was “attired with great simplicity. She wore a

8 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

plain black silk dress… trimmed only with ornaments of jet. The dress was cut with a low neck and short sleeves, and had a long trail. Over a neat headdress, she wore a white illusion veil.”16 • August 19: Secretary Seward reported that Queen Emma “took me twice to church” at St. John’s (Episcopal) Church on Lafayette Square. (See Illustration Section page 47 for pictures of the exterior and interior of St. John’s Church.) That evening, the Queen visited President Johnson and the First Lady at the White House.17 • August 20: Queen Emma visited the Washington Monument, the Treasury and the State Department. In the evening she dined with Secretary Seward, Asst. Secretary of State Chandler, and other international diplomatic representatives.18 • August 21: Secretary Seward “drove the Queen and party up the Aqueduct Road to the upper reservoir; crossed down the Canal and hurried home in a great shower.” In the evening, she was called upon by President Johnson, Attorney General Stanberry and his wife.19 • August 22: Queen Emma departed Washington D.C. for Baltimore on the B&O Railroad.20

Itinerary (Current): The White House: is still located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. Smithsonian Institute: the original Smithsonian “Castle” which still stands on the National Mall US Patent Office: the building was actually the Department of the Interior, but because one of that Department’s largest scopes of work pertained to the investigation & granting of patents, the building was commonly known as “The Patent Office”; it was located at 7th & F Streets NW21 U.S. Capitol: still at its original historic location. To climb to the highest point in the dome, you must be personally escorted by a member of Congress. The narrow staircase may be seen running along the roof walls of the Capitol’s dome from the floor of the central Rotunda. National Cemetery: is now known as Arlington National Cemetery Old Soldiers’ Home: is now the Armed Forces Retirement Home located just west of the Catholic University Campus, at 3700 North Capitol Street, NW US Navy Yard, Washington DC: Bounded by 1st Street SE, M Street SE, 11th Street SE and the Anacostia River Mt. Vernon, VA: still at its original historical location, 16 miles south of Washington DC on the Virginia side of the Potomac River St. John’s Episcopal Church; still located on the corner of 16th and H Streets NW. Known as “the Church of the Presidents” because every president since James Madison (1809-1817) has attended services there. President Barack Obama and his family worshipped there on the morning of his inauguration, on January 20, 2009. St. John’s is one of the few original buildings remaining on Lafayette Square (north side). The US Treasury: located at Pennsylvania Avenue & 15th Streets NW22 The State Department: located in the south wing of the Navy, War and State Department Offices; it is now the Old Executive Office Building on 15th Street & Pennsylvania Avenue.

Lodging (Historical): The royal party lodged at Willard’s Hotel, registered as “Queen Emma, of Hawaii.” The Queen and her party occupied rooms 11, 12, 13 and 14. The Queen’s parlor was one of the corner rooms facing out onto 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. The royal flag of the “Sandwich

9 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Isles” was flown from the top of the hotel for the occasion. (See Illustration Section page ?? for a historical photo of the Willard Hotel.)

Lodging (Historical) Continued: On August 17, the Queen re-located to the private residence of Secretary of State William Seward on the east side of Lafayette Square. Secretary Seward’s home was located on the east side of the 700 block of Madison Place near Pennsylvania Avenue. (See Illustration Section page 48 for a historical photo of Secretary Seward’s home on Madison Place NW.)

Lodging (Current): The Willard Hotel, which has undergone several renovations in its history, still stands at 14th Street & Pennsylvania Avenues NW.

The site of Secretary of State Seward’s home on Lafayette Square is now occupied by the National Courts Building of Washington DC.

Other Details: August 22: Queen Emma and her attendants went to Baltimore by train. From there they took a railway coach to Gettysburg, where they toured the battlefield and the cemetery. From there Queen Emma went to Niagara Falls and then on to Boston and New York, where she took a steamer home to Hawai‘i, having been away for almost two years.23 She arrived back in Honolulu on October 22, 1866.24

10 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Chapter II 1861 – 1880

Diplomatic Mission led by King David Kalākaua (Picture with President Grant in 1874)

Approximate Dates Traveled: Dates in Washington, D.C.: December 12-23, 1874 Full Trip Duration: November 17, 1874 – February 20, 1875

Name of Ali`i / Native Hawaiian leader or representative: King David Kalākaua

Organization / Affiliation: Hawaiian Ali‘i, King of Hawai‘i

Purpose of Mission: King Kalākaua visited Washington, D.C. to aid in the negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty.

Accompaniment: John O. Dominis, Governor of O‘ahu J.M. Kapena, Governor of Maui H.A. Pierce, U.S. Minister Resident at the Hawaiian Islands Colonel W.M. Wharry, U.S. Aide to General Schofield Lieutenant Commander W.H. Whiting Colonel Hubbard, Aide to Governor Booth Mr. Irving, American Press Association – San Francisco T.H. Goodman Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen, Hawai‘i Supreme Court Commissioner Carter, Merchant – C. Brewer & Co.

Itinerary (Historical):

• “In Hawaii, Kalakaua’s birthday, November 16, had been declared a day of public thanksgiving and prayer. At a service in Kawaiahao Church, the king gave a farewell address preceding his departure for the United States. He declared that he was making this journey ‘in the endeavor to forward the best interest of you, my people’; he referred to the need of a reciprocity treaty ‘to ensure our material prosperity, and I believe that if such a Treaty can be secured, the beneficial effects will be soon apparent to all classes, and our nation, under its reviving influences, will grow again.’”25 • “On the following day, Kalakaua went on board the U.S.S. Benicia, and for the next three months he and his suite were guests of the American government and people. With him were Governor John O. Dominis of Oahu, Governor John M. Kapena of Maui, and United States Minister Pierce, invited by the king to accompany him. This was the first king to visit the United States and he received all the honors and courtesies that a friendly and democratic people could bestow. At San Francisco the royal party was ceremoniously received with salutes from the forts and vessels of war, and with a demonstration of high honor. Kalakaua was greeted by General John M. Schofield on behalf of the American government and by

11 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Mayor James Otis on behalf of the city. For a week the king enjoyed the hospitality of the California metropolis, then continued his journey by railroad, arriving at Washington on December 12.”26 • The King and his entourage came in via train, Engine No. 9, from Pittsburgh and Baltimore. At Baltimore, some of the U.S. officials and military joined the party as they made their way into Washington. “An official welcoming party, consisting of the secretaries of state, war, and navy, and Minister Allen, met the train ten miles out of Washington and accompanied the king into the capital.”27 The New York Times newspaper of Dec. 13, 1874 also reports that the King was met by Secretaries Fish, Robeson & Belknap at Wilson’s Station, about 10 miles outside the city of Washington. They were formally presented to the King by Elisha Hunt Allen, the Chancellor of the Hawaiian Kingdom, who had traveled ahead of the King to make diplomatic and other arrangements for him. The King was reported to have conversed with his American hosts in “good, unbroken English” and was in possession of “an easy bearing and the manner and conversation of an intelligent gentleman.”28 • They arrived in Washington, D.C. at 11:28 am on December 12th, and a procession was held along B Street, 7th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue en route to The Arlington Hotel. (See Illustrations Section page 49 for a lithograph showing the King’s procession through Washington DC and photos of the Arlington Hotel.) • “The next ten days were filled with a round of official entertainment, highlighted by a state dinner divine by President Grant in the king’s honor, a presidential reception that was ‘conceded to have been the most brilliant state reception that has ever taken place in Washington,’ and a reception by the Congress in joint session.”29 (See Illustrations Section page 49 for a historical rendering of Kalākaua meeting President Grant in the Blue Room of the White House, from “Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Almanac”.) • December 15: at 2:00 in the afternoon, the King visited the White House to call upon the President. He was accompanied by Governor Dominis and Governor Kapena, among others. They were met at the entrance to the White House by President Grant himself, members of the Cabinet, and the Secretary of State. After formal introductions, the party entered the White House and “entered into conversation with each other.” The King was seated with President Grant for the duration of the visit. After some 20 minutes, the President and the Secretary of State accompanied the King back out to his carriage.30 • December 18: King Kalākaua visited both Houses of Congress. The New York Times reported that “the King would be in the President’s Room at 11:30 tomorrow (Friday) morning, when the senators would be presented to him. At 12:15 o’clock he would be received in the House of Representatives.” It was arranged that the Senate would meet “at the usual hour (12 o’clock) and at 12:15 a recess would be taken that the Senate might proceed in a body to the Hall of the House and join in the ceremony of receiving his majesty.”31 • December 18: The visit of King Kalākaua to the Houses of Congress was attended by “an immense crowd of spectators in the galleries and in the corridors.”32 The Speaker of the House, in addressing the King said “Your majesty’s appearance among us is the first instance in which a reigning sovereign has set foot upon the soil of the United States, and it is a significant circumstance that the visit comes to us from the West and not from the East.”33 The King’s reply was delivered by Chancellor Elisha Hunt Allen, because the King “was so affected with a cold and hoarseness that he was unable to read his reply.”34 • December 18: The state reception held in honor of King Kalākaua by President Ulysses S. Grant at the Executive Mansion (the White House) was attended by members of the U.S.

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Executive Cabinet, by U.S. Supreme Court Justices, foreign ministers, officers of the army and navy, members of Congress, and other distinguished citizens. There were a total of 36 guests present. According to an article printed December 19, 1874 in the Boston Daily Globe, “The reception, given this evening, at the Executive mansion, to the King, was a brilliant affair. The reception began at 9pm and concluded at 10:30, during which time the saloons of the Executive Mansion were crowded to their full capacity. The King wore full dress evening costume. The affair was one of the most brilliant of the kind ever witnessed in Washington.” • King Kalākaua departed Washington DC for New York on December 23.35

Itinerary (Current): The White House: is still located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. Wilson’s Station, MD: there are scattered historical mentions of this railway station on the Baltimore Railroad Line; actual location unknown; assumed to be in the northeastern quadrant of the state of Maryland, close to where Pennsylvania, Maryland & Delaware meet.

Lodging (Historical): First floor of The Arlington Hotel – Lafayette Square, across from the White House. According to the New York Times, arrangements were made for “a suite of 13 rooms… for the royal party. Of these, five will be for the personal use of the King, consisting of parlor, dining room, writing room for himself and secretary, chamber and bathroom, and, in addition, two large parlors on the first floor for general reception.” “The quarters assigned the royal party at the Arlington include the blue rooms, which are much admired for the beauty of harmony in all their appointments.”36 (See Illustrations Section page 50 for historical photos of the old Arlington Hotel)

Lodging (Current): Veterans’ Affairs Headquarters – “VA’s Headquarters Building site across Lafayette Square from the White House in Washington, D.C. came with a great history. Prior to 1869, the grand town homes of high government officials and Presidents James Buchanan and Benjamin Harrison were located there. In 1869, following the razing of some of the homes, the Arlington Hotel was erected. One of the most celebrated and exclusive hotels in the country, it catered to the rich, the congressional, and the diplomatic sets. Every President from Grant to McKinley stayed there awaiting their inauguration. When it was torn down in 1912 to make way for an even grander hotel project that bankrupted, the site remained an unsightly mud hole for six years. In 1918, a speculative office building was built, and the Treasury Department finally bought it for their veterans’ programs that eventually became the VA.”37

Other Details: On the US Department of State website, the page detailing “Visits to the U.S. by Foreign Heads of State and Government -- 1874-1939” describes King David Kalākaua’s visit as the “First visit by a foreign Chief of State or Head of Government.”38

During the visit to Washington, the King, before meeting with President Grant, lamented the fact that he had contracted a cold while traveling. As a result of this illness, he remained “quietly” in

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his rooms at the Arlington Hotel on December 13th, after being examined by his attending physician, Dr. Taylor.39

The book “Mount Vernon Its Owner and Its Story” by Harrison Howell Dodge (long time resident custodian of Mt. Vernon) mentions that King Kalākaua visited Mt. Vernon while in Washington DC in 1874 (page 101). Plans for the King’s visit to General Washington’s home are substantiated by a New York Times article printed December 12, 1874. Documentation of this visit is still being sought.

This same New York Times article mentions that the King had plans to visit the Naval Academy in Annapolis as well.40

The New York Times made mention of the diplomatic quandaries facing both federal and state governing entities endeavoring to host a visit by King Kalākaua. “Some of the members of the Joint Committee on the Reception of the King seem to appreciate the necessity of a work on how to receive a sovereign in a republic without compromising either form of government.”41

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Chapter III 1881 – 1900

Diplomatic travel led by Queen Julia Kapi‘olani to attend Queen Victoria’s Jubilee in England

Approximate Dates Traveled: Dates in Washington, D.C.: May 3 - May 7, 1887 Full Trip Duration: April 12, 1887 – July 26, 1887

Name of Ali’i / Native Hawaiian leader or representative: Queen Consort Julia Kapi‘olani

Organization / Affiliation: Hawaiian Ali‘i, Queen Consort of Hawai‘i, wife of King David Kalākaua

Purpose of Mission: Queen Kapi‘olani led the journey to Great Britain to celebrate the 50-year reign of Queen Victoria. On their way to England, the entourage made several stops in the United States before departing across the Atlantic to Great Britain. While in Washington, they visited and dined with President Grover Cleveland and the First Lady, went sightseeing and visited the residence of George Washington at Mount Vernon.42

Accompaniment: Princess Lydia Lili‘uokalani Lieutenant-General John O. Dominis, Governor of O‘ahu Colonel C.P. Iaukea Colonel J.H. Boyd 4 Attendants

Itinerary (Historical): • April 12 1887 – Departed Honolulu on the steamship Australia bound for San Francisco.43 • This was the first time that Queen Kapi‘olani had visited “any foreign country.”44 After staying a week in San Francisco, the Queen and her party traveled east by train from San Francisco, through Sacramento. Heading eastward on their way through the Rocky Mountains, Lili‘uokalani tells of “passing through the long snow sheds.” These were wooden awnings built over the railroad tracks as they ran along the mountainsides (they can still be seen today). They were meant to keep the tracks clear of snow, but also to prevent avalanches from sweeping trains down the mountainsides. The train stopped, and the curious Hawaiians got out to experience a new novelty: snow. “Taking it up and rolling it in their hands, they made snowballs and pelted each other with it… a rare opportunity for those born in the Hawaiian Islands.”45 • The travelers stopped in Salt Lake City and Denver. They proceeded through Chicago, and then on to Baltimore.46 The royal party was met at the Baltimore train station by Hawaiian Minister Carter and representatives from the U.S. Departments of State, War and the Navy.

