DOCSLIB.ORG

The Great White Plague Tuberculosis in Key West, 1917-1945

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Great White Plague Tuberculosis in Key West, 1917-1945 59 The Great White Plague Tuberculosis in Key West, 1917-1945 Maria Melssen Key West has long been considered an isolated island community known for beautiful sunsets, tropical drinks, and a colorful nightlife. Due to its location, it has historically been a stopping point for many sea travelers and a refuge for a largely transient and tourist population. Though famed to be one of writer Ernest Hemmingway’s favorite fishing spots and home, the culture and environment that make Key West a favored travel destination has also played a role in the myriad of health problems that have plagued its residents. These conditions included: yellow fever, small­ pox; the influenza epidemic of 1918, HIV, and multiple sclerosis. Though much attention has been given to these medical conditions, lit­ tle has been written on the island’s troubles with tuberculosis.1 From 1917, when vital statistics for the state of Florida were first made available, to 1945, when drugs such as PAS, streptomycin, and iso- niazed were available, tuberculosis was a prevalent health concern for the residents of Key West.2 This article will examine the sociocultural, sani­ tation, economic, and medical factors that prevented Key West from achieving the tuberculosis treatment and cure successes seen throughout the rest of the state of Florida as well as the United States. The major con­ tributing factors that not only led to the control of tuberculosis but had a long-standing impact on the improved general health conditions of Key West will also be addressed. Understanding Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, also known as consumption or the Great White Plague, is an infectious disease that targets the lungs. This medical scourge has been a global problem since the late 1800s and to this day 60 TEQUESTA “remains the world’s leading infectious cause ot death." In 1993, tuber­ culosis was declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. Today, tuberculosis strikes 20-40 percent ot the world's population annually and contributes to three million deaths worldwide each year. In 2005, the World Health Organization estimated that 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis arose. In the United States, tuberculo­ sis is most prevalent among “HIV-infected, immigrant, and disadvan- taged/marginalized populations." Though the incidence of tuberculosis was controlled for many years, a number of factors led to its resurgence: the HIV epidemic, immigrants with undiagnosed tuberculosis from high-risk countries (i.e., those with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis), previously established suboptimal antimicrobial regimens, and patient noncompliance.”3 From the late 1920s to the early 1940s, tuberculosis was believed to be a hereditary disease caused by “overwork ... dissipation, excessive use of alcohol, lack of sleep, bad ventilation, neglect of personal hygiene, unhappy environment; excessive smoking.” Symptoms of note included weight and appetite loss, cough with sputum, fever, night sweats, and a general “loss of pep.” During the first half of the nineteenth century, tuberculosis was diagnosed using 14x17 x-ray films, 35mm films, chest examinations, the Volmer Patch Test, and the Mantoux Intra-Dermal Test. Treatment options of choice included “fresh air, cleanliness, scrupu­ lous care in destroying the germ laden sputum, absolute rest and whole­ some foods." The state of Florida was thought to be an ideal location for the treatment of tuberculosis due to its abundance of sunshine and fresh, sea air. Though hospitalization was desirable to treat and control the spread of tuberculosis, the lack of adequate facilities to do so was a major issue. With an ever increasing number of individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis, hospitals were unable to meet the growing demand.4 Sixty years later, it is now widely understood that tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person while coughing, sneezing, or speak­ ing. The most significant risk factor in contracting tuberculosis is being infected with HIV. Those afflicted with tuberculosis “appear chronically ill." The most common symptoms include cough and blood-streaked sputum, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Tuberculosis is typically diagnosed with various laboratory tests (tuber­ culin skin test; sputum smear samples), chest x-rays, bronchoscopy, and Tuberculous in Key West 61 needle biopsy of the pleura. Various drugs are used to treat tuberculosis (Isoniazid; Rifampin; Pyrazinamide; Ethambutol; Streptomycin) and surgery may be an option as well. Many patients can recover at home; however, hospitalization is recommended for those who are unable to care for themselves, or are likely to spread the disease to others. Though tuberculosis is curable, less than five percent of those with tuberculosis relapse as a result of non-adherence, disease transmission, or the devel­ opment of drug resistance—the most common barriers to successful treatment.’ Tuberculosis in Florida As noted, in 1917, the first vital statistics records for the state of Florida were made available. That year tuberculosis was the first leading cause of death for Florida residents and was the second leading cause of death in 1923. Though tuberculosis dropped steadily from third leading cause of death in 1928 to fifth in 1930, coming out of the top five in 1940, it continued to be a major health concern in the state of Florida throughout the 1930s and 1940s.<’ The state with the most promising climate and environment for the successful treatment of tuberculosis was also the one with the most tuber­ culosis related deaths. In 1933, the United States as a whole saw a decrease in the mortality rates from tuberculosis, but tuberculosis deaths remained on the rise in the state of Florida. A report in 1935 showed that in the state of Florida, “tuberculosis caused more deaths by half than automobile accidents, twice as many as malaria, eleven times as many as diphtheria, twenty times as many as typhoid." In 1935, Key West's local paper, The Citizen, noted that “more than 1,000 persons die annually in Florida of tuberculosis even though during the past 25 years, deaths have been reduced by one-half.” The state, and the nation, was at a loss as to why this was happening. Various organizations in Florida and across the nation stepped in to help fight tuberculosis. In 1930, the State Board of Health began taking active measures for the clinical diagnosis and control of tuberculosis. Other organizations soon followed, including the Tuberculosis and Public Health Committee of the Florida Medical Association, the State Tubercu­ losis Sanatorium, and the Florida Tuberculosis and Health Association. Such educational measures as mobile x-ray units, as well as the produc­ 62 TEQUESTA tion and distribution of books, posters, bulletins, and films were taken to educate the public about tuberculosis. In 1939, tuberculosis treatment and control efforts by the State Board of Health focused on indigent, transient, and African American populations, as well as individuals who were unemployed. More work was still needed.8 Continuing efforts by the State Board of Health’s Division of Tuberculosis led to the launch of an intensive educational program in 1945 that included radio station interviews conducted at the mobile x- rav unit sites. University Days were also designed; university presidents regularly leading their students in having x-rays taken at the mobile x-ray units. Also, 35mm movie trailers providing information on the benefits of x-rays, and the locations and times of the mobile x-ray units were shown at movie theaters across the state. The State Board of Health even generated and distributed lapel pins stating, “My chest’s been x-rayed, has yours?”^ Slowly, Florida was winning the battle against tuberculosis; however, despite the efforts of various health organizations tuberculosis continued to be a menace in Key West. Tuberculosis in Key West To the astonishment of many, the morbidity rates of tuberculosis in the city of Key West continued to be a blemish on the state of Florida’s success in controlling and treating the disease. According to Dr. W. H. Cox in 1919, 15% of deaths here should be caused by a preventable and cur­ able disease. In a city that boasts of a climate unsurpassed, where sunshine is a daily visitor, where all can spend their hours of recreation and rest in the open, something should be done by the City and State to educate the people and prevent such an economic loss.10 Key West’s populace did not stand for being an embarrassment to the set: working together, the citizens took action. In the 1930s, tuberculosis clinics and testing sites were opened in Key West and services were freely available to all Key West citizens. In addition to the availability of testing sites. Key West and Monroe County Tuberculous in Key West 63 citizens also showed a strong interest in the building of a tuberculosis sanatorium, and advocated on behalf of the project. Sadly, no such facil­ ity was constructed. Not only were proactive medical measures, such as the creation of clinics, testing sites, and sanatoriums taken, but educa­ tional awareness campaigns were also run. The residents of Key West joined the rest of the state of Florida in