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The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos. -
Copyright by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey 2010
Copyright by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey 2010 The Dissertation Committee for Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Planning language practices and representations of identity within the Gallo community in Brittany: A case of language maintenance Committee: _________________________________ Jean-Pierre Montreuil, Supervisor _________________________________ Cinzia Russi _________________________________ Carl Blyth _________________________________ Hans Boas _________________________________ Anthony Woodbury Planning language practices and representations of identity within the Gallo community in Brittany: A case of language maintenance by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents and my family for their patience and support, their belief in me, and their love. I would like to thank my supervisor Jean-Pierre Montreuil for his advice, his inspiration, and constant support. Thank you to my committee members Cinzia Russi, Carl Blyth, Hans Boas and Anthony Woodbury for their guidance in this project and their understanding. Special thanks to Christian Lefeuvre who let me stay with him during the summer 2009 in Langan and helped me realize this project. For their help and support, I would like to thank Rosalie Grot, Pierre Gardan, Christine Trochu, Shaun Nolan, Bruno Chemin, Chantal Hermann, the associations Bertaèyn Galeizz, Chubri, l’Association des Enseignants de Gallo, A-Demórr, and Gallo Tonic Liffré. For financial support, I would like to thank the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin for the David Bruton, Jr. -
The Linguistic Context 34
Variation and Change in Mainland and Insular Norman Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory Series Editor Brian D. Joseph (The Ohio State University, USA) Editorial Board Artemis Alexiadou (University of Stuttgart, Germany) Harald Baayen (University of Alberta, Canada) Pier Marco Bertinetto (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy) Kirk Hazen (West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA) Maria Polinsky (Harvard University, Cambridge, USA) Volume 7 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ealt Variation and Change in Mainland and Insular Norman A Study of Superstrate Influence By Mari C. Jones LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jones, Mari C. Variation and Change in Mainland and Insular Norman : a study of superstrate influence / By Mari C. Jones. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25712-2 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25713-9 (e-book) 1. French language— Variation. 2. French language—Dialects—Channel Islands. 3. Norman dialect—Variation. 4. French language—Dialects—France—Normandy. 5. Norman dialect—Channel Islands. 6. Channel Islands— Languages. 7. Normandy—Languages. I. Title. PC2074.7.J66 2014 447’.01—dc23 2014032281 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 2210-6243 ISBN 978-90-04-25712-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25713-9 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. -
Historical Background of the Contact Between Celtic Languages and English
Historical background of the contact between Celtic languages and English Dominković, Mario Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2016 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:149845 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-27 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Diplomski studij engleskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer i mađarskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer Mario Dominković Povijesna pozadina kontakta između keltskih jezika i engleskog Diplomski rad Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. Tanja Gradečak – Erdeljić Osijek, 2016. Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Diplomski studij engleskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer i mađarskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer Mario Dominković Povijesna pozadina kontakta između keltskih jezika i engleskog Diplomski rad Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: filologija Znanstvena grana: anglistika Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. Tanja Gradečak – Erdeljić Osijek, 2016. J.J. Strossmayer University in Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Teaching English as -
Reading Abbey's Anglo-Norman French Translation of the Bible
Reading Abbey’s Anglo-Norman French Translation of the Bible (London, British Library, Royal MS 1 C III) Catherine Léglu University of Reading This paper examines a manuscript that was owned by Reading Abbey, a copy of a translation into French of the Bible that Samuel Berger called the Bible anglo-normande (hereafter the Anglo-Norman Bible).1 London, British Library Royal MS 1 C III (Coates, no. 106) contains the first books of a biblical paraphrase that survives in fragmentary form in a small cluster of manuscripts. James Carley suggests that the manuscript was transferred to the Royal library before the Dissolution, as part of a gift of ten manuscripts that were sent by the abbey to King Henry VIII in 1530.2 If so, then the book was considered particularly valuable. A manuscript now in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France MS français 1, contains a near-complete text up to the Pauline Epistles, and a small part of the same Anglo-Norman Bible has also been identified in the paraphrase of the Acts of the Apostles and Revelation contained within a compilation that is extant in British Library Add. MS 54325 (England, c. 1350), Bibliothèque nationale MS français 9562 (England, after 1350), and Bibliothèque nationale MS français 6260 (France, fifteenth century).3 Royal MS 1 C III is unique in its use of English to supplement and to correct the French, making it a trilingual text. MS français 1 is a very large (530 x 360mm) illuminated manuscript that was commissioned from an English workshop by John of Welles (d. -