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• Queen Kapi‘olani arrived in Washington on May 3.47 “Queen Kapiolani, of the Hawaiian Islands, and her party arrived at the Baltimore and Potomac depot by the train from the West at 8 o'clock yesterday evening. According to the program announced in the Washington Post, a reception committee, composed of Mr. Carter, Hawaiian Minister, Chief Clerk Brown, of the State Department, and Lieut. Rogers, of the Navy, went to Baltimore to meet the royal visitors.”48 (See Illustration Section page 51 for photo of the Baltimore & Potomac Depot.) • Queen Kapi‘olani and her party stayed at the Arlington Hotel. Upon her arrival there, she was greeted by the wife and daughter of Hawaiian Minister Carter and Mr. Preston, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. • On May 4, Queen Kapi‘olani was escorted to the White House (See Illustrations Section page 45 for historical images of the White House) by Chief Clerk Brown from the Department of State, Captain Taylor of the army, and Lieutenant Rodgers of the Navy. She traveled by carriage, “a victoria drawn by white horses.” The Queen was met at the steps of the White House by US Secretary of State Bayard and Assistant Secretary of State Adee, who escorted her inside. There she met President Cleveland and the First Lady in the Blue Room, where others soon joined them. “Queen Kapiolani wore a black satin dress, with short princess front, trimmed with gold embroideries. It was cut short in the front, displaying a pair of light high-cut black kid boots… She wore a small bonnet and carried a black feather fan with a centre of yellow feathers. The Queen looked very closely at all her surroundings, observing each person intently.”49 • The party walked to the White House balcony facing the south grounds, making conversation about numerous subjects, including the flowers on the grounds. Princess Lili‘uokalani and Curtis Iaukea served as interpreters for the President and the Queen. After their meeting, which lasted about fifteen minutes, the Queen and her party departed for Arlington Hotel.50 Around 2:00 pm, Mrs. Cleveland and the wives of each of the Cabinet officers visited the Arlington Hotel to return the Queen’s call to the White House “in accordance to the rules of regal etiquette.”51 Mrs. Cleveland invited the Queen and her party to dine at the White House that Friday.52 • Around 3pm the Queen and her party went on a drive to see the Washington sights, including the Washington Monument and the Capitol. This outing also included attending the 23rd annual presentation day at the National Deaf Mute College (which later became Gallaudet University.) The Queen and her party arrived as planned after the proceedings had already commenced. When the Queen and her party entered, the audience rose and remained standing until the Queen had been seated. Minister Carter presented Professor Gallaudet to the Queen. The exercises were resumed with a signed recitation of “Emerson” by George William Veditz of Maryland, who was a deaf mute. The Queen watched the orator’s silent movements intently, and listened to the lecture as it was read aloud by one of the college’s professors. After the program had ended, Queen Kapi‘olani shook hands with as many of the children attending the school as she could, later lamenting that she was not able to shake hands with them all.53 The afternoon’s activities ended at the Hawaiian Legation, located on 1330 L Street NW, where the Queen and her party attended a dinner and reception hosted by Minister Carter. At midnight the Queen and her party were driven back to the Arlington Hotel.54 • May 5: Queen Kapi‘olani left her hotel around 10:30 am and was driven to the Washington Arsenal. As the royal carriages passed through the gateway, an international salute of 21 guns was fired in Kapi‘olani’s honor. After reviewing the troops of the Third Artillery, the officers

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of the regiment were presented to the Queen by Minister Carter. The Queen expressed her delight with both the exercises and the beauty of the scene.55 • As previously arranged, the Queen then drove to the Hawaiian Legation on L Street to receive members of the Diplomatic Corps, after which she returned to the Arlington Hotel for lunch. After lunch, around 3:00 pm, she was visited by the Masons of the Thirty-third Degree, said to be the highest degree in Masonry. General Albert Pike, the Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction, welcomed the Queen and assured her of the warm-hearted friendship of the Thirty-third Degree, an honor which was also held by Kapi‘olani’s husband, King David Kalākaua.56 • Upon the departure of the Masons, the Queen and her party attended the horse races of the National Jockey Club, being held at Ivy City. When she arrived at the race track, the Queen was greeted by the officers of the Jockey Club and escorted to the veranda of the club house, where she could view the day’s races.57 • That same evening, after dinner, the Queen and her party attended Forepaugh’s Circus. They sat in a middle seat position, and it was noted that there was no special cushion for the Queen or any in her party. Indeed, all in the Queen’s party were “plainly dressed” for the occasion and it seemed that they did not arouse any kind of special notice from the crowd. “Not so much as a single urchin showed any desire to gaze upon her royal person, and she was permitted to walk through the yard… through the dust and soft clay as entirely free from any pressure of public attention as if she had been nobody in particular.”58 • During the performance, there was little conversation, as the Queen was “very busy all the time trying to look in three places at once.” She was not apparently very impressed with the clowns, and it was even reported that she looked “rather startled” as a result of their “racket.” She enjoyed the display of the trapeze artists, but what seemed to hold her attention the most was the performance of the circus’ trained elephants, one of whom donned a glove on the end of its trunk and entered into a boxing match with one of the clowns. At first the elephant was winning the bout, but soon the clown was able to turn the tables on the elephant. The match ended with the elephant lying down on the ground in defeat, which drew “outright laughter” from the Queen.59 • May 6: The Queen and her party visited the residence of George and Martha Washington, at Mt. Vernon. (The timelines found describing this visit to Mt. Vernon vary between newspapers of the day and Lili‘uokalani’s journal entries in “Hawai‘i’s Story by Hawai‘i’s Queen.” However, the activities described in each are by and large consistent.) (See the Illustration Section pages 51 and 52 for current and historical photos of Mt. Vernon.) According to the Washington Post, at 10:00am on May 6th, the steamer Dispatch awaited the Queen and her party at Washington’s Navy Yard for their trip down to Mt. Vernon. When the Queen’s carriage was inside the gate, the guard paraded at present arms, a 21-gun salute was fired and the band played the Hawaiian national anthem. The Queen was welcomed aboard with “pretty speeches”, and was joined by federal dignitaries, US Senators and Representatives, and members of the Diplomatic Corps. Upon reaching Mt. Vernon, smaller launches were deployed to bring the visitors to shore. The Queen so admired the boat that she was riding in that Commodore Harmony, the naval official who accompanied her, declared the skiff would be re-named “Kapiolani” in her honor. The queen was “much delighted.” • Upon their arrival onshore, the Queen and her party signed the guest register book in the great central hall of the house.60 (See Illustrations Section page 53 for a photo of Mt. Vernon’s Guest Register, showing the signatures of Queen Kapi‘olani and her party.) All

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the rooms, usually kept closed, were opened for the tour, and the visitors were able to see and touch many historical artifacts. The Queen and her party had their picture taken on the lawns of Mt. Vernon and then descended back down toward the river to view the tombs of George and Martha Washington. (See Illustrations Section page 54 for a copy of that photograph, and page 53 for a photo of the entry in the Superintendent’s Diary, documenting the visit of Queen Kapi‘olani and her party) The Queen and her party re-boarded the steamer Dispatch to return to Washington, arriving back around 4:00 pm.61 • (Although Lili‘uokalani’s memoirs indicate the State Dinner with President and Mrs. Cleveland had occurred earlier, the Washington Post reported that it took place on the evening of May 6th.) The State Dinner held at the White House was hosted by President Cleveland and the First Lady was described as “a very enjoyable and brilliant affair.” The President escorted Queen Kapi‘olani from the East Room, through the great gallery of portraits to the State Dining Room. The White House was lavishly decorated with floral arrangements in every room. The marine band in the outer hall, conducted by Professor John Phillip Sousa, played music for the occasion. The President sat at table with Queen Kapi‘olani, the guest of honor, on his right and the Princess Lili‘uokalani on his left. Mrs. Cleveland sat across the table with Hawaiian Minister Carter on her right and General John Dominis, Lili‘uokalani’s husband, on her left. The president, with the assistance of Lili‘uokalani, was able to enjoy good dinner conversation with Queen Kapi‘olani, who expressed much delight with her earlier visit to Mt. Vernon and thanked the President for his cordial reception of her and her suite.62 • In addition to Queen Kapi‘olani and her royal suite, the state dinner was attended by 34 people in total, among them US Secretary of State Bayard, US Secretary of War Endicott, US Secretary of the Navy Whitney, US Secretary of the Treasury Fairchild, Chief Justice Waite, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corp, and the Hawaiian Minister and Mrs. Henry Carter.63 • Mrs. Cleveland wore her wedding dress for the event, made of white satin, white lace and pearls. Queen Kapi‘olani wore “a court dress of Hawaii, a full flowing robe of white silk, with a yoke and straight front that was covered with silken embroidery of leaves and wild roses and yellow peahen feathers, in natural colors. The embroidery continued upon the side of the dress and deep down the train. She wore a broad crimson sash across her breast. The dress was high in the neck and long in the sleeves.”64 Lili‘uokalani later noted in her memoirs that this gown attracted so much attention in the local Washington DC newspapers, Queen Kapi‘olani was requested to wear it again while visiting Queen Victoria’s royal court.65 • On May 7, the Queen visited the Treasury Department, walking through the building with Treasury Secretary Fairchild and other Hawaiian and US government officials. The Queen was very impressed by the Treasury vaults, and “the mountains of gold and silver stored therein.”66 At 2:00 pm that same day, Queen Kapi‘olani and her royal suite departed Washington, D.C. for Boston and New York via the Pennsylvania Railroad. After attending the Jubilee Celebration of Queen Victoria of England, the Queen and her party returned to the United States on July 12, 1887, landing in New York Harbor. According to a New York Times article, “the royal party [will] leave this evening for San Francisco by special car over the New York Central. A brief halt will be made at Niagara Falls, and another at Chicago, after which the journey will be a continuous one to the Pacific coast.”67 • Queen Kapi‘olani returned to Hawai‘i on July 26, 1887.68

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Itinerary (Current): • The White House: is still located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. • Mt. Vernon: the residence of George Washington still stands in Mount Vernon VA, 16 miles south of the city of Washington D.C. on the Virginia shore of the Potomac River. • The Washington Navy Yard: located at the foot of 8th Street SE in Washington DC, between M Street SE and the Anacostia River (east branch of the Potomac River) • Ivy City Racecourse: the Ivy City area is located off New York Avenue NE in Brentwood, to the northeast of Gallaudet University. Historically a railroad line terminus, it is still a train yard today. • The Department of the Treasury: still located on Pennsylvania Avenue at 15th Street NW • The Arsenal or Washington Barracks, was located in Washington’s SW waterfront area, in what is now known as Ft. McNair. It is the oldest military base in continuous operation in the United States. • The National Deaf Mute College: now Gallaudet University, located at 800 Florida Avenue NE, in the Brentwood area of Washington DC

Lodging (Historical): The Arlington Hotel – Lafayette Square, across from the White House. (See Illustrations Section page 50 for historical photos of the old Arlington Hotel.)

Other details: Research has determined that in 1859, many ladies in the Sandwich Islands donated funds to the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association toward the purchase of Mt. Vernon from the descendants of President Washington. (See Illustrations Section page 52, for a photo of a newspaper clipping documenting contributions toward the purchase of Mt. Vernon). Among those giving the sum of $1.00 each were “Mrs. M. Dominis” from Washington Place, which would have been Princess Lili‘uokalani’s mother-in-law Mrs. Mary Dominis. “Mrs. C.R. Bishop” would most likely have been Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who was married to Charles Reed Bishop. After her death, a portion of her estate was bequeathed for the purpose of founding an institution for the education of Hawaiian boys and girls now known as Kamehameha Schools.70

Queen Kapi‘olani was quite affected by her visit to Mt. Vernon, especially when visiting the upstairs bedroom where the first President had lain ill, and then finally passed away. “Those on duty at Mount Vernon on the day of the royal visit were duly impressed by the Hawaiian queen’s

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gracious dignity… this is the feeling which Mount Vernon should inspire, and it is always pleasant to hear of those coming to it in that spirit.” “The following day, Queen Kapiolani received a gift of a lock of George Washington’s hair, a memento which she long treasured as a remembrance of the visit to Mount Vernon.”71

Upon their return from Europe, Queen Kapi‘olani and her entourage stopped again in Washington, D.C. At that time, they toured the National Museum, housed in what is now known as the Smithsonian’s Arts & Industries building (see Illustrations Section page 55 for photographs of what was originally the National Museum.) As a result of that visit, Queen Kapi‘olani gifted the museum with a Hawaiian outrigger fishing canoe to add to their collection.

According to a newspaper article written some years later (a Washington Post article, written in 1897), “ex-Queen Liliuokalani was asked yesterday if she remembered this craft of her royal sister-in-law and answered that she did most distinctly; and even related the circumstances which lead to the boat being given to the museum.

‘I accompanied Queen Kapiolani on her visit to England in 1887,’ said the ex-Queen, ‘and on our return we stopped for some time in this city. One day I accompanied the Queen and her party, consisting of Col. Boyd, Col. Tankea, and General Dominis to the museum. After looking around the different apartments, the curator showed us a boat, something like a canoe, with a man at the bow, and asked the Queen if our canoes were like that in Hawaii. The Queen said yes, and that she would be pleased to contribute one to the museum on her return to her own country.’”

The article describes the canoe as follows: “The royal yacht of Queen Kapiolani of Hawaii is in the National Museum and may be passed and re-passed without attracting the notice of the sight- seeker. High against the eastern wall it was placed and from the floor little can be seen except the small sail of straw. This royal boat was once a log, and with rude instruments was hollowed into the semblance of a canoe, making a craft eighteen feet long and but eighteen inches wide. It is in such a boat that the Hawaiians sailed from the western islands in the Pacific to their new home on the Samoan Islands.

The little craft is what is known as an outrigger canoe, and has a small float extended on arms from either side of the canoe. This plan renders it impossible for the boat to be upset. The sail is of the rudest kind, made of plaited straw, supported on rudely hewn masts. In the boat is a gourd to be used for bailing out the water and also a net with which to catch fish.”72

Note: The National Museum is now known as the Smithsonian’s Arts & Industries Museum Building. It is located on the east side of the original Smithsonian Castle on the National Mall. The pediment over the museum’s main door is carved with the words “National Museum, 1879.”

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Chapter IV 1881 – 1900

Diplomatic mission led by Queen Lili‘uokalani

Approximate Dates Traveled: Dates in Washington, D.C.: January 22, 1897 73 – July 21, 1898 74 Full Trip Duration: December 5, 1896 75 – August 2, 1898 76

Name of Ali`i / Native Hawaiian leader or representative: Queen Lydia K. Lili‘uokalani

Organization / Affiliation: Hawaiian Ali‘i; Queen of Hawai‘i. Wife of General John Dominis. Sister of King David Kalākaua.77

Purpose of Mission: After her 8-month imprisonment and subsequent release, Queen Lili‘uokalani wanted “a change in scene to forget sorrow” and decided to visit family in Boston. She traveled to Washington DC in late January to attend President McKinley’s inauguration, staying there until early July, when she traveled to New York City. She stayed there until July 26th, when she was urged by the Hawai‘i patriotic leagues to return to Washington D.C. and present the Ku‘e Petitions to President McKinley78

Accompaniment: Mr. Joseph Heleluhe Captain Julius A. Palmer Mrs. Kia Naha‘olelua

Itinerary (Historical): • The Queen and her party departed Hawai’i on the steamship China.79 They stopped in San Francisco where they stayed for 10 days and visited with many friends. The Queen then continued her journey, accompanied by Mrs. Kaikilani Graham of Honolulu. Mrs. Graham happened to be in California at the time, with similar plans to travel east. The Queen and Mrs. Graham traveled together by rail, taking the Sunset Limited through New Orleans and then on to Washington, D.C., in order that the Queen and her suite “might get accustomed gradually to the change of climate, and pass by degrees into the cold weather of the East.” 80 There they parted ways. • The Queen went on to Boston, where she stayed with family at the Sterlingworth Cottage, just off Beacon Street, in Brookline.81 While in Boston the Queen enjoyed the snowy winter weather, attended All Saints Church, and many other social events. After four weeks in Boston, on January 22, 1897, the Queen made her way back to Washington, D.C. • The Queen arrived in Washington on January 23, 1897, taking lodging at the Shoreham Hotel. There was much speculation in the newspapers about the reason for her visit, and Mr. Palmer, the Queen’s secretary “in charge of the Queen’s interests,” was not forthcoming with detail. It was noted that Lili‘uokalani had left Boston “apparently without letting her intentions be known to the newspaper men in that city,” which only served to sharpen

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curiosity about her intentions in Washington.82 There was much discussion about the possible purposes of her visit in the press, and newspaper coverage of her activities became increasingly critical. Descriptions of the Queen ranged from “her erstwhile Majesty, ex- Queen Liliuokalani” to “Queen Lil.” This last in particular was said to have especially infuriated the Queen, who considered it an insulting and inappropriately familiar nick name.83 This ever-increasing disrespect for the Queen was in stark contrast to the public’s previous fascination with her as visiting royalty and the glowing words used to describe her person and her activities. • On January 25, the Queen paid a personal visit to President Cleveland at 3:00 pm. Her memoirs indicate that she was received in the "little Red Reception Room" 84 on the first floor of the White House, 105 (See Illustrations Section page 46 for a photo of the Red Room of the White House) and from there they adjourned to the Blue Room. According to the Queen’s memoirs, “the crowd of reporters on the piazza were forced to be content with a mere glimpse of my party, and to draw on imagination for any account of the interview.” 85 Lili‘uokalani informed President Cleveland that his name was dear to the Hawaiian people, and personally thanked him for his effort to do what was right and just in restoring Hawai‘i’s lost independence. She then presented him with the documents sent to her by the Hawai'i patriotic leagues, asking for the restoration of Hawai‘i’s independence.86 This was not reported in the news of the day, which stated “there was nothing said about restoration.” 87 While some details of their private conversation were somehow collected and reported, this omission may have been the result of the press not actually having been present during this short meeting, as noted in the Queen’s memoirs. • At the beginning of February, the Queen had been scheduled to visit the Capitol to view the proceedings of Congress, but was confined to her rooms by illness for some two weeks.88 • In mid-February, it was reported that the Queen and her retinue were alarmed by the news that there was a plot to assassinate her because “as long as she lives, she is an obstacle to the cause of the annexationists.” 89 It was speculated that this was the reason she moved from the Shoreham Hotel to the Cairo Hotel. Capt. Palmer, the Queen’s secretary, denied the rumors saying “she has not the least fear,” having attended church, a theatrical performance and even having ridden out through the city in an open carriage at least twice. He added that although the plot and even the names of the plotters were known to the Queen, she was not fearful, as she had never “declared any opinion as to her present relation to the existing Government at Honolulu, or the alleged Annexation Commission now on its way to Washington.” 90 • In her memoirs, Lili‘uokalani states that she held evening receptions about every two weeks, numbering from 200 to 500 people. The Queen befriended many during her stay in Washington, but she particularly mentions Senator George C. Perkins of California, once also Governor of that state. Senator Perkins had arranged for seats for the Queen when she visited the Senate to view the proceedings (date undetermined), but he was also instrumental in arranging for two seats for the Queen in the diplomatic gallery of the Senate to view the inauguration of President McKinley.91 • On March 4, 1897, the Queen attended the inauguration of President McKinley. The press reported that this horrendous breach of protocol “created consternation among those who thought it impossible that she should secure this recognition” since “the gallery is reserved exclusively for foreign representatives accredited to the United States” which the Queen, apparently, no longer was. “According to diplomatic usage, it is said, the admission of the