raising awareness about tubercu­ losis by participating in the annual Christmas Seals programs sponsored by the Florida Tuberculosis and Health Association and its affiliated organizations." Despite these efforts, by the mid 1930s tuberculosis conditions in Key West had shown little improvement, a trend that continued into the 1940s. In 1938, 121of 296 persons tested for tuberculosis in Key West tested positive. In 1944, the morbidity rate in Monroe Count)' was 69 (69 deaths per 100,000), 2.5 times higher than the state of Florida’s aver­ age of 26. Upon examining these troubling statistics, noted physician Dr. F. F. Furstenberg stated: “20 years of indifference to the city’s tuberculo­ sis problem has given Key West the highest death rate in the state from this dreaded disease.” Many were baffled: why was this happening in Key West? A careful examination of the health, medical, and social culture of Key West was in order.12 Sanitation and Economic Factors Dr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The T-SPOT.TB Test Frequently Asked Questions
    General tuberculosis information T-SPOT.TB Test description and Frequently asked performance questions T-SPOT.TB Test performance characteristics T-SPOT.TB advantages over tuberculin skin test T-SPOT.TB test results T-SPOT.TB methodology Screening control programs Contact investigations References References Table of contents General tuberculosis information Tuberculosis: Definition, infection and disease 1. What is the scale of the TB problem? 2. How is TB spread? 3. What is TB infection (Latent Tuberculosis Infection “LTBI” or “latent TB”)? 4. What is TB disease (“active TB”)? 5. Are certain groups of individuals at an increased risk of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? 6. Are certain individuals at an increased risk of progressing from latent TB infection to TB disease? 7. How important is treatment for TB disease? 8. Why is the treatment period for TB disease so long? 9. How important is treatment for TB infection (“LTBI” or “latent TB”)? TB detection 10. Is there a test for the detection of TB infection (“LTBI” or “latent TB”)? • Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) • Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) 11. Is there a test for the detection of TB disease (“active TB”)? 12. What are the limitations of the TST? Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination 13. What is the BCG vaccination? T-SPOT.TB test description and performance 14. What is the intended use of the T-SPOT.TB test? 15. Why does the T-SPOT.TB test measure interferon-gamma? 16. Does the T-SPOT.TB test differentiate between latent TB infection and TB disease? 17. What data is there to support the T-SPOT.TB test in clinical use? 18.
    [Show full text]
  • Iowa Tuberculosis Control Program
    ____________________________________ Iowa Tuberculosis Control Program Annual Report 2011 ____________________________________ Iowa Department of Public Health Dr. Marianette Miller-Meeks, B.S.N., M.Ed., M.D. Department Director Division of Acute Disease Prevention and Emergency Response IOWA DEPARTMENTIOWA PUBLIC OF HEALTH Gerd Clabaugh Division Director BUREAU BUREAU IMMUNIZATIONOF AND TUBERCULOSIS Bureau of Immunization and TB Don Callaghan Bureau Chief DIVISIONOF ACUTE DISEASE PREVENTON ANDEMERGENCY RESPONSE Contents Contents ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Purpose and Overview ............................................................................................................................ 3 Iowa’s TB Control Program ...................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 The Difference between Latent TB Infection and TB Disease: .................................................................... 5 What is TB? ................................................................................................................................................ 5 What is Latent TB Infection? .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Temporarily Detained: Tuberculous Alcoholics Inseattle