The Irish Language in Education in Northern Ireland 2Nd Edition
Irish The Irish language in education in Northern Ireland 2nd edition This document was published by Mercator-Education with financial support from the Fryske Akademy and the European Commission (DG XXII: Education, Training and Youth) ISSN: 1570-1239 © Mercator-Education, 2004 The contents of this publication may be reproduced in print, except for commercial purposes, provided that the extract is proceeded by a complete reference to Mercator- Education: European network for regional or minority languages and education. Mercator-Education P.O. Box 54 8900 AB Ljouwert/Leeuwarden The Netherlands tel. +31- 58-2131414 fax: + 31 - 58-2131409 e-mail: [email protected] website://www.mercator-education.org This regional dossier was originally compiled by Aodán Mac Póilin from Ultach Trust/Iontaobhas Ultach and Mercator Education in 1997. It has been updated by Róise Ní Bhaoill from Ultach Trust/Iontaobhas Ultach in 2004. Very helpful comments have been supplied by Dr. Lelia Murtagh, Department of Psycholinguistics, Institúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann (ITE), Dublin. Unless stated otherwise the data reflect the situation in 2003. Acknowledgment: Mo bhuíochas do mo chomhghleacaithe in Iontaobhas ULTACH, do Liz Curtis, agus do Sheán Ó Coinn, Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta as a dtacaíocht agus a gcuidiú agus mé i mbun na hoibre seo, agus don Roinn Oideachas agus an Roinn Fostaíochta agus Foghlama as an eolas a cuireadh ar fáil. Tsjerk Bottema has been responsible for the publication of the Mercator regional dossiers series from January 2004 onwards. Contents Foreword ..................................................1 1. Introduction .........................................2 2. Pre-school education .................................13 3. Primary education ...................................16 4. Secondary education .................................19 5. Further education ...................................22 6. -
The Cornish Language in Education in the UK
The Cornish language in education in the UK European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning hosted by CORNISH The Cornish language in education in the UK | 2nd Edition | c/o Fryske Akademy Doelestrjitte 8 P.O. Box 54 NL-8900 AB Ljouwert/Leeuwarden The Netherlands T 0031 (0) 58 - 234 3027 W www.mercator-research.eu E [email protected] | Regional dossiers series | tca r cum n n i- ual e : Available in this series: This document was published by the Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism Albanian; the Albanian language in education in Italy Aragonese; the Aragonese language in education in Spain and Language Learning with financial support from the Fryske Akademy and the Province Asturian; the Asturian language in education in Spain (2nd ed.) of Fryslân. Basque; the Basque language in education in France (2nd ed.) Basque; the Basque language in education in Spain (2nd ed.) Breton; the Breton language in education in France (2nd ed.) Catalan; the Catalan language in education in France Catalan; the Catalan language in education in Spain (2nd ed.) © Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism Cornish; the Cornish language in education in the UK (2nd ed.) and Language Learning, 2019 Corsican; the Corsican language in education in France (2nd ed.) Croatian; the Croatian language in education in Austria Danish; The Danish language in education in Germany ISSN: 1570 – 1239 Frisian; the Frisian language in education in the Netherlands (4th ed.) 2nd edition Friulian; the Friulian language in education in Italy Gàidhlig; The Gaelic Language in Education in Scotland (2nd ed.) Galician; the Galician language in education in Spain (2nd ed.) The contents of this dossier may be reproduced in print, except for commercial purposes, German; the German language in education in Alsace, France (2nd ed.) provided that the extract is proceeded by a complete reference to the Mercator European German; the German language in education in Belgium Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. -
Adapting a Welsh Terminology Tool to Develop a Cornish Dictionary
Proceedings of the 1st Joint SLTU and CCURL Workshop (SLTU-CCURL 2020), pages 235–239 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020), Marseille, 11–16 May 2020 c European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licensed under CC-BY-NC Adapting a Welsh Terminology Tool to Develop a Cornish Dictionary Delyth Prys Language Technologies Unit, Bangor University Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales {d.prys}@bangor.ac.uk Abstract Cornish and Welsh are closely related Celtic languages and this paper provides a brief description of a recent project to publish an online bilingual English/Cornish dictionary, the Gerlyver Kernewek, based on similar work previously undertaken for Welsh. Both languages are endangered, Cornish critically so, but both can benefit from the use of language technology. Welsh has previous experience of using language technologies for language revitalization, and this is now being used to help the Cornish language create new tools and resources, including lexicographical ones, helping a dispersed team of language specialists and editors, many of them in a voluntary capacity, to work collaboratively online. Details are given of the Maes T dictionary writing and publication platform, originally developed for Welsh, and of some of the adaptations that had to be made to accommodate the specific needs of Cornish, including their use of Middle and Late varieties due to its development as a revived language. Keywords: Cornish, Welsh, lexicography, language revitalization Among the Cornish language community’s core 1. Background requirements was the creation of an up-to-date lexical resource, available in an online format, and easily Welsh and Cornish are two closely related languages belonging to the P-Celtic language group. -
When the Cornish Person Looks Closely Into the Mirror of the Cornish