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deposed queen was a recognition of her royalty, and a gross insult to the Hawaiian government.” 92 The Queen herself wrote “the storm which burst from the reporter’s gallery when they saw me there will be remembered by those who read the newspapers on the day following.” 93 • After the inaugural ceremony, the Queen proceeded to the Central National Bank Building (See Illustration Section page 59 for a photo of the Central National Bank Building) to view the inaugural parade. She was met by the president of the bank and escorted to the directors’ room on the fifth floor to watch from the windows. She cheered and waved as the coach carrying Presidents Cleveland and McKinley rode by, and seemed to especially enjoy parading squads of naval officers and sailors. A simple luncheon of “ham sandwiches, apple pie and coffee from a nearby lunch room” was served to the Queen’s party. When the parade had ended, the Queen retired to the Cairo, too tired to attend any of the inaugural balls held that evening.94 • On June 16, 1897, President McKinley sent the Republic of Hawai‘i’s proposed annexation treaty to the Senate for consideration and approval. On June 17, the Queen officially filed a protest with the State Department regarding ceding Hawaiian lands to the territory and dominion of the United States.95 The Queen’s protest and a similar protest made by the patriotic leagues of Hawai‘i (the Ku‘e Petitions) were delivered into the hands of Secretary of State John Sherman by Captain John Palmer and the Joseph Heleluhe. • Evidence of increasing public disapproval of Lili‘uokalani continued with several small articles in the New York Times, stating that the Queen had made attempts to call on President McKinley as well as Mrs. McKinley. As reported in the press, both of these supposed requests were rebuffed. On one occasion, the clerk of the White House was reported to have said “The Queen must not come to the White House at this time. Her visit would cause too much gossip.” 96 Frustrated, the Queen’s secretary, Captain Palmer, wrote a letter to the New York Times refuting reports that the Queen had either made requests to see the President or his wife, or that any such requests had been denied. He suggested these rumors might possibly be “a practical joke on the servants” at the White House. He reminded readers that “Her majesty is a person of the most delicate sense of etiquette and understands perfectly well her duties and privileges as a lady of rank and education.” He continued on to say “She has repeatedly declined… invitations which might have been construed as official recognition.” 97 • On July 10, 1897, the Queen left for New York where she enjoyed the opera and visited friends. She returned to Washington on July 26, 1897, at the request of the Hawai‘i patriotic leagues, who expressed much regret that she had not presented their documents (the Ku‘e Petitions) protesting the Republic to President McKinley. On the 26th, she “sent the papers to President McKinley, by the hands of Mr. Joseph Heleluhe, and Captain Palmer, who accompanied him.” 98 On that same day, she also went to the White House and met with the President himself in the East Room.99 Contradicting the press reports of the day which described public officials trying to avoid her calls and requests for meetings, the Queen described this meeting with President McKinley as “delightful and agreeable.”100 • The Queen, well known to many for her writings and her musical compositions, did a great deal of literary work while she was in Washington. She notes in her memoirs that she finished her translation of the Kumulipo, begun while she was still imprisoned, while residing in Washington at this time. Lili‘uokalani also compiled a number of her songs, chants and other writings into bound volumes, one set of which was placed “in the new

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Congressional Library.” 101 As noted in Glen Grant’s introduction of her autobiography “Hawai‘i’s Story by Hawai‘i’s Queen,” that book was also first published while she was in Washington DC in 1898.102 A February 15, 1898 article entitled “Among New Books” in the Chicago Tribune confirms: “Liliuokalani tells ‘Hawai‘i’s Story’ and her own. Volume Is Dignified and Tactful, Doing Credit to Her Literary Judgment, but Practically Admitting All the Chief Charges Upon Which She Was Dethroned -- Weak Attempt to Deny Her Intentions of Beheading the Leading Revolutionists.” • Lili‘uokalani returned to Hawai‘i on the steamship S.S. Gaelic.103 Queen Lili‘uokalani’s exact date of departure from Washington DC is not certain at this time. Newspapers of the day place her in Washington as late as February 1, 1898. On July 19, 1898, the Chicago Tribune reported that the Queen was in that city “on her way from Washington to San Francisco to sail for Honolulu.” On July 22, 1898, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Queen “is in San Francisco.” On August 14, 1898, the Chicago Tribune reported that Lili‘uokalani “is back among her people,” further noting that Lili‘uokalani had arrived on the “big China liner Gaelic at 2:00 o’clock Tuesday morning.” Corinne Chung, the Curator of Washington Place, indicated that the Queen had arrived back in Honolulu on Tuesday, August 2nd, 1898. This is substantiated by Gavan Daws (Shoal of Time, page 290) and Helena G. Allen (The Betrayal of Liliu’okalani, page 362.)

Itinerary (Current): The State Department Building of 1897: located at Pennsylvania Avenue & 15th Streets NW. It is now the Old Executive Office Building.104 The White House: still located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue The Central National Bank Building: the building is still at the intersection of 7th Street & Pennsylvania Avenue, but it is now occupied by the National Council of Negro Women. From the building’s fifth floor, Liliuokalani watched the 1897 inaugural parade, which processed along Pennsylvania Avenue between the US Capitol and the White House. (See Illustrations Section page 59 for photos of the Central National Bank Building.)

Lodging (Historical): • Upon her arrival in Washington, the Queen and her suite lodged at the Shoreham Hotel105 at H & 15th Streets NW. 106 (See Illustrations Section page 56 for a photo of the old Shoreham Hotel). The Queen had not reserved her suite of rooms for the week of President McKinley’s inauguration, and was informed by the manager of the Shoreham that she would have to seek lodging elsewhere. The Queen contacted a Mrs. Mary Longfellow Milmore, who had written to Queen Lili‘uokalani while she was still in Boston and visited her when she arrived in Washington DC. Mrs. Milmore suggested that the Queen and her suite re-locate to the Cairo Hotel. 107 • On February 14, the Queen and her suite moved into The Cairo, a large thirteen-story hotel on Q Street NW, staying on the southwest corner of the 10th floor.108 (See Illustrations Section page 57 for photos of the Cairo Hotel). She stayed in the Cairo until July 9, 1897 at which point she left Washington D.C. for New York. • While residing in the Cairo Hotel, Lili‘uokalani attended St. Andrews Episcopal Parish, whose rector was Rev. J.H. Perry.109 This church was located at 1615 14th Street in northwest Washington, D.C.110 It is now the John Wesley AME Zion Church, located at the same address. (See Illustrations Section page 58 for photos of the exterior and interior.)

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• Upon her return to Washington, D.C. from New York on July 24, the Queen was lodged at the Ebbitt House Hotel,111 which later became Washington’s first known saloon.112 (See Illustrations Section page 59 for a photo of the Ebbitt House Hotel).

Lodging (Current):

The site of the old Shoreham Hotel (H & 15th Streets NW) is now occupied by the Hotel Sofitel just east of Lafayette Square in NW Washington, D.C. The original Shoreham was built in 1887 and razed in 1929. It was described as “an apartment hotel” utilized by members of Congress from New York and New England.113

The Cairo Hotel (1615 Q Street NW) was constructed in 1894, by Thomas Franklin Schneider. The centerpiece of the hotel was a marble staircase that curled from the lobby to the building’s top level, “so that one could look down through the middle and see straight to the lobby floor from a vertigo-inducing twelve stories.” Originally the hotel had a ballroom, a bowling alley, a billiards room, a coffee shop and a rooftop garden. It received its water supply from an underground spring.

The building was controversial for a number of reasons, but mostly because of its height (it is still the tallest residential building in Washington, D.C). Neighbors complained that it blocked their light, demanded a “wind test” to assure them that it would not be blown over, and were also afraid the building was a fire hazard, since it was so high that no fire ladder of the time could reach the top. The building’s height led to the ordinance that has kept much of Washington’s skyline low to this day. Additionally, “one resident reported that the last Queen of Hawaii lived in the Cairo while lobbying the U.S. to reclaim her throne.”114

By the 1960’s the hotel had become a notorious, run-down brothel. “…wild dogs roamed the hallways… terrorizing those that dared to remain. The once glamorous address was inhabited by drifters, hookers and junkies, all living among herds of rats, caving floors and desiccated opulence.”115

In 1974, the building was purchased and slated for conversion into condominium units. After renovation, it became known as The Cairo Condominiums. While the exterior remained virtually intact through the renovation; the interior was so deteriorated that it had to be gutted to the walls and completely replaced. The building still stands at 1615 Q Street, NW, and the top of the building can be seen from the western side of Dupont Circle, NW. There are apparently many photographs of the original Cairo Hotel in the current condominium’s lobby.

The Ebbitt House was built in 1872 and razed in 1926. It was located at 14th & F Streets NW. It was elaborately decorated inside and out, and boasted a 25 foot high marble-encrusted lobby and a famous intricately paneled bar.116

“The Ebbitt House found its way to what is now the National Press Building at 14th and F Streets, NW. Two saloons co-existed in the Press Building at the time, a Dutch room and an Old English room. During the 1920s, when the Ebbitt moved to a converted haberdashery at 1427 F Street, NW, the legacies of these Dutch and English bars were combined into a single Old Ebbitt Grill.”117

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Other Details: Research has noted that in 1897 Lili‘uokalani gifted each of the Council Members of the Ladies’ Association of Mt. Vernon with “a sheet of her own composition when imprisoned” and a “very excellent picture… with autograph attached.” In the Minutes of the Council, it was requested that a letter of thanks be written to the Queen. “Mt. Vernon on the Potomac, May 12, 1897. To her Majesty Queen Liliuokalani:--The ladies of the Mt. Vernon Council wish to express, both as an Association and as individuals, their sincerest thanks for the “Prayer and Serenade’ composed during her imprisonment; also for the very excellent picture enclosed, with autograph attached. They hope for a future visit from Her Majesty when more time may be given for her entertainment. By order of Council.”118

According to “The Queen’s Songbook”, published in 1999 by Hui Hānai, Lili‘uokalani’s “Prayer and Serenade” was originally entitled “Ke Aloha O Ka Haku” which she translated as “The Lord’s Mercy.” Today, the hymn’s familiar title is “The Queen’s Prayer.”

Lili‘uokalani’s translated verses 2 & 3 of the Hawaiian read:

“Whilst humbly meditating, Within these walls imprisoned, Thou art my light, my haven, Thy glory my support.

Oh! Look not on their failings, Nor on the sins of men, Forgive with loving kindness, That we might be made pure.”

Lili‘uokalani herself apparently wrote (on the lower edge of the page of music) “composed during my imprisonment at Iolani Palace by the missionary party who overthrew my government.” This would agree with the Ladies’ Association note of thanks to the Queen.

A songbook cover found on the internet entitled “Prayer & Serenade” pictures Lili‘uokalani on the left, and Princess Ka‘iulani on the right. “The Queen’s Songbook” says this song was “lovingly dedicated to her niece, Victoria Ka‘iulani, who stood next in line for the throne.”119

Research is continuing to see if the sheet music and the “picture with autograph attached” can be located in the archives of the Mt. Vernon Estate and Gardens.

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CHAPTER V 1898 – 1910

Continuing Advocacy by Queen Lili‘uokalani and Her Attempts to Gain Restitution for Lands (and Land Revenues) Ceded to the US by the Republic of Hawai‘i

The following is as complete an accounting as is possible at this time of the various requests by Lili‘uokalani for restitution of lands and/or land revenues lost to her and the Hawaiian monarchy when the Republic of Hawai‘i ceded the islands to the United States. There are some gaps in between the Queen’s documented requests, and although there is often no documented resolution to some of these claims, it may be assumed that the Queen met with little or no success in the pressing of these various suits.

In 1897, in response to a treaty of annexation which had been laid before Congress by the McKinley administration, petitions were circulated throughout the islands by three of Hawai‘i’s Patriotic Leagues. Known collectively as the Ku‘e Petitions, Hui Kalaiaina’s petition, signed by 17,000, called for the Hawaiian monarchy to be restored. The petition circulated by Hui Aloha Aina was entitled “Palapala Hoopii Kue Hoohui Aina” or “Petition Protesting Annexation.” Some 21,000 signed this petition. As Professor Noenoe Silva says in her article “The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation” the fact that the Native Hawaiian population at that time was less than 40,000 made this an “impressive number.”

The Ku‘e Petitions were then taken to Washington DC near the end of 1897 by four delegates elected at a joint meeting of the executive committees of each of the huis. Professor Silva notes that the delegates arrived in Washington DC on December 6, 1897. They met with Queen Lili‘uokalani, who was also in Washington DC, and who was also staying at the Ebbitt House Hotel. 120 Professor Silva says that as a result of their meetings together, it was determined that only the Hui Aloha Aina petition specifically protesting annexation would be presented to the US government, so as not to dilute the delegates’ message. On December 10, 1897, the delegates met with Secretary of State Sherman and presented him with the document.

The four delegates stayed in Washington, continuing to meet with public officials until they returned to Hawai‘i in February of 1898. By that time, congressional support for McKinley’s Treaty of Annexation had eroded to the point where there were not enough votes to produce the two-thirds majority necessary to pass it.121

In April of 1898, the US went to war with Spain with an eye toward liberating its neighbor Cuba from Spanish rule. Likewise, “On May 1, 1898, weeks before American troops fired their first shots in the Caribbean, American ships under the command of Captain George Dewey sank a Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila in the Philippines. Within a matter of days, a good many Americans persuaded themselves that holding the Philippines was essential, and once this was conceded there seemed no reason any longer to oppose the annexation of Hawai‘i, which could serve as a way-station to the western Pacific and the continent of Asia.” 122

As Daws says, “with the American flag flying or about to fly in the Caribbean and the Philippines an irresistible urge developed to see it fly in Hawai‘i too, and keep it flying there.” 123 In July of 1898, Congress approved the Newlands Joint Resolution. This resolution provided for the establishment of American military stations in the Pacific for the defense of strategic US

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interests during the Spanish American War. Using the Newlands Resolution, the self-declared Republic of Hawai‘i ceded sovereignty over the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. In 1898, Senator John Tyler Morgan, formerly the head of the Senate foreign relations committee that had issued The Morgan Report, went again to the Hawaiian Islands as part of a Commission sent by President McKinley to “recommend a code of laws and a form of government for our possessions recently annexed” 124

Senator Morgan was reported to have said: “Wherever we went on the Hawaiian Islands, we were followed by the ex-Queen Liliuokalani. She pursued us from island to island and at different places, held a ‘hokupu’ or native reception.” In the article, Morgan reported “the commissioners likewise received many visits from the Kanakas, most of who came to express their satisfaction at the annexation of the islands to the United States.” “Every opportunity was given for all to be heard before the Commission.” When asked “did the people show much interest?” the Senator responded “No, not very much. Delegations of sugar planters came before us with certain representatives, as did some of the coffee planters. Several natives came to pay their respects to the Commission, and as I have said, there were a few petitions asking for the repeal of annexation. All who had grievances were heard or could have been heard had they wished.”125

This may seem a bit disingenuous, since “the petitions” so casually referenced by Senator Morgan were the same Ku‘e Petitions which had been circulated the year before by representatives of the Hawai‘i Patriotic Leagues in protest of annexation, and which garnered 21,000 and 17,000 signatures, respectively.