    Public Health Then and Now Temporarily Detained: Tuberculous Alcoholics in Seattle, 1949 through 1960 Barroni H. Lemer, MD, M Introduction Officials intended to use the locked ward only for the occasional "bad actor."'4 The recent resurgence of tuberculo- Yet by 1960, Firland had detained roughly sis has generated great concern about 1000 patients, and the locked ward had patients who do not complete their pre- become a routine part of the sanatorium scribed therapy. Not only do such individu- care of one group of patients: those als remain reservoirs of infection, but alcoholics who frequented a run-down their erratic compliance has fostered the portion of Seattle called Skid Road. As development of multidrug-resistant strains modern officials reinstitute similar poli- of tuberculosis.' To ensure that noncom- cies, it is well worth revisiting Seattle's use pliant patients complete their drug treat- of compulsory measures to control the ment, health departments have begun to spread of tuberculosis. employ a series of strategies ranging from incentives to involuntary detention. Offi- Earlier Examples ofQuarantine cials designing such policies have carefully approached the difficult issue of balancing Although references to the isolation the public's health with the civil liberties of lepers can be found in the Bible, the of patients.2 term quarantine did not appear until the The use of coercion to prevent the Middle Ages. In that period, quarantine which officials spread of infectious diseases is nothing referred to the practice by the landing of ships suspected of new. For hundreds of years, health offi- delayed carrying victims of the plague or other cials have used various forms of quaran- contagious diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline in Mortality in Philadelphia from 1870 to 1930: the Role of Municipal Services
    The Decline in Mortality in Philadelphia from 1870 to 1930: The Role of Municipal Services HE CHRISTMAS SEASON of 1880 should have been a happy occasion for Charles and Caroline Kautz. Charles, a German T immigrant in his mid-forties, had operated a three-person bakery in the Moyamensing section of Philadelphia over a decade. Caroline, several years his junior and his wife of over fifteen years, had married him during her teens and soon assumed the responsibilities of parenthood. Though Pennsylvania born, Caroline also came from German stock and, with her husband, worshipped at a loc&l German Lutheran church. Caroline and Charles Kautz and their three sons and three daughters must have eagerly anticipated a joyous holiday cele- bration. But it was not their fate to enjoy this Christmas. In three and one-half weeks from late November to mid-December, smallpox took the lives of five of the six Kautz children. Six-year-old Clara died on November 20, followed by Albert (aged 2) two weeks later, then Edward (aged 4) on December 10, Charles (aged 8) on December 11, and Bertha (aged 10) on December 14. Only twelve-year-old Sophia survived. Burial in the Lutheran church cemetery followed each of the deaths in numbing succession. The tragedies that befell the Kautzes over a century ago illustrate in a concrete way part of the enormous gap separating the twentieth and the nineteenth centuries in America. Epidemic diseases, childhood death, and low adult life expectancies dominated life. Indeed, in the space of a decade, the Kautzes had witnessed smallpox epidemics in Philadelphia in 1871-72 and 1876 prior to the 1880-81 epidemic that devastated their family.
    [Show full text]
  • Paimio Sanatorium
    MARIANNA HE IKINHEIMO ALVAR AALTO’S PAIMIO SANATORIUM PAIMIO AALTO’S ALVAR ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY: : PAIMIO SANATORIUM ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY: Alvar Aalto’s Paimio Sanatorium TIIVISTELMÄ rkkitehti, kuvataiteen maisteri Marianna Heikinheimon arkkitehtuurin histo- rian alaan kuuluva väitöskirja Architecture and Technology: Alvar Aalto’s Paimio A Sanatorium tarkastelee arkkitehtuurin ja teknologian suhdetta suomalaisen mestariarkkitehdin Alvar Aallon suunnittelemassa Paimion parantolassa (1928–1933). Teosta pidetään Aallon uran käännekohtana ja yhtenä maailmansotien välisen moder- nismin kansainvälisesti keskeisimpänä teoksena. Eurooppalainen arkkitehtuuri koki tuolloin valtavan ideologisen muutoksen pyrkiessään vastaamaan yhä nopeammin teollis- tuvan ja kaupungistuvan yhteiskunnan haasteisiin. Aalto tuli kosketuksiin avantgardisti- arkkitehtien kanssa Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne -järjestön piirissä vuodesta 1929 alkaen. Hän pyrki Paimion parantolassa, siihenastisen uransa haastavim- massa työssä, soveltamaan uutta näkemystään arkkitehtuurista. Työn teoreettisena näkökulmana on ranskalaisen sosiologin Bruno Latourin (1947–) aktiivisesti kehittämä toimijaverkkoteoria, joka korostaa paitsi sosiaalisten, myös materi- aalisten tekijöiden osuutta teknologisten järjestelmien muotoutumisessa. Teorian mukaan sosiaalisten ja materiaalisten toimijoiden välinen suhde ei ole yksisuuntainen, mikä huo- mio avaa kiinnostavia näkökulmia arkkitehtuuritutkimuksen kannalta. Olen ymmärtänyt arkkitehtuurin
    [Show full text]
  • History of Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis Control Program in Turkey