Historic legacies and modern challenges: the Cornish language If the Cornish person looks closely into the mirror of the Cornish language they might find contemporary Cornwall staring right back out at them. For the Cornish language mirrors the doubts and uncertainties confronting Cornwall at the beginning of the second millennium. The language has a proud history, dating back to Cornwall’s first millennium, a time of shadowy and insubstantial Cornish kings and independent kingdoms. Familiar placenames such as Trewassa, Carnglaze, Rescorla, Creegbrase, Bosullow provide everyday reminders of our Celtic and non-English roots. Yet the texts of the language are heavily suffused with English borrowings even from the earliest miracle play cycle of the 1300s. The reality is that Cornwall, since the ninth century, has been to a greater or lesser degree influenced and structured by its powerful neighbour to the east – England. And so has the Cornish language. For example, words such as pont or nant, which retained that form in Cornish’s sister languages Welsh and Breton, changed to pons and nans in Cornish well before the fourteenth century, an early effect of the influence of English. For centuries the language was marginalised and despised, a thing of no worth, low- status gibberish fit only to call the pigs to their food. However, like Cornwall, the language has been patronised and romanticised in more recent times. Since the 1870s Cornwall has been buffeted by a storm of signifiers as the artistic and literary metropolitan gaze settled on what it perceived as a primitive and simple folk whiling their time away in age-old harmony with the environment on the fringes of ‘civilised’ Europe. -
Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview
This is a repository copy of Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98924/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Crowley, AE (2016) Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview. In: Hickey, R, (ed.) Sociolinguistics in Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan , London , pp. 198-217. ISBN 978-1-137-45347-1 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Language, politics and identity in Ireland: a historical overview. Tony Crowley 1. Introduction. The Belfast Agreement (1998) brought about new constitutional arrangements between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and a new structure of governance within Northern Ireland. Designed, amongst other aims, to end the war in Northern Ireland that had lasted almost thirty years, the agreement was arguably the most important political development within Ireland since the declaration of the Irish Republic in 1948. -
The Irish Language in Education in Northern Ireland
The Irish language in education in Northern Ireland European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning hosted by IRISH The Irish language in education in Northern Ireland | 3rd Edition | c/o Fryske Akademy Doelestrjitte 8 P.O. Box 54 NL-8900 AB Ljouwert/Leeuwarden The Netherlands T 0031 (0) 58 - 234 3027 W www.mercator-research.eu E [email protected] | Regional dossiers series | tca r cum n n i- ual e : Available in this series: This document was published by the Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism Ladin; the Ladin language in education in Italy (2nd ed.) and Language Learning with financial support from the Fryske Akademy and the Province Latgalian; the Latgalian language in education in Latvia of Fryslân. Lithuanian; the Lithuanian language in education in Poland Maltese; the Maltese language in education in Malta Manx Gaelic; the Manx Gaelic language in education in the Isle of Man Meänkieli and Sweden Finnish; the Finnic languages in education in Sweden © Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism Nenets, Khanty and Selkup; The Nenets, Khanty and Selkup language in education and Language Learning, 2019 in the Yamal Region in Russia North-Frisian; the North Frisian language in education in Germany (3rd ed.) ISSN: 1570 – 1239 Occitan; the Occitan language in education in France (2nd ed.) 3rd edition Polish; the Polish language in education in Lithuania Romani and Beash; the Romani and Beash languages in education in Hungary The contents of this dossier may be reproduced in print, except for commercial purposes, Romansh: The Romansh language in education in Switzerland provided that the extract is proceeded by a complete reference to the Mercator European Sami; the Sami language in education in Sweden Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. -
Ogham Code Did You Know? Most Ogham Stones Can Still Be Seen in Their Original Location Today
Early Medieval Ireland Over 1500 years ago, Irish people began to learn about God and became Christians. Some people became priests and monks and built monasteries and churches for people to come and pray at. At these early church sites, you can also find Ogham Stones. These are large stones engraved with the earliest known writing in Ireland. Ogham Code Did you know? Most Ogham stones can still be seen in their original location today. Why not check out your local area and see if there are any Ogham stones that you can visit? Find out more at https://ogham.celt.dias.ie/ ? Can you see lines etched into this stone? Ogham stone from Monataggart, Co. Cork, on display at the National Museum of Ireland - Archaeology 1/4 What are Ogham Stones? Ogham stones are standing stones that are engraved with the earliest known form of writing in Ireland. Each of the letters, or characters, represent a sound in the early Irish language. Many of them date to between the 4th and 6th century AD and they are mainly found in counties Kerry, Cork, and Waterford. How are letters written in Ogham? Each letter is made etching a line across a central line. When they were carved on a standing stone, the edge of the stone acted as the central line for each letter. Most Ogham Stones have the names of people and their parents and were used to remember or commemorate a person. To read an Ogham Stone, start at the bottom at the left-hand side and read up, around, and down the other side.