The Washington Post ran an article on December 20, 1898, entitled “Liliuokalani Protests Again; Addresses the Senate and Claims the Hawaiian Crown Lands.” The article did not specifically say whether or not Lili‘uokalani was physically in Washington, but from the title of the article, it might be inferred that she was. Her petition requested that the Crown Lands be reinstated to her. “I, Liliuokalani of Hawai‘i, named heir apparent on the 10th day of April 1877 and proclaimed Queen of the Hawaiian Islands on the 20th day of January 1891, do hereby earnestly and respectfully protest against the assertion of ownership by the United States of America of the so-called Hawaiian Crown Lands, amounting to about 1,000,000 acres, which are my property, and I especially protest against such assertion of ownership as a taking of property without due process of law and without just or other compensation.”126

On January 3, 1899, the Washington Post ran an article entitled “Battle for Millions; Rival Claimants to So-Called Crown Lands of Hawai‘i; Liliuokalani’s Claims Disputed.” This article did state that Lili‘uokalani was physically in Washington DC, although it did not specify where she was staying. The article stated that Lili‘uokalani’s claims for the Crown Lands were being disputed by members of the Kamehameha line, “Princess Elizabeth Kekaaniau, the wife of F. S. Pratt, an American from Massachusetts” and “Princess Teresa Owana Kaohelani. The latter is the niece of Princess Kekaaniau, and married to a native Hawaiian with the Americanized name of Robert W. Wilcox.” According to “substantiated genealogical records”, these two ladies were the only remaining direct descendants of the Kamehameha line. They maintained that the Crown Lands in question were actually the personal private property of Kamehameha III. Further, since these lands were his and had not come to him as a result of assuming the kingship, they should in

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no way have been considered a possession of the Hawaiian crown. Only the use of these lands and the revenue from these lands belonged to the occupant of the throne – NOT the lands themselves.

Lili‘uokalani contended that the Crown Lands actually belonged to the throne of Hawai‘i, and therefore should be considered the property of the ruling monarch. She presented her case in the US Court of Claims, and later also in both houses of Congress. The other two claimants presented their case directly to Congress through the Committee on Territories. It was their hope that Congress would appoint a commission to travel to Hawai‘i to study the matter and render an opinion.127

In August of 1899, the Washington Post ran an article entitled “Ex-Queen is Patriotic; Liliuokalani Talks of United States and Hawaii; Says She Enjoys Residing Here.” It mentions that she was lodged in “a residence on 15th Street”. Lili‘uokalani had submitted a claim for the reinstatement of Crown Lands in January of 1899, however it seemed that she had not yet obtained word on how that petition was going to be decided. When asked about this claim concerning the Crown Lands, she said “I believe my claims are just… I think that they will be respected… there was certainly no warrant to dispossess me of them without payment.” This thought apparently led her to reflect on the current state of affairs in her homeland. “Blood is shed to obtain property that goes into the hands of private individuals. I often wonder what benefits this country will realize from the annexation of Hawaii. The country’s protection is thrown around a number of individuals, who go ahead making money, but I fail to see where America’s share comes in.” Perhaps somewhat coyly she added “I say this, not because I am opposed to expansion, but for the reason that no one has been able to give a satisfactory answer to that question.”128

The article continued on to say that the most prominent concern for Lili‘uokalani was her “lasting affection for her former subjects. She is more inclined to urge their needs than her own personal claims.” In particular, Lili‘uokalani lamented “I wish that a stable government would be established there… Are the islands annexed or are they not? Reports to the contrary notwithstanding, the islands are in a state of practical anarchy… we have no laws but those which have been obtained for many years, and a few which have been foisted upon us by the Hawaiian Republic.” She urged the appointment of a Governor and especially a Chief Justice, not from among the present citizens of the Republic, but “from this country… The great trouble with appointing the Governor or Chief Justice from among the residents of the islands is the fact that they have interests there which it would be hard for them to refrain from favoring.”129

This was echoed by Prince David Kawananakoa, who arrived in Washington on a “personal” visit on September 17, 1899.130 He was quoted as saying “the Dole government… is running along in its own peculiar fashion, doing the best it can, but there will be great relief when this regime is over. If we are to be put in the territorial category, it will be better to send us a governor from the United States, who has never been mixed up in any of the local controversies, than to take a resident of the islands, who would be satisfactory to only a portion of the inhabitants.”131

According to Helena G. Allen in “The Betrayal of Lili‘uokalani,” “from 1900 to 1909 Lili‘uokalani made five more trips to the United States protesting the disposition of the Crown

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Lands.”132 Newspaper articles of the day do indeed document Lili‘uokalani petitioning Congress for remuneration on at least five different occasions, but not all specifically put her in Washington DC at the time each petition was lodged.

On May 11, 1900, the Washington Post ran an article whose headline declared “No Pension for Ex-Queen; the Senate Refuses to Pay Liliuokalani $10,000 Annually.” Although it was not indicated that Lili‘uokalani was present in Washington at the time, Senator Hoar of Massachusetts proposed an amendment to a diplomatic and consular appropriation bill being discussed in the Senate, “proposing to give former Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii $20,000 and an annuity of $10,000.” This apparently “precipitated an extended and at times lively debate.” In Lili‘uokalani’s favor, it was argued that she was “ill and old; and she had submitted to her rather cruel fate without a murmur.” Countering arguments proclaimed that several in the senatorial body would not have minded making a donation to Lili‘uokalani, but would not agree to “legislation that recognized her right to any such payments.” After the amendment to provide financial compensation and an annual pension to the Queen was tabled, the original piece of legislation was passed.133

Lili‘uokalani can be placed in Washington DC in early 1902. In an article from the Washington Post entitled “Capitol Chat”, it was noted “Mr. Wilcox is convalescing from his long illness but lives not in a garret. For some three weeks he has been the guest in the house of ex-Queen Liliuokalani on O Street near Dupont Circle, where her majesty and attendants are nursing him back to health.”134

In October of 1902, The Washington Post published an article in response to the Queen’s apparent “demand for national compensation.” It references the return of Lili‘uokalani to public notice after “nearly ten years of quiet and obscurity.” This comment is a little confusing, given the Queen’s nearly continuous activities seeking restitution in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. The tone and opinion of the writer is immediately plain: “Once again her name appears in the headlines of the press and once more people are enjoying themselves, indulging in arguments as to the pronunciation of her name – as though her name was ever meant for pronunciation. For the benefit of those who have not been able to gather a clear insight into the merits of the claim which she is now making, the Post prints the following, which gives… all the ins and outs of what is likely to prove a long and tiresome litigation.” The long and the short of it, for this writer at least, is summed up thus: “The exact status of the crown lands has been a matter of much discussion and considerable litigation and legislation, the final result of which appears to have been that the crown lands were not descendable to the heirs of the King, but to his successors as sovereigns of the country. It was upon this basis that the provisional government and afterward the Republic of Hawaii laid claim to the crown lands as part of the government resources.” “At the time that S.B. Dole and others contrived a coup and changed the government of the Hawaiian Islands from a monarchy to a republic, the right of the Crown to certain lands in the islands was abrogated, and since that time these lands have remained the property of the Republic or Territory, the distinction between Crown and government lands never having existed.”135

On November 24, the New York Times reported that Lili‘uokalani had arrived in Washington DC, accompanied by her maid and John D. Aimoku. It was noted that she would “seek favorable

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action by Congress on measures for her relief.”136 On November 25th, the New York Times reported “Ex-Queen of Hawaii in Washington to Seek Indemnity for the Crown Lands.” It was noted that since the lands in question had passed to new owners “under the new regime” she was only entitled to an indemnity. Her attorneys apparently placed a request before Congress for some $3,000,000, and “Prince Cupid,” (as Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole was commonly known) pledged to champion her cause before Congress. It was also noted that “when living here before, Liliuokalani had a house uptown and took part in a moderate way in social affairs.”137 This seems to substantiate the earlier “Capitol Chat” mention of Lili‘uokalani residing in a house on O Street near Dupont Circle (see above). However, there is no specific mention of the exact location of the Queen’s lodgings at this time.

One interesting aside was a visit by the “Singing Boys” or the “Royal Hawaiian Glee Club” to the apartments of Lili‘uokalani in Washington DC in December of 1902. This group of young Hawaiian entertainers came to America to perform in the Buffalo Exposition. When the fair closed, they were lured to Charleston SC by an unscrupulous “vaudeville agent” who promised them bookings on the theatrical circuit and accommodations. In order to secure these arrangements, the singers “gave the manager out of their savings a good round sum to be used for them.” When they arrived in Charleston SC, they found neither bookings nor accommodations nor their “manager” nor their money. They had no prospect for any kind of rescue until a “southern preacher” helped them by coordinating theatre bookings in Georgia and Florida. After this tour, they arrived in Washington on May 26th and their first appearance was “at a musicale given by ex-Queen Liliuokalani” in her apartments. It was said that “some of them are the sons of the former ladies in waiting to the deposed Queen Liliuokalani.”138

The next mention of a request for restitution by Lili‘uokalani was in February of 1904. The Washington Post ran an article entitled “Ex-Queen’s Claim in Senate; Senator Spooner Opposed Voting Any Money to the Former Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.” This article specifies that Lili‘uokalani was “spending the winter in Washington”, but does not specify where she was staying. A bill was put before the Senate for consideration, requesting “$200,000 in satisfaction of all claims legal & equitable.” “Considerable opposition” developed, the debate focusing on the Queen’s rights in terms of revenue from the Crown Lands. One side said that “while it is conceded that Queen Liliuokalani has no legal claim, the Committee on Pacific Islands, which reported the bill, held that in equity she is entitled to compensation.” The opposition claimed that “the Queen had no interest in the Crown Lands as those lands was never vested in her.” The amendment to fix the appropriation at $200,000 was voted down, and the Senate adjourned.139 When the Senate convened again, it “refused to vote an appropriation for Crown Lands” even after the amount was reduced to $150,000.140

In December of 1905, Lili‘uokalani was reported to have sent another petition for restitution to the Senate. The letter was addressed “Washington Place, Honolulu, Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, November 27, 1905.” It accompanied a petition that requested $10,000,000 in restitution.141 No specific documentation could be found concerning the fate of this request.

In November of 1908, The New York Times reported that Lili‘uokalani had arrived in San Francisco. She was accompanied by Prince & Princess Kalanianaole and one maid. The article

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said she was traveling to Washington with “Prince Cupid” who had been “re-elected delegate to Congress.”142

On November 29, the New York Times reported that Lili‘uokalani had arrived in Washington DC, “prepared to plead with Congress for a grant of $200,000 with which to live gracefully, as royalty should.” It listed the same accompaniment as the earlier article describing her landing in San Francisco, but also adds that she had been joined by “Mr. Aimoku, secretary to the former Queen.” She is reported as having “retired immediately to her rooms, pleading fatigue” when she arrived, but does not specify where those rooms were located. The article goes on to say that the Queen planned to appear personally before the House Committee on Claims, which was considering a bill submitted by Prince Kalanianaole to grant her $200,000 “for crown lands now vested in the United States.”143

In January of 1909, The Washington Post ran an article entitled “A Queen’s Mistake” which read “Today Queen Lil is virtually a suppliant before the American people, seeking to obtain payment for some of the crown lands which the government holds and for which she has never received any recompense. There is something touching in her plea: ‘Now I appeal to the American people. I hope to awaken their conscience to secure for me what is right. When the American people know the justice of my claim they will see I am no longer delayed in obtaining redress. I am now reconciled to the change of government in Hawaii. But, though fifteen years have passed, I have not given up hope that this government will yet make some reparation for my financial loss, which can still be done with injury to no one and with honor to this nation to which I now belong.”144 It is interesting to note that this article closed by saying “Incidentally, it is worthy of remark that the Hawaiian Islands constitute the only bit of territory belonging to the United States which never cost this government a dollar to acquire.”

In May of 1910, the Washington Post reported “Liliuokalani Loses Again.” The US Court of Claims sustained the objections of the US government when it declined to grant her $450,000 “in lieu thereof the rentals and profits derived from the so-called crown lands by the government of the United States.” The reason for the denial of this claim was that “she has no claim upon the government of the United States under the law.”145

Lili‘uokalani returned from her last trip to the United States in the spring of 1910.146 She remained in Hawai‘i for the next seven years, until she passed away on November 11, 1917.

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History of Hawai‘i Post Offices and Stamps (1819-1893)

From the 1810’s to the 1840’s Hawai‘i’s mail was distributed inter-island and to the Pacific regions by way of cargo ships and naval vessels.147 Mail was solely delivered through personal and private means and there was no charge as far as delivering mail inter-island. Prior to the 1820’s there was no written language in Hawai‘i. Kings, chiefs and commoners alike communicated everything orally in Hawaiian. Messages had to be delivered verbally to the person concerned, either directly or through a special messenger. Consequently, there was no need for any kind of postal system.

The first group of Caucasian residents in the Hawaiian Islands were American missionaries who traveled by ship from New England, around Cape Horn to Hawai‘i. They arrived in March of 1820.148 The missionaries made an extensive study of the Hawaiian language and reduced the sounds of the native tongue to those commonly heard in the English language. Within ten years they developed the first written form of the Hawaiian language. Many Native Hawaiians could read and write by the late 1830’s. By 1840, a constitution was adopted and a formal legal system was established during the reign of Kamehameha III.149 Eventually foreign activity increased in the islands and people sought to settle there, seeing Hawai‘i’s land as a treasure to obtain and a paradise to enjoy. And so, the need for the services of a Post Office became necessary.150

Legislation to Start Hawai‘i’s First Postal Service:

What Legislation: The first mention of a postal system in Hawai‘i was an enactment in the Legislature (4th Article, 1st through section 9) on April 27, 1846, relating to the handling of inter-island mails. It was entitled “An Act to Organize the Executive Departments of the Hawaiian Islands,” and stated:

“The Collector General of Customs and the collectors of the respective ports of entry and departure…shall be, ex-officio post masters, and entitled to receive, open at their respective ports, the mail bags hereinafter specified. The Minister of the Interior shall appoint some trustworthy and discreet person, residing conveniently, on each of the islands where no port of entry and departure is established…to be the post master thereof.”151 (Article 1 & 2)

The act further provided for furnishing leather postal bags, setting up of schedules for closing mails, and posting of lists of mail received by the postmaster.152

When: April 27, 1846153

Name of Ali‘i: His majesty King Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli); June 1825154 – December 1854155

Where Did It Take Place: This legislation was passed by the Hawaiian government in Honolulu, O‘ahu.156

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Why This Legislation was Necessary: By the 1840’s, missionaries and traders were numerous in Hawai‘i and letters were being sent back and forth between Hawai‘i, San Francisco, New York City and upper New England. This required some kind of systematic international postal service.157

First Official Hawai‘i Postage Rates:

When: Up until 1845

Name of Ali‘i: His Majesty King Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli); June 1825 – December 1854

Why This Was Necessary: From the early 1800’s to the 1840’s, cargo ships, naval vessels, whalers and other ships brought mail from all over the world to Hawai‘i. Coastal vessels carried mail between islands. Letters, newspapers, and dispatches arrived by various routes around Cape Horn, from South American ports, across Mexico, sometimes traveling from Australia to Tahiti to China. Although zone rates (and their corresponding fees) were established to regulate mail from across the world to and from Hawai‘i, there was no cost for the mail distributed inter-island up until 1859.158 Upon receiving a letter, the recipient would simply pay the captain of a ship “postage” to cover the delivery service. Soon, the volume of mail being distributed to and from Hawai‘i required some kind of official, set postage fee.159 As a result, the following rates were set:

If delivered in the same city where the ship made port……………………………………6 cents If delivered in the any other city, the zone rate plus……………………………………….2 cents

The zone rates, to which 2 cents per letter was added, were:

Not over 30 miles………………………………………………………………………….6 cents 30 to 80 miles………………………………………………………………………….....10 cents 80 to 150 miles…………………………………………………………………………121/2 cents 150 to 400 miles………………………………………………………………………..183/4 cents Over 400 miles…………………………………………………………………………….25cents

These rates were radically reduced on July 1, 1845:

Under 300 miles…………………………………………………………………………….5 cents Over 300 miles…………………………………………………………………………….10 cents

Hawai‘i’s First Official Government Post Office

Why This Was Important: On August 9th, 1850 the ratification of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, Navigation, and Extradition between Hawai‘i and the United States officially created the need for a Honolulu Post Office.

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“With the United States Post Office initiating a regular mail service by steamship between the east coast and California and Oregon, and a subsequent treaty between the U.S and Hawai‘i (ratified on August 9th, 1850) in which an article provided for the safe transmission of the mails between the two countries, the correspondence was insufficient to handle foreign mail.160

What Legislation: In September of 1850, the Hawaiian government began offering official mail service. A royal decree establishing the first Hawai‘i Post Office was passed by the House of Nobles and the Legislative Council and approved by Kamehameha III on December 20th, 1850.161 Legislation dated June 8, 1851 and published September 13, 1851, further ratified the original royal decree of December 1850.162

ROYAL DECREE ESTABLISHING A POST OFFICE IN HONOLULU.

