The T-SPOT.TB Test Frequently Asked Questions
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Faqs 1. What Is a 2-Step TB Skin Test (TST)? Tuberculin Skin Test (TST
FAQs 1. What is a 2-step TB skin test (TST)? Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) is a screening method developed to evaluate an individual’s status for active Tuberculosis (TB) or Latent TB infection. A 2-Step TST is recommended for initial skin testing of adults who will be periodically retested, such as healthcare workers. A 2 step is defined as two TST’s done within 1month of each other. 2. What is the procedure for 2-step TB skin test? Both step 1 and step 2 of the 2 step TB skin test must be completed within 28 days. See the description below. STEP 1 Visit 1, Day 1 Administer first TST following proper protocol A dose of PPD antigen is applied under the skin Visit 2, Day 3 (or 48-72 hours after placement of PPD) The TST test is read o Negative - a second TST is needed. Retest in 1 to 3 weeks after first TST result is read. o Positive - consider TB infected, no second TST needed; the following is needed: - A chest X-ray and medical evaluation by a physician is necessary. If the individual is asymptomatic and the chest X-ray indicates no active disease, the individual will be referred to the health department. STEP 2 Visit 3, Day 7-21 (TST may be repeated 7-21 days after first TB skin test is re ad) A second TST is performed: another dose of PPD antigen is applied under the skin Visit 4, 48-72 hours after the second TST placement The second test is read. -
Prior Tuberculin Skin Testing Does Not Boost Quantiferon-TB Results in Paediatric Contacts
REFERENCES 4 Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium 1 Suissa S, Ernst P, Vandemheen KL, Aaron SD. in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone– Methodological issues in therapeutic trials of COPD. Eur salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary Respir J 2008; 31: 927–933. disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 2 Sin DD, Wu L, Anderson JA, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids 545–555. 5 Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA, et al. The and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacer- Thorax 2005; 60: 992–997. bations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium 3 Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 19–26. fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 775–789. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00030508 Prior tuberculin skin testing does not boost QuantiFERON-TB results in paediatric contacts To the Editors: children were evaluated with TST and QFT-GIT. At the first visit, 63 (77.8%) contacts were QFT-GIT negative, eight (9.9%) We read with interest the paper by LEYTEN et al. [1], which were QFT-GIT positive and 10 (12.3%) had an undetermined appeared in the June 2007 issue of the European Respiratory QFT-GIT. Of those initially negative children, only one became Journal (ERJ). LEYTEN et al. [1] showed that prior tuberculin skin QFT-GIT positive after TST. The mean IFN-c antigen-specific 1 tests (TST) do not induce false-positive QuantiFERON -TB production did not change 11 weeks after skin testing (ESAT-6/ Gold in-tube (QFT-GIT) assay results when evaluated in the CFP-10/TB7.7 difference -0.030 IU?mL-1,p50.281). -
The Decline in Mortality in Philadelphia from 1870 to 1930: the Role of Municipal Services
The Decline in Mortality in Philadelphia from 1870 to 1930: The Role of Municipal Services HE CHRISTMAS SEASON of 1880 should have been a happy occasion for Charles and Caroline Kautz. Charles, a German T immigrant in his mid-forties, had operated a three-person bakery in the Moyamensing section of Philadelphia over a decade. Caroline, several years his junior and his wife of over fifteen years, had married him during her teens and soon assumed the responsibilities of parenthood. Though Pennsylvania born, Caroline also came from German stock and, with her husband, worshipped at a loc&l German Lutheran church. Caroline and Charles Kautz and their three sons and three daughters must have eagerly anticipated a joyous holiday cele- bration. But it was not their fate to enjoy this Christmas. In three and one-half weeks from late November to mid-December, smallpox took the lives of five of the six Kautz children. Six-year-old Clara died on November 20, followed by Albert (aged 2) two weeks later, then Edward (aged 4) on December 10, Charles (aged 8) on December 11, and Bertha (aged 10) on December 14. Only twelve-year-old Sophia survived. Burial in the Lutheran church cemetery followed each of the deaths in numbing succession. The tragedies that befell the Kautzes over a century ago illustrate in a concrete way part of the enormous gap separating the twentieth and the nineteenth centuries in America. Epidemic diseases, childhood death, and low adult life expectancies dominated life. Indeed, in the space of a decade, the Kautzes had witnessed smallpox epidemics in Philadelphia in 1871-72 and 1876 prior to the 1880-81 epidemic that devastated their family. -
History of Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis Control Program in Turkey