    In Focus History of tuberculosis and tuberculosis control program in Turkey Indian) and 4 (X, Haarlem, LAM [Latin-American Mediterranean]). In Turkey, the latest evolved lineage 4 has been most dominant. Current evidence might suggest migratory movements over the past 35,000–89,000 years from Africa spread four main lineages into Eurasia, while the remaining two phylogenetically ‘ancient’ lineages Cengiz Cavu¸ so¸ glu stayed in Africa. These lineages were later spread to the Sub-Indian Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology continent and from there into Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and Mycobacteriology Laboratory America, following a wave of reverse Homo sapiens migrations and Bornova, Izmir,_ Turkey Email: [email protected] conquests. Analysis of known mutation rates of the M. tuberculosis reveals that the differences among strains started to appear 250– 1000 years ago3–9. Tuberculosis (TB) is debatably the most infectious disease Tuberculosis was initially documented over 5000 years ago in with highest rate of causalities throughout human history. Ancient Egypt; characteristic Pott deformations of TB were detected The Ottoman Empire also had the profound effect of the in mummies, and even represented in Ancient Egyptian art. disease; however, following the establishment of the Repub- Recently, DNA of M. tuberculosis was amplified from mummy lic of Turkey in 1923 effective TB control programs were tissues providing confirmatory evidence. There are documents implemented at times jointly with the WHO. From 1949 dating back 3300 years in India, and 2300 years in China and onwards, significant reduction in disease incidence and archaeological evidence from the Andes also confirm the existence death rates in Turkey was recorded due to the significant of pre-Columbian tuberculosis.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 Global Tuberculosis Report 2018
    global TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 Global Tuberculosis Report 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156564-6 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY- NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Global tuberculosis report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Associated with Institutionalization for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis: a Synopsis from In-Depth Patient Interviews Robert J
    Florida Public Health Review Volume 7 Article 8 April 2010 Factors Associated with Institutionalization for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis: A Synopsis from In-depth Patient Interviews Robert J. McDermott Carol A. Bryant Jeannine Coreil Aimee R. Eden Lori K. Buhi Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/fphr Part of the Public Health Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation McDermott, Robert J.; Bryant, Carol A.; Coreil, Jeannine; Eden, Aimee R.; and Buhi, Lori K. (2010) "Factors Associated with Institutionalization for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis: A Synopsis from In-depth Patient Interviews," Florida Public Health Review: Vol. 7 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/fphr/vol7/iss1/8 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Brooks College of Health at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Public Health Review by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © April 2010 All Rights Reserved McDermott et al.: Factors Associated with Institutionalization for Treatment of Act Factors Associated with Institutionalization for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis: A Synopsis from In-depth Patient Interviews Robert J. McDermott, PhD, Carol A. Bryant, PhD, Jeannine Coreil, PhD, Aimee R. Eden, MA, Lori K. Buhi, MPH ABSTRACT To increase the effectiveness of therapeutic regimens for tuberculosis (TB) and to reduce the societal risks for both infected and uninfected individuals, it is beneficial to be able to predict factors associated with non-adherence to treatment. The purpose of this study was to acquire detailed case histories of TB patients admitted to a hospital setting and to gain a better understanding of how patients explain the life events leading up to their admission for treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • White Plague, White City: Landscape and the Racialization of Tuberculosis in Washington, D.C