WHEREAS, the XVth Article of the Treaty between Our Kingdom and the United States, renders indispensable the establishment of a Post Office in Honolulu: WHEREAS, the public interests urgently require greater regularity in the postal intercourse between Honolulu and San Francisco: And WHEREAS, the service of the Post Office cannot be performed without adequate remuneration:

BE IT THEREFORE KNOWN to all whom it may concern, that we, by and with the advice of our KUHINA NUI (Prime Minister), and Privy Council, and in conformity with the concurrent opinion of the public generally, hereby order and decree, (subject to the approval of Our Legislative Chambers, at their next meeting), as follows;

1. There shall be established a Post Office in Honolulu, and, for the time being, the Polynesian Office, is declared to be the Post Office. 2. The duties Postmaster shall be preformed, for the time being, by Henry M. Whitney, Esq., under such regulations and remuneration as our Minister of the Interior may see fit to establish. 3. The Postmaster, from the day of publication hereof, shall charge the following rates of postage from this Kingdom, namely; Ten cents for every single letter not exceeding half an ounce weight, forwarded to, or received from San Francisco, and on packets of more than one letter, ten cents for every additional half ounce. Two cents on each newspaper, Price Current, printed Circular, or other printed papers, (not being pamphlets), provided it shall not be unlawful for editors to reciprocate, post free, with foreign editors. Two and a half cents. For every sheet, of all pamphlets. 4. The captains, commanders, masters, or pursers of vessels, for bringing Mails from San Francisco and delivering them at the Post Office shall be entitled to receive from the Postmaster the following remuneration, namely: Two cents on each letter, One cent on each newspaper or pamphlet; and the receipt of the captain shall be a valid voucher to the Postmaster in discharge of so much of his receipts. 5. It shall be the duty of the Postmaster, on the anchorage of any vessel in the outer roads, known to have a mail on board, to send off to such vessel, and bring the mail on shore

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with the least possible delay, and it shall be lawful for him to hire a boat for that purpose when necessary. 6. It shall be the duty of all vessels anchored in the outer roads, and having on board mails, which they cannot deliver at the Post office in one hour, to hoist the ensign and the fore, and to keep it flying till the Post Office boat, with a red flag, having the letters P.O. in white thereon, is discovered coming off. 7. The delivery of mails from vessels having contagious diseases onboard is to be subject to such quarantine rules as may be established, on the recommendation of the Board of Health. 8. From and after this date, all coasting vessels are hereby ordered to receive and deliver the Inter-Island mails, at the Post Office, hereby established, under the same penalties and liabilities as are now fixed for receiving and delivering the same at the Custom House, Honolulu.

Where was the First Office: In September of 1850, the Hawaiian government’s first official mail service was simply a letter bag located in the offices of The Polynesian newspaper in the Government Printing Office in downtown Honolulu at the intersection of Bethel & Merchant. The Polynesian newspaper was locally owned, operated and edited by the Government Printing Office (GPO), a branch of the Interior Department. People mailing letters out of Hawai‘i would deposit them in the Polynesian’s letter bag and an employee of the GPO would ship it to San Francisco, where the mail was then distributed to places all over the world.163

From September 1850 to December 1850, the “Honolulu Straightline” postmark, devised from loose bit of printer’s type, was used to postmark letters.

The royal decree dated December 20, 1850, more formally established the Honolulu Post Office. Part of the upstairs of the Government Printing Office was portioned off to make a separate room for the post office, and more formal postal regulations and services were established.164

A letter bound for a student at Yale College in New Haven Connecticut was posted in Hawai‘i on December 21, 1850. This was the Honolulu Post Office’s opening day, and it used the same “Honolulu Straightline” to postmark this auspicious piece of mail.

Previously, when mail was being less formally handled in the offices of The Polynesian newspaper, the same straight line device was used to postmark letters, but the ink color was blue. As of December 21, 1850, when mail started being processed in Honolulu’s separate and official post office, the ink color was changed to black.165

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Later Hawai‘i Post Offices

Name of the Ali‘i: His majesty Kamehameha IV (Alexander Liholiho); December 1854- November 1863166 Queen Emma Rooke

His majesty Kamehameha V (Lot Kapuaiwa); November 1863 – December 1872167

His majesty William Charles Lunalilo; January 1873 – February 1874168

His majesty David La‘amea Kalākaua; February 1874 – 1891169 Queen Julia Kapi‘olani

Her majesty Lydia Lili‘uokalani; January 1891- January 1893170

Why the Number of Post Offices Increased in Later Years: As population increased throughout the outer islands, the demand for mail service grew and post offices began to appear throughout Hawai‘i. Improvements were made to inter-island routes and overland routes, post offices were established in new towns, and postal capacity was expanded. Postmarking was improved by adding special clerks and special windows in many postal facilities.

Honolulu Hale (1854-1871) – In 1854, the Honolulu Post Office was moved from the offices of The Polynesian newspaper to the recently vacated Honolulu Hale on Merchant Street, to accommodate Postmaster Henry Whitney’s desire to open a stationery and book store. Although he was unable to buy the building from the Crown, one half of the ground floor of the building became Whitney’s store and the other half was the Honolulu Hale Post Office for the next seventeen years, until 1871.171

Henry Whitney retired from the Postmaster’s position in 1856, to start a private weekly newspaper he named The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. (This newspaper was the beginning of today’s Honolulu Advertiser.) From 1856 to 1859, Joseph Jackson was Honolulu Postmaster. From 1859-1863, Mr. Alvah Clark was Postmaster General of Honolulu.172

From 1863-1865, a young man named David Kalākaua became the first Hawaiian chief to act as Postmaster General. While in this office, Kalākaua ordered Hawai‘i’s first engraved stamps from the National Bank Note Company of Boston in late 1863. From that point until Hawai‘i’s postal affairs came under the jurisdiction of the United States Post Office Department, Hawai‘i obtained all of its postage stamps, revenue stamps, postal stationary and postal cards from the National Bank Note Company, or its successor, the American Bank Note Company. Free franking (the physical application of postage stamps, or any other markings accepted by a postal system which indicate the payment of sufficient fees for the delivery of a piece of mail) privilege came to an end during Kalākaua’s tenure.173

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New Honolulu Post Office (1871-1922) – Construction of a new Post Office building began in 1869 by razing the old Polynesian office building on the corner of Merchant and Bethel. (The Polynesian Newspaper had been discontinued in 1864, but was replaced by a new government newspaper, the Gazette). In its place, a roomy building was designed and constructed for use as, among other things, a Post Office. The upper floor of the New Honolulu Post Office Building was occupied by the Government Printing Office, half the ground floor was occupied by the Post Office, and the rest of the ground floor housed the Honolulu marshal and a number of other police offices.174

The First Hawai‘i Stamps:

Name of the Ali‘i: His majesty King Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli); June 1825175- December 1854176

What stamp? Explain in Detail its Appearance and Value: The first stamps of Hawai‘i were floral bordered numerals. They were first used on the correspondence of American missionaries, particularly those from the New England region, who were among the first Caucasian residents of Hawai‘i starting in 1820. Therefore these stamps became known as the Missionaries.177

Four varieties were printed in the same pale blue ink, on very thick bluish woven paper, without perforation or watermark. The stamps were prepared locally at the Government Printing Office in Honolulu. Henry Whitney, Honolulu’s first Postmaster General, directed the design and printing of the Missionaries. At the time, Whitney was also employed by the Government Printing Office which published The Polynesian, Hawai‘i’s principal weekly newspaper.178

First Printing, Issued October 1, 1851 (Missionary Issue)

2 cent, Scott #1, type 1 2 cent, Scott #1, type 2

5 cent, Scott #2, type 1 5 cent, Scott #2, type 2

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13 cent, Scott #3, type 1 13 cent, Scott#3, type 2

Second Printing, Issued November, 1852, redesigned (Missionary Issue)

13 cent, Scott #4, types 1 13 cent, Scott#4, type 2 41

When: October 1 – November 1852179

Where was it made: The General Printing Office in Honolulu, which also housed The Polynesian newspaper at that time.180

Several Stamps Described:

The Minting of the 13 cent Missionary Stamp (1852) / First Kingdom Stamp

The designer of the first Missionary stamps was Mr. Henry Whitney, the Hawai‘i’s first Postmaster. The first issues of Missionaries were typeset stamps, whose design was made up entirely from the supply of printer’s type and decorative designs which were available to Whitney from other local printing establishments.181

A change was made during the minting of the thirteen cent stamp: in the second printing, the letters “H.I. & U.S.” were substituted for the word “Hawaiian” at the top of the stamp. Later there is an added change, a much larger space between the letters “P” and “o” of “Postage,” than in any of the first three denominations. Not only is the letter “P” moved farther to the left but the letter “o” is farther to the right.182

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Someone wanting to fully pay for a letter’s transit from Hawai‘i to the East Coast of the United States could do so with the 13 cent stamp. That rate included the 5 cent Hawai‘i foreign mail charge, the 6 cent rate from San Francisco to the East (via Panama), plus a 2 cent ship fee per letter paid by the San Francisco Post Office to any ship captain bringing mail.183

13 cent Missionary (Scott No. 3) type II with “Hawaiian Postage” issued November 1852 to pay the 13c combined United States and Hawaiian postage for a single letter bound to an Eastern United States destination.184

Boston Engraved – 5 & 13 cent stamps (1853) / Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli)

In the early 1850’s, Hawaiian stamps were produced through the intaglio printing process in Boston, MA. Therefore this issue is commonly known as “Boston Engraved.” Only two denominations were printed: 5 cents and 13 cents. The first two stamps of this issue were released by the post office in 1853. They are blue (5 cent) and red (13 cent), printed on a thick white woven paper, varying from thick to very thick. The printer used a plate layout of twenty subjects (4 x 5). The size of this printing is not known.185

Numeral Stamp – 2 cent inter-island (1859)

In August of 1859, Hawai‘i officially set rates for local and inter-island mail. Up until then, mail of all classes carried within the Kingdom went free of charge.

The inclusion of the plain bordered Numeral Stamps followed close upon the establishment of official inter-island postage in 1859. The 2 cent stamp was used for the local letter rate of one half ounce. There was considerable uncertainty in the first few months about the continuation of the post office department, so the first printings were usually very small numbers of stamps, enough for just a few weeks at a time.186

Numeral light blue on thin wove paper, Scott No. 11, first issued in August 1, 1859 to pay the new 2 cent letter rate for inter-island mail delivery.187

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Boston Lithograph Stamps – 2 cent stamp of Kamehameha IV, Liholiho, (1861 and 1862)

By 1861, Hawaiian postal officials were confident that the 2 cent rate for inter-island mail delivery would be retained. They decided to replace the 2 cent numeral stamps with a more finished stamp. Because the new stamps were printed in Boston using the lithography process, these stamps were known as the “Boston Lithographs.”188

The darker carmine rose stamps of this series are considerably scarcer than the pale rose stamps, as a result of two misfortunes. The first was the destruction of the ship Polynesia as it was on its way to Lahaina, Maui. Henry J. Crocker quotes a letter from Postmaster General Clark to Postmaster P. H. Treadway at Lahaina dated October 31, 1862, explaining his inability to supply stamps: “With the burning of the Polynesia this office lost over one hundred dollars worth in stamps, and persons wishing to pay United States postage can do so in money, or use the 13c stamps, which represent the amount necessary.” The second misfortune involves a post office robbery. In his journal, Henry J. Crocker writes: “The post office was looted, the safe opened, and the money belonging to the post office, the ‘Nellie Merrill’ and Mr. Clark, was stolen. The thief took every book, document and all the stamps on hand at the time and threw them in an adjacent sewer on Hale Liilii. Some are presentable, but the stamps were in such a condition that they could not be used, so the entire stock was lost.”189

Traditional First Printing, 2 cent lithographed Traditional Second Printing; 2 cent lithographed pale rose, horizontally laid paper carmine dark rose on vertically laid paper

Design: a “likeness” of Kamehameha IV in military uniform with full beard, made in 1860

Monarchy Revenue Issue Stamps – 25 cent stamp (1876)

Hawai‘i’s first revenue stamps were issued in 1876 as a result of the Stamp Duties Act, in order to pay taxes on deeds, agreements, bills of lading and various other contractual transaction paperwork. Every taxed item was to carry a stamp verifying payment of the duty.

The 25 cent duty stamp at right was used on stock transfers, but this was later reduced to 20 cents. The value of this tax stamp was 25 cents, and the stamp was green in color.190

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American Bank Note Company Stamps – 1 cent Princess Likelike stamp

In 1879, the American Bank Note Company took over the National Bank Note Company and fulfilled orders for new Hawaiian Kingdom stamps until the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893. During that time, the images of many ali‘i appeared on Hawai‘i’s postage stamps: Kamehameha V (Lot), King Lunalilo, Prince Leleiohoku, Princess Likelike, Queen Kapi‘olani, King Kalākaua, and Queen Lili‘uokalani. The stamps were printed in reds, blues, greens and violets.191

1 cent green Princess Miriam Likelike, Scott No. 42, color change from Scott No. 37 (blue) although produced with the same die. Initial printings were on the same 50 subject plate used for Scott No. 37; later printings were from a new 100 subject.192

Princess Likelike was the younger sister of King David Kalākaua. The stamp bearing her likeness was engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Company, in sheets of 50. For the last printing of 1892, the printers used a new plate of 100 subjects. This stamp is a bit unusual in that it was printed in both green and blue during the same period of use.

Both the blue and green stamps were on thin and thick white paper, with several varieties of adhesive gum.193 The quantities ordered were:

Blue:

February 20, 1882 50,000 November 8, 1886 12,500 June 30, 1883 25,000 March 2, 1887 50,000 September 19, 1884 25,000 June 19, 1888 25,500 December 8, 1885 12, 500 September 17, 1890 62,500 February 18, 1886 12,500 Total 275,000 Green:

June 21, 1882 125,000 September 19, 1884 225,000 February 18, 1886 50,000 November 8, 1886 250,000 June 19, 1888 187,500 April 11, 1889 312,500 September 17, 1890 162,500 June 24, 1892 937,500

Total: 2,250,000194

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The Last Kingdom Stamp: the 2 cent Lili‘uokalani stamp (1891)

This stamp, bearing the likeness of Queen Lili‘uokalani, was the last of the Hawai‘i Kingdom Stamps. Lili‘uokalani was the sister of King David Kalākaua, and was chosen as his successor upon his death. The stamp was engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Company in sheets of 100, cut vertically into panes of 50, perforated all around. The first order was for 1,250,000 copies, and the stamps were available as of October 22, 1891. Another order for the same number of stamps was made on February 9, 1893, bringing the total to 2,500,000.195

2 cent, Slate Violent, Queen Lili‘uokalani, October 1891. With the ascension of Princess Lili‘uokalani to the throne following the death of her brother, King David Kalākaua, a new 2 cent stamp from a new design was issued. This stamp is the final design of the American Bank Note Issue.196

Closing

The information on Hawai‘i postage and Hawai‘i’s postal history may be found in the National Postal Museum in Washington D.C., the Hawai‘i State Archives, and The U.S Library of Congress. Other sources include the internet and sources provided by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, D.C Bureau. For those who wish to do further research, The National Postal Museum is located in Washington D.C. at Union Station next to the U.S Post Office. The Postal Museum provided the Office of Hawaiian Affairs with high resolution photographs of the Hawaiian postage in their collections. These stamps are on display in the International section at the Postal Museum for public enjoyment.

The Hawai‘i State Archives was courteous in providing an expert archivist to help with past legislation, treaties, and post office laws dealing with Hawai‘i postage and post office history.

The U.S Library of Congress in Washington D.C. provides abundant resources on this topic including books by Henry A. Meyer, the Persis Collection, and the combined collections of Mr. Frank C. Atherton. The Atherton Collection of Hawaiian Stamps includes an intensive study of all materials that are available in the hawaiiana section of the Territorial Library and the Archives of Hawai‘i. These archives contained all of the records of the Kingdom, the Republic, and the Territory of Hawai‘i and can be found at the Honolulu Academy of Arts.

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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

These photos and illustrations represent an effort to show the sights of Washington D.C. as the Ali‘i and their diplomatic representatives might have seen them at the time of their visits.

19th Century Engraving of the White House Page 45 North Portico of the White House in the Mid 19th Century Page 45 “Steroscopic” Slide; Red Room of the White House “about 1895” Page 46 White House State Dining Room set for State Dinner, late 1800’s Page 46 “Willard’s Hotel”, circa 1888 Page 47 The Willard Hotel (present day) Page 47 St. John’s Episcopal Church (historical) Page 47 St. John’s Episcopal Church (present day) Page 47 Interior, Altar Area, St. John’s Church (historical) Page 47 “Military Asylum, Soldier’s Home”, circa 1866 Page 48 Washington Navy Yard, View from Across the Potomac Page 48 Home of William Seward on Madison Place NW (historical) Page 48 National Courts Building of Washington DC (present day) Page 48 King David Kalākaua, arriving in Washington DC in 1874 Page 49 King David Kalākaua, meeting President Grant in the Blue Room Page 49 The Arlington Hotel (historical) Page 50 The US Department of Veterans’ Affairs (present day) Page 50 The Parlor of the Arlington Hotel, circa 1900 Page 50 The Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Depot Station (1887) Page 51 Mount Vernon, VA (present day) Page 51 OHA DC Bureau Staff Martha Ross and Julie Coleson, Mt. Vernon Librarian Joan Stahl, Kumu Sarah Keahi, Darlene Kehaulani Butts Page 51 Newspaper Clipping, Donations Towards Purchase of the Estate From “Ladies of the Sandwich Islands” Page 52 Mount Vernon, circa 1900 Page 52 Spine of Mt. Vernon Guest Register; Dec. 1, 1886-Oct. 24, 1887 Page 53 Detail of Mt. Vernon Guest Register with Signatures of Queen Kapi‘olani and Princess Liliu‘okalani and Party Page 53 Original Log Book of the Superintendant of Mt. Vernon Page 53 Liliu‘okalani’s Inscription in the Mt. Vernon Guest Register Page 53 Queen Kapi’olani and Princess Liliu‘okalani on the Back Lawn Of Mount Vernon, May 6, 1887 Page 54 The National Mall in the Late 1800’s Page 55 Two Views of the Smithsonian’s Museum of Arts & Industries, Originally The National Museum Page 55 The Shoreham Hotel (historical) Page 56 The Hotel Sofitel, Hotel Sofitel Front Entryway (present day) Page 56 The Cairo Hotel (present day) and Interior Views (historical) Page 57 St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church (present day), Altar (historical) Page 58 Central National Bank Building (historical & present day) Page 59 The Ebbitt House Hotel (historical) Page 59 The National Press Club (present day) Page 59

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The White House: Exterior Views

Below: A 19th Century engraving of The White House from “Harper’s New Monthly”. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

Below: The north Portico of the White House in the mid 19th Century. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC

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The White House: Interior Views

Below: A “stereoscopic” slide, depicting the Red Room of the White House “about 1895”. Both Queen Emma and Queen Lili‘uokalani were received in the Red Room during their visits to the White House. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

“The elegance of the Red Room furniture derives from a combination of richly carved and finished woods in characteristic designs such as dolphins, acanthus leaves, lion's heads, and sphinxes. The furniture displays many motifs similar to those of the French pieces now in the Blue Room. Egyptian motifs were extensively used in French Empire furnishings following Napoleon's 1798-99 campaign in Egypt…

The carpet of beige, red and gold is a reproduction of an early 19th-century French Savonnerie carpet in the White House collection; it was made for the room in 1997. The 36-light French Empire chandelier was fashioned from carved and gilded wood in 1805.”

(From: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/whtour/red.html)

At Left: A rendering of the White House State Dining Room, as it would have been set for a state dinner, in the late 1800’s. Hawaiian Ali‘i who were hosted at such state dinners included Queen Emma, Queen Kapi‘olani, Queen Lili‘uokalani, and King Kalākaua.

Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, DC.

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The Willard Hotel

Above Left: Willard’s Hotel, located at 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, circa 1888. Queen Emma took lodging there in 1866. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC. Above Right: the Willard Intercontinental Hotel today, still located at 14th & Pennsylvania. Photo by Julie Coleson.

St. John’s Episcopal Church

Above Left: St John’s Episcopal Church at the intersection of 16th & H Streets NW. Built in 1816; known as “the church of the Presidents”. It is one of the few original buildings remaining on Lafayette Square. Queen Emma is said to have attended services there in 1866. Above Right: St. John’s Episcopal Church today is lemon yellow with white trim. Photo by Julie Coleson.

At Right: the altar area of St. John’s Episcopal Church. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

47 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

At Left: an 1866 rendering of the “Military Asylum, Soldier’s Home, Washington DC.” Queen Emma visited in that same year. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

At Right: view north across the Anacostia River to the Washington Navy Yard. Many Hawaiian Ali’ 'i sailed downriver from there to visit George Washington’s home of Mount Vernon. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

At Left: the home of Secretary of State William Seward on Madison Place NW, on the east side of Lafayette Square. Queen Emma stayed in Secretary Seward’s home during her visit in 1866. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

At Right: the original location of Secretary Seward’s home is presently occupied by the National Courts Building of Washington DC. (Note awnings of the Tayloe House on the left and compare to historical image above.) Photo by Julie Coleson.

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Diplomatic Mission of King David Kalākaua

At Left: An engraving of King David Kalākaua arriving in Washington D.C. in 1874, and the parade that escorted him from the railway station to the Arlington Hotel.

Below Right: An engraving of King David Kalākaua meeting President Grant in the Blue Room of the White House in 1874, from “Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Almanac”. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

Note: At the top edge of the picture are three captions referencing additional illustrations of the King’s travels. These missing illustrations are yet to be located.

49 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

The Arlington Hotel

Below Left: The Arlington Hotel, at Vermont and I Streets, NW. Built in 1869 by William Corcoran, it was Washington’s most luxurious hotel, catering to royalty, ambassadors and many other dignitaries. Native Hawaiian royalty staying there included Queen Kapi‘olani and Princess Lili‘uokalani, King Kalākaua, and Princess Ka‘iulani. The site is now occupied by the headquarters of the US Department of Veterans’ Affairs. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

Below Right: the US Department of Veterans’ Affairs, at Vermont and I Streets NW. Photo by Julie Coleson.

At Left: An illustration of the parlor of the Arlington Hotel, circa 1900.

Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

50 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

The Baltimore & Potomac Depot Railway Station

Queen Kapi‘olani and Princess Lili‘uokalani arrived in Washington DC at the Baltimore & Potomac Depot on May 3, 1887. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC.

“June 21, 1870: Congress approves the Baltimore & Potomac RR (B&P) entering Washington via a bridge across the Anacostia River and a tunnel under Virginia Avenue, SE… with a location for its station on the Mall at 6th & B St. NW (today's Constitution Ave). The Baltimore & Potomac station was built on the present-day site of The National Gallery of Art.”

From the website of the Washington DC Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society website (http://www.dcnrhs.org/dc_rail_history.htm) Railroad History Timeline page.

Mount Vernon, VA

Above: Mount Vernon, the ancestral home of George Washington, as it stands today.

Above Left: OHA Washington DC Bureau staff, a representative of Māmakakaua – Daughters & Sons of Hawaiian Warriors, and President of the Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club meet Joan Stahl, Librarian at Mount Vernon. From L to R: Julie Coleson, Joan Stahl, Martha Ross, Sarah Keahi and Darlene Kehaulani Butts.

51 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions Phase 2 research revealed a long-standing and continuous association between Hawai‘i, many of the Hawaiian Ali‘i and Mt. Vernon, the ancestral home of General George Washington.

Above: a photo of the back porch side and lawns of the main house at Mt. Vernon, circa 1900 (Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association).

At Left: a copy of a newspaper article (publication unknown) listing the names of donors in “the Sandwich Islands” who made contributions toward the purchase of Mt. Vernon from its private owners by the Mt. Vernon Ladies Association.

In addition to the names of many of the prominent missionary families of the day, other familiar names may be seen, such as “Mrs. C.R. Bishop”, the ninth name down from the top of the right hand column. This almost certainly is Mrs. Charles Reed Bishop, or Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, the foundress of Kamehameha Schools.

Some 18 lines below the Princess’ name is “Mrs. M. Dominis, (Washington Place)”. This is likely Mrs. Mary Dominis, whose son, John Owen Dominis, later married Princess Liliu‘okalani (Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association).

52 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Above: the spine of the Guest Above: the page of the guest register of Mt. Vernon showing the Register Book at Mt. Vernon, dated signature of Queen Kapi‘olani and other members of her party. Also December 1, 1886 to October 24, shown: (then) Princess Lili‘uokalani, H.A.P Carter, the Hawaiian 1887 (Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Minister to the United States, Curtis P. Iaukea, described as the Hawaiian Minister to England, and Col. J.H Boyd, a personal assistant Ladies’ Association. Photo by Missy Scalph) to the Queen and her party. (Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association. Photo by Missy Scalph)

At Left: the original diary / log book of the Superintendent of Mt. Vernon, showing a hand-written entry describing the visit of “the Queen of Sandwich Islands.” (Courtesty of the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association. Photo by Missy Scalph)

Below: Liliu‘okalani’s inscription in the guest register of Mt. Vernon. “Ilihia i ka ike i keia” – which translates as “I am overcome with awe at the sight of this.” (Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association, Photo by Missy Scalph)

53 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Above: a photograph of Queen Kapi‘olani and Princess Lili‘uokalani and party on the lawns at Mt. Vernon, May 6, 1887. (Detail, courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association) The inscription on the border of the photograph reads “Secretary Evarts holding parasol over Queen Liliuokalani. All of us present at a diplomatic picnic.” The date that follows is somewhat unclear.

The inscription is odd in several respects, and may have been added some time later. Lili'uokalani did not become queen until 1891. William Evarts was a Senator from New York in 1887; however, he had been Secretary of State some years earlier during the Rutherford B. Hayes administration (1877-1881). An article from the Washington Post archives dated May 7, 1887 lists Senator William Evarts as a member of the visiting royal party. His signature can also be seen on Missy Scalph’s photo of the Mt. Vernon register (see previous page); he signs himself "William Evarts, New York". In looking at historical photos of William Evarts, of the two men holding shade umbrellas over their companions, it does appear that he is the gentleman to the left. So the lady under his umbrella would indeed have been Lili'uokalani, then Princess of Hawai‘i.

Comparing the photograph and the May 7, 1887 Washington Post article, it becomes clear that the lady under the umbrella to the right is actually Queen Kapi'olani. The Post article describes her dress as "kilted down the front with side panels." This can be seen if you look closely at the photograph. The give-away, however, is the article's description of her holding "an odd-looking fan, a triangle of closely woven fragrant grass, and pinned upon it she tightly carried a little bouquet of pink rose-buds, sent to her by Mrs. Cleveland early in the morning with a pretty note of greeting." The fan and the rose-bud bouquet can plainly be seen in the photo.

54 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

The National Mall in the Late 1800’s

Below: the National Mall looked very different in the late 1800’s than it does today. In the photograph below, the Smithsonian Castle can be seen, and the National Museum just behind it. You can also see the railway line that served the Baltimore and Potomac Depot Railway Station (just out of sight to the left), where the present National Gallery of Art now stands. The US Capitol can be seen atop the wooded hill toward the upper edge of the photo. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, DC.

Below: the National Museum, visited by Queen Kapi‘olani and Princess Lili‘uoklalani in 1887, now known as the Smithsonian Museum of Arts & Industries. After touring the facility, Queen Kapi‘olani was moved to donate a Hawaiian fishing canoe to the museum. Note: The pediment over the main entrance still reads “National Museum 1879” Photos by Julie Coleson.

55 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

The Shoreham Hotel

Above Left: The original Shoreham Hotel at H and 15th Streets, NW. It was built in 1887 and razed in 1929. Queen Lili‘uokalani stayed here briefly during her 1897 visit to Washington DC to attend President McKinley’s Inauguration. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, DC.

Above Right: The site is currently occupied by the Hotel Sofitel. Photo by Julie Coleson.

At Right: The doorway of the Hotel Sofitel, once the original Shoreham Hotel at H & 15th Streets, NW. Photo by James Kawika Riley.

56 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

The Cairo Hotel

Above: Entryway to the Cairo Hotel, now the Cairo Condominiums, located at 1615 Q Street NW. Queen Lili‘uokalani stayed at the Cairo Hotel during her 1897 visit to Washington DC. Photo by James Kawika Riley.

At Left: Lobby of the old Cairo Hotel in the early 1900’s.

At Right: A typical room in the old Cairo Hotel; early 1900’s.

57 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church

At Left: The John Wesley AME Zion Church, located at 1615 14th Street NW, was once the St. Andrews Episcopal Church, where Queen Lili‘uokalani worshipped while residing in the nearby Cairo Hotel. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, DC.

At Left: The John Wesley AME Zion Church, formerly St. Andrews Episcopal Church, from the opposite side. Photo by James Kawika Riley.

At Right: The Chancel of St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church in the early 1900’s.

Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, DC.

58 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

The Central National Bank Building

Below Left: In 1897, Queen Lili‘uokalani watched the inaugural parade of President McKinley from the fifth floor of the building with the twin turrets, then known as the Central National Bank Building. It was located at the intersection of 7th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington DC. Below Right: the building still stands at 7th & Pennsylvania. Its address is now 633 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, and it is occupied by the National Council of Negro Women. Photo by Julie Coleson.

The Ebbitt House Hotel

Above Left: The original Ebbitt House Hotel, located at F and Fourteenth Streets, NW. The site is currently occupied by the National Press Club. Queen Lili‘uokalani stayed here almost exclusively on many of her later visits. Photo courtesy of the Historical Society of Washington, DC.

Above Right: the site of the original Ebbitt House Hotel is now occupied by the National Press Club. Photo by Julie Coleson.

59 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

End Notes Section

1 US National Archives. “Notes from the Hawaiian Legation in the US to the Dept. of State, 1841-1899.” Feb. 1, 1847 – Dec. 26, 1885. Microfilm Publications. 2 Kanahele, George. Emma: Hawai‘i’s Remarkable Queen. Honolulu, HI: The Queen Emma Foundation (1999), pages 194, 187. 3 Ibid, page 222. 4 Ibid, page 189. 5 Ibid, page 221. 6 The Evening Star Newspaper. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 14, 1866. 7 The Evening Star Newspaper. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 15, 1866. 8 Kanahele, George. Emma: Hawai‘i’s Remarkable Queen, page 223. 9 Seward, Frederick W. Seward at Washington; Senator and Secretary of State; a Memoir of His Life with Selections from His Letters. New York, NY: Derby & Miller (1891), page 335. 10 “From Washington, Special Dispatches to the New York Times.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: August 17, 1866. 11 The Evening Star Newspaper. Washington, DC. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 17, 1866. 12 “From Washington, Special Dispatches to the New York Times.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: August 17, 1866. 13 “Washington News.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date August 18, 1866. 14 Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. First Ladies, the Sage of the Presidents’ Wives and Their Power: 1789-1961. Harper Collins (1990), page 209. 15 Roberts, John. Rating the First Ladies: the Women who Influenced the Presidency. New York, NY: Citadel Press, (2003), page 123. 16 The Evening Star Newspaper. Washington DC. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 15, 1866. 17 Seward, Frederick W. Seward at Washington; Senator and Secretary of State; a Memoir of His Life with Selections from His Letters, page 336. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid, page 337. 20 The Evening Star Newspaper. Washington, DC. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 22, 1866. 21 Reynolds, Charles B. Washington; the Nation’s Capitol, New York, NY: Foster & Reynolds (1898), page 10. 22 Ibid, page 109. 23 The Evening Star Newspaper. Washington, DC. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 22, 1866. 24 Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. First Ladies, the Sage of the Presidents’ Wives and Their Power: 1789-1961, pages 23-25. 25 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 3: The Kalakaua Dynasty, 1874-1893. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press (1967), pages 23-24. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid.

60 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

28 “King Kalakaua’s Visit to Washington.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: December 13, 1874. 29 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 3: the Kalakaua Dynasty, 1874-1893, pages 23-24. 30 “King Kalakaua’s Visit to the White House.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: December 16, 1874. 31 “Forty-Third Congress, Second Session… December 17, Senate.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: December 18, 1874. 32 “House of Representatives; King Kalakaua.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: December 19, 1874. 33 Ibid. 34 “Washington; The Reception of the King; State Reception at the White House – A Brilliant Affair – The Royal Party at the Capitol – Eloquent Address of Welcome by Speaker Blaine – The Pacific mail Investigation, Etc. Etc.”, The Boston Daily Globe (Archives). Edition Date: December 19, 1874. 35 U.S. Department of State website, “Visits to the U.S. by Foreign Heads of State and Government – 1874-1939,” http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/34912.htm. 36 “The King of Hawaii; Arrangements for His Reception in Washington.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: December 12, 1874. 37 Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Facility Management. Unusual VA Properties: Did You Know?: April 2001. http://www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/Unusual.asp. 38 U.S. Department of State website, “Visits to the U.S. by Foreign Heads of State and Government – 1874-1939,” http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/34912.htm. 39 “The Royal Visitor.” The New York Times (Archive). Edition Date: December 14, 1874. 40 “The King of Hawaii; Arrangements for His Reception in Washington.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: December 12, 1874. 41 “Civic Honors to King Kalakaua.” The New York Times (Archive). Edition Date: December 19, 1874. 42 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, Honolulu, HI: Mutual Publishing (1898), Chapters XIX and XX. 43 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 3: the Kalakaua Dynasty, 1874-1893, pages 341-342. 44 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 118. 45 Ibid, page 119 46 Ibid, pages 118-120. 47 Ibid. 48 “Her Majesty is Here.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 4, 1887. 49 “Royalty at the White House; Queen Kapiolani Calls Upon President and Mrs. Cleveland.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: May 5, 1887. 50 “The Queen’s Busy Day; She Calls Upon the President and Mrs. Cleveland.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 5, 1887. 51 “A Welcome to royal Guests; Queen Kapiolani and Suite Arrive in Washington.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: May 4, 1887. 52 “The Queen’s Busy Day; She Calls Upon the President and Mrs. Cleveland.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 5, 1887.