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2019 White Plague, White City: Landscape and the Racialization of Tuberculosis in Washington, D.C. from 1846 to 1960 Ivie Orobaton Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the African American Studies Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Orobaton, Ivie, "White Plague, White City: Landscape and the Racialization of Tuberculosis in Washington, D.C. from 1846 to 1960" (2019). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1378. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1378 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction: Why Tuberculosis? Why Washington, D.C.?......................................................3-7 Chapter 1: The Landscape of Washington, D.C. and the Emergence of Tuberculosis in the City …………………………………………………………………………………………………8-21 Chapter 2: Practical Responses to the Tuberculosis Issue (1846-1910)…………………….22-37 Chapter 3: Ideological Debates Around the Practical Responses to Tuberculosis (1890-1930) …….………………………………………………………………………………………….38-56 Conclusion: The Passing of the Debate and the End of Tuberculosis in the City (1930-1960) ………………………………………….…………………………………………………….57-58
    [Show full text]
  • The Tuberculosis Movement and Its Effect on Mortality
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WAS THE FIRST PUBLIC HEALTH CAMPAIGN SUCCESSFUL? THE TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON MORTALITY D. Mark Anderson Kerwin Kofi Charles Claudio Las Heras Olivares Daniel I. Rees Working Paper 23219 http://www.nber.org/papers/w23219 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 March 2017 The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Partial support for this research came from a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development research infrastructure grant, R24 HD042828, to the Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology at the University of Washington. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2017 by D. Mark Anderson, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Claudio Las Heras Olivares, and Daniel I. Rees. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Was The First Public Health Campaign Successful? The Tuberculosis Movement and Its Effect on Mortality D. Mark Anderson, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Claudio Las Heras Olivares, and Daniel I. Rees NBER Working Paper No. 23219 March 2017 JEL No. I1 ABSTRACT The U.S. tuberculosis movement pioneered many of the strategies of modern public health campaigns. Dedicated to eradicating a specific disease, it was spearheaded by voluntary associations and supported by the sale of Christmas seals.
    [Show full text]
  • Windows in Time 2012
    the newsletter oF the unIversIty oF vIrgInIA s chool oF nursIng Center for nursing HistoriCal inquiry volume 20, Issue 1 april 2012 From the DIrector In thIs Issue: Reflections on “Windows in Time” 1 From the Director Reflections on "Windows in Time" | Arlene W. Keeling WENTY YEARS AGO, when the CNHI opened 3 center neWs for the first time and we were choosing a name for this newsletter, the Center’s directors, (then Barbara 7 nursing AnD meDicAl history Brodie, Sylvia Rinker, and myself) decided on “Windows in neWs & opportunites TTime” as the purpose of the publication was to provide readers with a glimpse of the Center’s activities at a specific time in its existence. At that time, we arbitrarily chose a traditional square 8 snippets From the Past Arlene Keeling window as our logo. Nurses’ Struggles During the Great Depression: Prelude to As you may have noticed, with input from our new graphic Professional Status | Barbara Brodie designer, this newsletter has changed dramatically in appearance, reflecting the growth and development of our Center, its activities, and its promising future. Our new logo is 10 FeAture a classic Jeffersonian Palladian window, reflecting the traditions of both the University Virginia's Response to the of Virginia and the Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry. White Plague | mary e. gibson Today, our newly renovated Center has a “store front” display window that offers us another tangible way to illustrate our “Windows in Time” tradition. Each semester 18 center contriButors since the renovation, we have created a display in the window that captures a scene from the past of nurses or nurse-patient interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tuberculosis Movement and Its Effect on Mortality
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10590 Was the First Public Health Campaign Successful? The Tuberculosis Movement and its Effect on Mortality D. Mark Anderson Kerwin Kofi Charles Claudio Las Heras Olivares Daniel I. Rees FEBRUARY 2017 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10590 Was the First Public Health Campaign Successful? The Tuberculosis Movement and its Effect on Mortality D. Mark Anderson Daniel I. Rees Montana State University and IZA University of Colorado Denver and IZA Kerwin Kofi Charles University of Chicago and NBER Claudio Las Heras Olivares Banco de Chile FEBRUARY 2017 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No.
    [Show full text]