61 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

53 “Deaf & Dumb Orators; Presentation Day at Kendall Green Honored by Queen’s Presence.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 5, 1887. 54 “The Queen’s Busy Day; She Calls Upon the President and Mrs. Cleveland.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 5, 1887. 55 “Royalty at the Circus; Queen Kapiolani Enjoys an American Amusement.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 6, 1887. 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid. 58 Ibid. 59 Ibid. 60 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 125. 61 “A Queen on the River; Kapiolani Sheds a Tear at Washington’s Tomb.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 7, 1887. 62 Ibid. 63 “In Honor of Her Majesty; Queen Kapiolani Dines at the White House – Railroad Petitions.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: May 7, 1887. 64 Ibid. 65 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 122. 66 “Queen Kapiolani Departs; She Expresses Her Thanks for the Many Courtesies Shown Her.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 8, 1887. 67 “Queen Kapiolani Returns; She Doubts the Reports from Her Home.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: July 12, 1887. 68 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 3; : the Kalakaua Dynasty, 1874- 1893, pages 341-342. 69 Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Facility Management. Unusual VA Properties: Did You Know?: April 2001. http://www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/Unusual.asp. 70 “Mount Vernon Record, Volume 1, #18, June 1859.” Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association, page 175. 71 Warinner, Emily V. A Royal Journey to London. Honolulu, HI: Topgallant Publishing Co., Ltd. (1975), page 8. 72 “Kapionali’s Odd Craft.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: July 1, 1897. 73 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 256. 74 Email Correspondence with Corinne Chung, Curator, Washington Place. 75 Silva, Noenoe. Aloha Betrayed; Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (American Encounters/Global Reactions). Durham, NC: Duke University Press (2004), Page 159. 76 Email correspondence with Corinne Chung, Curator, Washington Place. 77 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 56. 78 Ibid, page 324. 79 Ibid, page 308-309. 80 Ibid, page 309. 81 Ibid, page 313. 82 “Liliuokalani in Washington; the Deposed Queen Makes an Unheralded Visit to the National Capital.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: January 24, 1897.

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83 Allen, Helena G. The Betrayal of Liliuokalani; Last Queen of Hawaii 1838 - 1917 (from recorded conversations with Lydia K. Aholo). Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company (1982), page 368. 84 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 104. 85 Ibid, page 336. 86 Ibid, page 337. 87 “She Saw the President; Ex-Queen Liliuokalani Visited Mr. Cleveland.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: January 26, 1897. 88 “Liliuokalani Ill with a Cold.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: February 3, 1897. 89 “Liliuokalani is Alarmed.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: February 13, 1897. 90 “Liliuokalani Not Afraid.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: February 15, 1897. 91 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, pages 341-343. 92 “Queen Lil Looks On – Accorded Privileges of the Diplomatic Gallery.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: March 5, 1897. 93 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 343. 94 “Queen Lil Looks On – Accorded Privileges of the Diplomatic Gallery.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: March 5, 1897. 95 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 353-354. 96 “Ex-Queen at the White House; Liliuokalani Attempts to See the President’s Wife.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: June 19, 1897. 97 Letters to the Editor “Perhaps a Practical Joke.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: June 21, 1897. 98 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, pages 353-354. 99 Ibid, page 364. 100 Ibid, page 365. 101 Ibid, pages 351-352. 102 Ibid, Introduction, page xxii. 103 Email correspondence with Corinne Chung, Curator, Washington Place. 104 The Eisenhower Executive Office Building: Construction , Chronology & Historical Events for the EEOB, http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/eeobtour/timeline_nonflash.html 105 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 335. 106 Website of the Historical Society of Washington DC, on-line library and research tool, http://www.citymuseum.org/Do_Research/research.asp 107 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, pages 338-340. 108 Ibid, pages 339-340. 109 Ibid, page 348. 110 Website of the Historical Society of Washington DC, on-line library and research tool, http://www.citymuseum.org/Do_Research/research.asp 111 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 364. 112 Old Ebbitt Grill: www.ebbitt.com/main/home.cfm?Section=Main&Category=History 113 Website of the Historical Society of Washington DC, http://www.citymuseum.org/Do_Research/research.asp

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114 “DC Almanac – Little Known Facts About the Colonial City of Washington DC,” www.prorev.com/dcfacts1.htm 115 “The Metro Weekly; Washington DC’s Gay & Lesbian Magazine.” Article Thursday February 9, 2006; http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=295 116 Website of the Historical Society of Washington DC, http://www.citymuseum.org/Do_Research/research.asp 117 Old Ebbitt Grill: www.ebbitt.com/main/home.cfm?Section=Main&Category=History 118 Mt. Vernon Ladies’ Association. “1897 Minutes of the Council of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, Held at Mount Vernon, May, 1897”, The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Press (1897), page 71. 119 Gillett, Dorothy Kahananui. The Queen’s Songbook; Her Majesty Queen Lili‘uokalani. Honolulu, HI: Hui Hānai (1999), pages 58-60. 120 Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, page 369. 121 Silva, Noenoe. “The 1887 Petitions Protesting Annexation”, University of Hawaii at Manoa Libraries Special Collections, http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intor.html, also Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time, A History of the Hawaiian Islands, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, (1968) pages 289-290.) 122 Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time, A History of the Hawaiian Islands, page 285. 123 Ibid, page 290. 124 “Pursued by Queen Lil.” The Washington Post (Archives), Edition Date: October 7, 1898. 125 Ibid. 126 “Liliuokalani Protests Again; Addresses the Senate and Claims the Hawaiian Crown Lands.” The Washington Post (Archives), Edition Date: December 20, 1898) 127 “Battle for Millions; Rival Claimants to So-Called Crown Lands of Hawaii; Liliuokalani’s Claims Disputed.” The Washington Post (Archives) Edition Date: January 3, 1899. 128 “Ex-Queen is Patriotic; Liliuokalani Talks of United States and Hawaii; Says She Enjoys Residing Here.” The Washington Post (Archives) Edition Date: August 5, 1899. 129 Ibid. 130 “Kawananakoa to See the Races.” The New York Times (Archives) Edition Date: September 18, 1899. 131 “Kawananakoa on Hawaii.” The New York Times (Archives) Edition Date: September 19, 1899. 132 Allen, Helena G. The Betrayal of Liliuokalani; Last Queen of Hawaii 1838 - 1917 (from recorded conversations with Lydia K. Aholo), page 370. 133 “No Pension for Ex-Queen; the Senate Refuses to Pay Liliuokalani $10,000 Annually.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 11, 1900. 134 “Capitol Chat.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: March 3, 1902. 135 “Claims of Queen Lil; Basis of Her Demand for National Compensation.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: October 26, 1902. 136 “Liliuokalani in Washington.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: November 24, 1902. 137 “The Visit of Liliuokalani; Ex-Queen of Hawaii in Washington to Seek Indemnity for the Crown Lands.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: November 25, 1902. 138 “Long for Island Home; Sweet Singers from Hawaii Meet with Misfortune; Stranded in South Carolina.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: December 8, 1902.

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139 “Ex-Queen’s Claim in Senate; Senator Spooner Opposed Voting Any Money to the Former Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: February 13, 1904. 140 “Tied on Ex-Queen’s Claim; Senate Refuses to Vote an Appropriation for Crown Lands.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: February 16, 1904. 141 “Queen Liliuokalani Asks Congress for $10,000,000.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: December 13, 1905. 142 “Liliuokalani Arrives; Ex-Queen of Hawaii, Frail Old Woman, Lands at San Francisco.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: November 23, 1908. 143 “Liliuokalani Asks $200,000; Former Queen of Hawaii Has an Income of but $4,000 a Year.” The New York Times (Archives). Edition Date: November 30, 1908. 144 “A Queen’s Mistake.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: January 25, 1909. 145 “Liliuokalani Loses Again.” The Washington Post (Archives). Edition Date: May 19, 1910. 146 Allen, Helena G. The Betrayal of Liliuokalani; Last Queen of Hawaii 1838 - 1917, pages 379-380. 147 “An Official Post Office.” The Hawaiian Historical Society, http://www.hawaiianhistory.org/moments/postoff.html, June 27, 2008 148 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. “The Stamps of Hawaii,” The Philatelic Weekly (1944), Holton, KS, page 468. 149 Ibid. 150 Meyer, Henry A. Hawaii, Its Stamps and Postal History, New York, NY: The Philatelic Foundation (1948). 151 “Session Laws of Hawaii, Article IV, 2nd Act. – Inter-Island Mails, April 27, 1846.” Honolulu, HI: Hawaii State Archives (2008) 152 Skeem, Dainan. “A Hawaiian Post Office: An Interview with Archivist Collections Management,” (Skeem, Dinan, personal interview) Honolulu, HI: Hawaii State Archives, June 24, 2008. 153 Ibid, page 1. 154 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1, Foundation and Transformation, 1778-1854, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press (1938), page 119. 155 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom; Volume 2, Twenty Critical Years, 1854-1874, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press (1938), page 33. 156 Meyer, Henry A. Hawaii, Its Stamps & Postal History, page 3. 157 Ibid. 158 Gill, Lt. Col Charles C. “The Stamps of Hawaii,” page 470. 159 Chapin, Helen G. “An Official Post Office,” The Hawaiian Historical Society (1994), www.hawaiianhistory.org 160 Skeem, Dinan. “Hawaiian Post Office; An Interview with Archivist Collections Management.” 161 “Session Laws of Hawaii, Post Office Law; An Act to Create and Regulate a Post Office in Honolulu, 1851,” Honolulu, HI: Hawaii State Archives (2008), page 62. 162 “Honolulu Post Office and Postmasters,” Post Office in Paradise (2005), http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/honopopo.html, page 3, June 12, 2008. 163 Ibid, page 2.

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164 “Hawaii’s First Post Office,” Coffee Times (2006), http://www.coffeetimes.com/postoffice.html, page 1, June 12, 2008. 165 “Honolulu Post Office and Post Masters,” Post Office in Paradise (2005) page 3, June 12, 2008. 166 Alexander, William De Witt. A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book Company (1891), page 326. 167 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom; Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854-1874, page 262 168 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom; Volume 3: The Kalakaua Dynasty, 1874- 1893, page 11. 169 Alexander, William DeWitt. A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, page 327. 170 Forbes, David. Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780-1890, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press (1999), page 498. 171 “Honolulu Post Office and Postmasters,” Post Office in Paradise (2005), page 4, June 12, 2008. 172 Ibid, pages 5-6. 173 Ibid, page 6. 174 Ibid. 175 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1; Foundation and Transformation, 1778-1854, page 119. 176 Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom; Volume 2, Twenty Critical Years, 1854-1874, page 73. 177 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. “The Stamps of Hawaii,” page 492. 178 “Missionary Stamps,” Post Office in Paradise (2005), http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/missionary/html, page 3, June 11, 2008. 179 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii, page 492. 180 “Missionary Stamps,” Post Office in Paradise (2005), page 3. 181 Ibid. 182 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii, page 493. 183 “Missionary Stamps,” Post Office in Paradise (2005). page 5. 184 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii, page 493. 185 “Boston Engraved,” Post Office in Paradise (2005), http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/boston_engraved.html, page 1, June 11, 2008. 186 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii, pages 538-539. 187 Ibid, page 538. 188 “Boston Lithograph – Hawaiian Mysteries,” Post Office in Paradise (2005). http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/boston_lithograph.html, page 1, June 11, 2008. 189 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii, page 563. 190 “Revenue Issues,” Post Office in Paradise (2005). http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/revenue.html, page 1, June 11, 2008. 191 “Bank Note Issue – American Bank Note Company,” Post Office in Paradise (2005). http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/bank_abn.html, page 1, June 11, 2008. 192 Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii, page 587. 193 Ibid, pages 587-588. 194 Ibid.

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195 Ibid, pages 588-589. 196 “Bank Note Issue - American Bank Note Company,” Post Office in Paradise (2005), page 4.

67 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Bibliography

1. Alexander, William DeWitt. A Brief History of the Hawaiian People; New York, Cincinnati, Chicago; American Book Company (1891) 2. Allen, Helena G. the Betrayal of Liliuokalani; Last Queen of Hawaii 1838-1917, (from recorded conversations with Lydia K. Aholo). Glendale, CA. Arthur H. Clark Company (1982). 3. Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. First Ladies, The Sage of the Presidents’ Wives and Their Power: 1789-1961, Harper Collins (1990) 4. Chapin, Helen G. An Official Post Office. The Hawaiian Historical Society (1994). June 11, 2008. 5. Coffee Times (2006). “Hawaii’s First Post Office.” http://www.coffeetimes.com/postoffice.html, June 18, 2008. 6. Coffee Times (2006). “History in a Square Inch.” http://www.coffeetimes.com/postoffice.html, June 18, 2008. 7. “DC Almanac – Little Known Facts about the Colonial City of Washington, D.C.”, www.prorev.com/dcfacts1.htm 8. Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press (1989) 9. “The Eisenhower Executive Office Building: Construction, Chronology and Historical Events for the EEOB” http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/eeobtour/timeline_nonflash.html 10. The Evening Star Newspaper. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 14, 1866. 11. The Evening Star Newspaper. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 15, 1866. 12. The Evening Star Newspaper. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 17, 1866. 13. The Evening Star Newspaper. Library of Congress Microfilm Reel #26. Edition Date: August 22, 1866. 14. Forbes, David. Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780-1890. Honolulu, HI. University of Hawaii Press (1999). 15. Gill, Lt. Col. Charles C. The Stamps of Hawaii. Holton, Kansas. The Philatelic Foundation (1948) 16. Gillette, Dorothy Kahananui. The Queen’s Songbook; Her Majesty Queen Lili‘uokalani. Honolulu, HI. Hui Hānai (1999). 17. Google. Internet research, www.google.com 18. Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of the American Presidents, New York (1997). Dover Publications. 19. Hawaii State Archives. “Session Laws of Hawaii, Article IV, 2nd Act. – Inter-Island Mails, April 27, 1846.” Honolulu, Hawaii 2008. 20. Hawaii State Archives. “Session Laws of Hawaii, Post Office Law; An Act to Create And Regulate a Post Office in Honolulu, 1851.” Honolulu, Hawaii 2008. 21. Historical Society of Washington, DC http://www.historydc.org/Do_Research/research.asp

68 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

22. Kanahele, George. Emma: Hawai‘i’s Remarkable Queen, Honolulu, HI. The Queen Emma Foundation (1999) 23. Kuykendall, Ralph. The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 1, Foundation and Transformation, 1778-1854; Honolulu, HI. University of Hawai‘i Press (1938) 24. Kuykendall, Ralph. The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years: 1854-1874, Honolulu, HI. University of Hawai‘i Press (1938) 25. Kuykendall, Ralph. The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 3: The Kalakaua Dynasty; 1874-1893; Honolulu, HI. University of Hawai‘i Press (1967) 26. Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Hawai‘i’s Story by Hawai‘i’s Queen. Honolulu, HI. Mutual Publishing (1990) 27. Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K. Queen Lili‘uokalani’s Diary (Jan. 1, 1893 – Dec. 31, 1893). Honolulu, HI. 28. “The Metro Weekly; Washington, D.C.’s Gay & Lesbian Magazine”, website http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=295 29. Meyer, Henry A. Hawaii, Its Stamps and Postal History. New York, NY. The Philatelic Foundation (1948). 30. Mitchell, Alexander D. Washington, D.C.; Then and Now, Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, California (2000) 31. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. Mount Vernon Record; Volume #1; #18, June 1859. 32. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. 1897 Minutes of the Council of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union; held at Mount Vernon, May, 1897. 33. National Postal Museum. “International Stamps, Hawaii; C-43, C-44, 1851-1893.” Washington DC, 2008. 34. “From Washington, Special Dispatches to the New York Times” The New York Times Archives, August 17, 1866. 35. “Washington News” The New York Times Archives, August 18, 1866. 36. “King Kalakaua’s Visit to Washington” The New York Times Archives, December 13, 1874. 37. “King Kalakaua’s Visit to the White House” The New York Times Archives, December 16, 1874. 38. “Forty-Third Congress, Second Session… December 17, Senate” The New York Times Archives, December 18, 1874. 39. “House of Representatives; King Kalakaua” The New York Times Archives, December 19, 1874. 40. “The Royal Visitor” the New York Times Archives, December 14, 1874. 41. “Royalty at the White House; Queen Kapiolani Calls Upon President and Mrs. Cleveland” The New York Times Archives, May 5, 1887. 42. “A Welcome to Royal Guests; Queen Kapiolani and Suite Arrive in Washington” The New York Times Archives, May 4, 1887. 43. “In Honor of Her Majesty; Queen Kapiolani Dines at the White House – Railroad Petitions” The New York Times Archives, May 7, 1887. 44. “Liliuokalani in Washington; the Deposed Queen Makes an Unheralded Visit to the National Capitol” The New York Times Archives, January 24, 1897. 45. “She Saw the President; Ex-Queen Liliuokalani Visited Mr. Cleveland” The New York Times Archives, January 26, 1897. 46. “Liliuokalani Ill with a Cold” the New York Times Archives, February 3, 1897.

69 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

47. “Liliuokalani Is Alarmed” The New York Times Archives, February 13, 1897. 48. “Liliuokalani Not Afraid” The New York Times Archives, February 15, 1897. 49. “Ex-Queen at White House; Liliuokalani Attempts to See the President’s Wife” The New York Times Archives, June 19, 1897. 50. “Perhaps a Practical Joke” (Letters to the Editor) The New York Times Archives, June 21, 1897. 51. “Kawananakoa to See the Races” The New York Times Archives, September 18, 1899. 52. “Kawananakoa on Hawaii” The New York Times Archives, September 19, 1899. 53. “Liliuokalani in Washington” The New York Times Archives, November 24, 1902. 54. “The Visit of Liliuokalani; Ex-Queen of Hawaii in Washington to Seek Indemnity for Crown lands” The New York Times Archives, November 25, 1902. 55. “Liliuokalani Arrives; Ex-Queen of Hawaii, Frail Old Woman, Lands at San Francisco” The New York Times Archives, November 23, 1908. 56. “Liliuokalani Asks $200,000; former Queen of Hawaii has an Income of But $4,000 a Year” The New York Times Archives, November 30, 1908. 57. Old Ebbitt Grill; www.ebbitt.com/main/home.cfm?Section=Main&Category=History 58. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Honolulu Post Office and Post masters.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/honopopo.html, July 7, 2008. 59. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Missionary Stamps.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/missionary.html, June 11, 2008. 60. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Numeral Issue.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/numeral.html, June 11, 2008. 61. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Revenue Issues.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/revenue/html, June 11, 2008. 62. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Hawaii Stamps.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/stamps.html, June 16, 2008. 63. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Boston Engraved.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/boston_engraved.html, June 11, 2008. 64. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Boston Lithograph – Hawaiian Mysteries.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/boston_lithograph.html, June 11, 2008. 65. Post Office in Paradise (2005). “Bank Note Issue – American Bank Note Company.” http://www.hawaiianstamps.com/bank_abn.html, June 11, 2008. 66. Reynolds, Charles B. Washington; The Nation’s Capitol. New York, NY. Foster & Reynolds (1898) 67. Roberts, John. Rating the First Ladies; The Women Who Influenced the Presidency, New York, NY. Citadel Press (2003) 68. Seiden, Allen. The Hawaiian Monarchy. Honolulu, HI. Mutual Printing (2004) 69. Seward, Frederick W. Seward at Washington; Senator and Secretary of State; a Memoir of His Life with Selections from His Letters. New York, NY. Derby & Miller (1891) 70. Silva, Noenoe K. Aloha Betrayed; Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (American Encounters/Global Interactions). Durham, NC. Duke University Press (2004). 71. Silva, Noenoe K. “The 1887 Petitions Protesting Annexation” (1998) University of Hawaii at Manoa Special Collections. http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html, August 8, 2008.

70 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

72. Skeem, Dainan. “Hawaiian Post Office: An Interview with Archivist Collections Management.” Honolulu, HI. Hawaii State Archives (2008) Skeem, Dainan, Personal Interview. June 24, 2008. 73. U.S. Department of State; Visits to the US by Foreign Heads of State and Government; 1874- 1939, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/34912.htm 74. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Facility Management; Unusual VA Properties: Did you know?, April 2001. http://www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/Unusual.asp 75. U.S. National Archives. Notes from the Hawaiian Legation in the U.S. to Dept. Of State, 1841-1899. Feb. 1, 1847 – Dec. 26, 1885. Microfilm Publications. 76. “Her Majesty is Here” The Washington Post Archives, May 4, 1887. 77. “The Queen’s Busy Day; She Calls upon the President and Mrs. Cleveland” The Washington Post Archives, May 5, 1887. 78. “Deaf and Dumb Orators; Presentation Day at Kendall Green Honored by Queen’s Presence” The Washington Post Archives, May 5, 1887. 79. “Royalty at the Circus; Queen Kapiolani Enjoys an American Amusement” the Washington Post Archives, May 6, 1887. 80. “A Queen on the River; Kapiolani Sheds a Tear at Washington’s Tomb” The Washington Post Archives, May 7, 1887. 81. “Queen Kapiolani Departs; She Expresses Her Thanks for Many Courtesies Shown Her” The Washington Post Archives, May 8, 1887. 82. “Queen Lil Looks On – Accorded Privileges of the Diplomatic Gallery” The Washington Post Archives, March 5, 1897. 83. “Kapiolani’s Odd Craft” The Washington Post Archives, July 1, 1897. 84. “Pursued by Queen Lil” The Washington Post Archives, October 7, 1898. 85. “Liliuokalani Protests Again; Addresses the Senate and Claims the Hawaiian Crown Lands” The Washington Post Archives, December 20, 1898. 86. “Battle for Millions; Rival Claimants to So-Called Crown Lands of Hawaii; Liliuokalani’s Claims Disputed” the Washington Post Archives, January 3, 1899. 87. “Ex-Queen is Patriotic; Liliuokalani Talks of United States and Hawaii; Says She Enjoys Residing Here” The Washington Post Archives, August 5, 1899. 88. “No Pension for Ex-Queen; the Senate Refuses to Pay Liliuokalani $10,000 Annually” The Washington Post Archives, May 11, 1900. 89. “Capitol Chat” The Washington Post Archives, March 3, 1902. 90. “Claims of Queen Lil; Basis of Her Demand for National Compensation” The Washington Post Archives, October 26, 1902.”Long for Island Home; Sweet Singers from Hawaii Meet with Misfortune; Stranded in South Carolina” The Washington Post Archives, December 8, 1902. 91. “Ex-Queen’s Claim in Senate; Senator Spooner Opposed to Voting any Money to the Former Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands” The Washington Post Archives, February 13, 1904. 92. “Tied on Ex-Queen’s Claim; Senate Refuses to Vote an Appropriation for Crown Lands” The Washington Post Archives, February 16, 1904. 93. “Queen Liliuokalani Asks Congress for $10,000,000” The Washington Post Archives, December 13, 1905. 94. “A Queen’s Mistake” The Washington Post Archives, January 25, 1909. 95. “Liliuokalani Loses Again” The Washington Post Archives, May 19, 1910.

71 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Partnership

Office of Hawaiian Affairs Board of Trustees and Staff Haunani Apoliona, MSW Chairperson, Trustee, At-Large Walter Heen Vice Chair, Trustee, O‘ahu Rowena Akana Trustee, At-Large Donald B. Cataluna Trustee, Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau Robert Lindsey, Jr. Trustee, Hawai‘i Colette Y. Machado Trustee, Moloka‘i and Lana‘i Boyd P. Mossman Trustee, Maui Oz Stender Trustee, At-Large John D. Waihe’e, IV Trustee, At-large

Clyde W. Nāmu‘o Administrator

Ke Ali‘i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club Officers Darlene Kehaulani Butts Pelekikena Micah Kohonoònamoku Mossman Hope Pelekikena Èkahi Virginia “Gini” Moore Hope Pelekikena Èlua Aloma Myers Kakau Òlelo Hoòpaà Aloma Myers Puùku Maile Duggan Kalaimoku Tim Johnson Kalaimoku

This Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C. Research Phase 2 booklet is provided compliments of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA).

Research was conducted by OHA in partnership with Ke Ali’i Maka‘āinana Hawaiian Civic Club (KAMHCC). Photos have been reprinted with permission from sources. OHA initiated, directed and coordinated the project. OHA Interns/Fellows, volunteers and assistants, KAMHCC members and other volunteers received research assignments from OHA, and researched and collected information in OHA’s requested format.

Completed research assignments were forwarded to the respective OHA coordinator. OHA compiled the research, assured format consistency and integrated all into the booklet format. OHA researched and added graphics, drawings and photos. OHA obtained permission to use the photos, most obtained from The Historical Society of Washington, D.C. and the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association.

A limited number of booklets were printed June 2009.

Please contact the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Washington, D.C. Bureau at [email protected] or 202-454-0920, to inquire about obtaining copies.

72 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Research Data Collection Tools Section

Instructions for Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions Research

Aloha and Mahalo for your interest in this part of Hawaiian history. Just to give you a little background, in December 2004, Martha Ross proposed a research project to document Native Hawaiian diplomatic missions to Washington, D.C. during the period January 1, 1840 to December 31, 1960. This project was to include specific details regarding these missions including travel dates, the purpose for the travel, any accompanying entourage, and lodging locations.

The project was well received by Haunani Apoliona, OHA Chairperson, and Clyde Nāmu‘o, OHA Administrator. From December 2004 to May 2005, volunteers were able to focus only on travel undertaken by the prominent Ali‘i. It was determined that further research and documentation was still needed for less prominent Hawai‘i diplomats such as Hawai‘i’s foreign ministers and others.

Phase 2 Research was begun soon after the publication of the Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington DC Phase 1 report was printed. It was moved to a back burner for some time, but was then resurrected in the summer of 2008. Through the efforts of the OHA DC Bureau coordinator, volunteers from the local Hawaiian community and OHA DC Bureau interns, the visits of Queen Emma (1886), Queen Kapi‘olani and Princess Lili‘uokalani (1887), King Kalākaua (1874), and Lili‘okalani’s later visits were more deeply researched. The section on Hawaiian postage and postal services was added.

The following suggestions for preparation are re-printed from the Phase 1 booklet, and updated. This information pertains mostly to researchers working in the Washington DC area; others working outside the DC area can check in their specific locales to see if there are Historical Societies or other sources which can provide information. Locating and exploring the archive sections of local newspapers can also yield a treasure trove of information.

Potential Sources to Contact

Organizations: The National Archives Library of Congress Hawaiian Civic Clubs University of Hawai‘i – Center for Hawaiian Studies Hawaiian Historical Society Bishop Museum Kamehameha Schools Royal Societies Statewide Council of Hawaiian Homestead Associations

73 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Media/Literature: www.Ulukau.org Honolulu Advertiser Honolulu Star Bulletin Maui News The Garden Island News Hawai‘i Tribune-Herald Washington Post Washington Times New York Times Chicago Tribune Boston Herald Los Angeles Times USA Today San Francisco Chronicle Nation Within by Tom Coffman

People: Haunani Apoliona, Chair – Office of Hawaiian Affairs Kupuna, both in Hawai‘i and on the Mainland Pikake Pelekai, Statewide Council of Hawaiian Homestead Associations Dr. Bob Stauffer, Historian Community leaders / resources (i.e. Claire Pruet, Winona Rubin, etc.) Malia Craver and Cuddles Ali`i or Native Hawaiian diplomat descendants

*** You are not limited to these resources listed, feel free to expand ***

Suggested Preparations (particularly for those in Washington DC):

1. Get a Reader’s Card from the Library of Congress. You can get the Reader’s Card from the Madison Building, adjacent to the Cannon House Office Building. All you need is your personal ID.

2. Get a Researcher’s Card from the National Archives. You can get your card at the D.C. or College Park Archives. All you need is your personal ID.

To Do (applies to all):

In addition to some of the suggestions above, you can check in your specific locale to see if there are Historical Societies which can provide historical information about your area. Otherwise, locating and searching the archive sections of local newspapers can yield a treasure trove of information.

74 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Use “Hawaiian” and “Hawaii” as keywords in the general search engines of any newspaper or other organization you historical source. Often, you find many unexpected references by starting out in a generalized manner.

You can then see what using the specific names of Hawaiian ali‘i yield in the keyword searches in those same search engines. Often, articles about the ali‘i themselves yield the names of people who accompanied them or met up with them in their travels. This is one way you can locate the names of less prominent officials of the Kingdom of Hawai‘i / Territory of Hawai‘i such as the Hawai‘i’s foreign ministers and other representatives.

These less prominent individuals will be harder to find information on. Recommendation: find the names first, then you’ll have an easier time finding information. In Washington DC, the Library of Congress has some published materials by these Hawai‘i foreign ministers/diplomats/officials, while the National Archives has microfilm reproductions of letters addressed to and from these individuals.

When we found that individuals stayed at hotels or residences in Washington DC which were no longer in existence, we went to the website of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C., and searched there for information and photographs. “Googling” information on specific historical places from an internet search engine revealed many additional unexpected sources.

If you need to review materials at the Library of Congress, you will need to work with Library staff to submit a request for the specific materials you want, and then set up a time to either review those materials or purchase copies of them.

If you need information from the National Archives, you’ll most likely need to go to the College Park facilities. A free shuttle departs from the Washington D.C. Archives, Monday through Friday, on the hour. On Saturdays, you can take the Metro to Prince George’s Plaza, and shuttle service runs from that Metro stop to the College Park Archives. (Note: pulling of files is not available on Saturdays).

In addition to the ali‘i themselves, here are some names that you can research:

Henry A.P. Carter Elisha Hunt Allen Joseph Heleluhe Captain Julius A. Palmer Col. Curtis P. Iaukea Prince / Congressional Delegate Robert Wilcox Prince / Congressional Delegate Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana‘ole

If you should have any other questions, please feel free to call the OHA Washington DC Bureau at 202-454-0920 or email [email protected].

75 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Research Data Collection Tool

Ali`i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C.

This form will assist you in collecting and organizing information on the time period or person you are researching. Provide as many details as possible for each heading.

Be sure to properly and COMPLETELY cite your source of information. This should include the title of any article, book, thesis or other scholarly work you are citing (or the website URL if applicable), the name and location of your materials source, the name of the author, the name of the publisher, where and when (date) the information was published, and the page number (if applicable).

Good luck!!!

Assigned Time Period:

Approximate Dates Traveled:

Name of Ali`i/Native Hawaiian leader or representative:

Organization/ Affiliation:

Purpose of Mission:

Accompaniment:

Itinerary (Historical):

Itinerary (Current):

Lodging (Historical):

Lodging (Current):

Other details:

Sources:

76 Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions to Washington, D.C. Phase 2

Sample Letter Requesting Assistance:

(Date)

Aloha mai e ______,

My name is ______. Currently, I am part of a research project on all ali`i (Hawaiian royalty) and other Native Hawaiian leaders or representatives who may have traveled to ______for diplomatic or other purposes from January 1, 1840 to December 31, 1960.

As a director of the ______, you would be a great resource for the research team and could aid us in our search to document the Native Hawaiian presence in the United States, specifically in the city of ______.

I would appreciate any opportunity to work with you to further our research. I hope that you, your colleagues, or perhaps even your students will find in this of interest.

Please feel free to contact me at ______, to discuss this project and perhaps to arrange a meeting.

Mahalo (thank you) in advance for your consideration.

______(Name) Tel: Address: Email:

THE QUEEN'S QUOTE FOUND ON EPILOGUE PAGE OF THE BOOK "THE BETRAYAL OF LILI`UOKALANI" BY HELENA G. ALLEN

In 1917, after Queen Lili‘uokalani had seen the end of the Hawaiian monarchy, she said to her hanai daughter, Lydia K. Aholo,

"I could not turn back the time for political change, but there is still time to save our heritage. You must remember never to cease to act because you fear you may fail.

The way to lose any earthly kingdom is to be inflexible, intolerant, and prejudicial. Another way is to be too flexible, tolerant of too many wrongs, and without judgment at all.

It is a razor's edge. It is the width of a blade of pili grass.

To gain the kingdom of heaven is to hear what is not said, to see what cannot be seen, and to know the unknowable---that is Aloha.

All things in this world are two: in heaven there is but One."

Queen Lili‘uokalani (1917)

Honolulu: (808) 594-1888 Washington, D.C.: (202) 454-0920