In Focus History of tuberculosis and tuberculosis control program in Turkey Indian) and 4 (X, Haarlem, LAM [Latin-American Mediterranean]). In Turkey, the latest evolved lineage 4 has been most dominant. Current evidence might suggest migratory movements over the past 35,000–89,000 years from Africa spread four main lineages into Eurasia, while the remaining two phylogenetically ‘ancient’ lineages Cengiz Cavu¸ so¸ glu stayed in Africa. These lineages were later spread to the Sub-Indian Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology continent and from there into Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and Mycobacteriology Laboratory America, following a wave of reverse Homo sapiens migrations and Bornova, Izmir,_ Turkey Email: [email protected] conquests. Analysis of known mutation rates of the M. tuberculosis reveals that the differences among strains started to appear 250– 1000 years ago3–9. Tuberculosis (TB) is debatably the most infectious disease Tuberculosis was initially documented over 5000 years ago in with highest rate of causalities throughout human history. Ancient Egypt; characteristic Pott deformations of TB were detected The Ottoman Empire also had the profound effect of the in mummies, and even represented in Ancient Egyptian art. disease; however, following the establishment of the Repub- Recently, DNA of M. tuberculosis was amplified from mummy lic of Turkey in 1923 effective TB control programs were tissues providing confirmatory evidence. There are documents implemented at times jointly with the WHO. From 1949 dating back 3300 years in India, and 2300 years in China and onwards, significant reduction in disease incidence and archaeological evidence from the Andes also confirm the existence death rates in Turkey was recorded due to the significant of pre-Columbian tuberculosis. -
GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 Global Tuberculosis Report 2018
global TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2018 Global Tuberculosis Report 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156564-6 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY- NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Global tuberculosis report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
Mdr Tb Exposure Screening and Treatment Recommendations
Screening and Treatment Recommendations for People Exposed to Multidrug Resistant TB All people at increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection should be screened for TB infection per United States Preventive Services Task Force [1] and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines [2]. This document provides specific guidance for screening and post- screening management of all people who have been identified through public health investigations as having been exposed to multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). Recommendations for symptomatic contacts, children less than 5 years of age and those who are highly immunocompromised (see step 1B) are different from other groups. Step 1: Initial Screening A. Assess contacts for symptoms of active TB disease ▪ Cough lasting 3 weeks or longer ▪ Contacts reporting cough of less than 3 weeks duration at the time of screening should have follow-up to determine if the cough has resolved. If they have a persistent cough for greater than or equal to 3 weeks, further evaluation is indicated. ▪ Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) ▪ Chest pain ▪ Night sweats ▪ Fevers or chills ▪ Unintentional weight loss ▪ Loss of appetite ▪ Fatigue B. Obtain a medical history including prior TB screening and TB treatment information ▪ Contacts with prior positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results (documentation of previous testing is recommended) do not need a new TST or IGRA performed; they should be considered to have a positive TB screening test. In the event a person with a past positive TST or IGRA has a new TST or IGRA performed and it is negative, the significance of the new screening test is uncertain. -
White Plague, White City: Landscape and the Racialization of Tuberculosis in Washington, D.C
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2019 White Plague, White City: Landscape and the Racialization of Tuberculosis in Washington, D.C. from 1846 to 1960 Ivie Orobaton Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the African American Studies Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Orobaton, Ivie, "White Plague, White City: Landscape and the Racialization of Tuberculosis in Washington, D.C. from 1846 to 1960" (2019). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1378. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1378 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction: Why Tuberculosis? Why Washington, D.C.?......................................................3-7 Chapter 1: The Landscape of Washington, D.C. and the Emergence of Tuberculosis in the City …………………………………………………………………………………………………8-21 Chapter 2: Practical Responses to the Tuberculosis Issue (1846-1910)…………………….22-37 Chapter 3: Ideological Debates Around the Practical Responses to Tuberculosis (1890-1930) …….………………………………………………………………………………………….38-56 Conclusion: The Passing of the Debate and the End of Tuberculosis in the City (1930-1960) ………………………………………….…………………………………………………….57-58 -
Faqs for Health Professionals Quantiferon®-TB Gold Plus
FAQs for Health Professionals QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus Sample to Insight Contents Questions and answers 4 About TB 4 What is latent TB? And how is it different from active TB disease? 4 What is the meaning of ‘remote’ or ‘recent’ TB infection and can QFT distinguish between remote and recent infection? 5 Why is latent TB infection important? 5 How should screening for TB and LTBI be prioritized? 5 Is latent TB contagious? 7 Doesn’t everybody in high-incidence countries have latent TB? 7 About QFT-Plus 8 What is QFT-Plus? 8 What is the intended use of QFT-Plus? 8 How does QFT-Plus differ from QFT 9 What is the benefit of detecting immune responses from CD8 T cells 10 Why not have only CD8 T cell response in TB2 instead of CD4 and CD8? 10 Has TB7.7 been removed? Why? 10 Why the fourth tube? 10 In what clinical situations can QFT-Plus be used? 11 Can QFT-Plus distinguish between active TB and LTBI? 12 How does it work? 12 Why measure interferon-gamma? 12 How does QFT-Plus differ from the TST? 12 How long does it take to get QFT-Plus results? 13 Does a prior TST influence a QFT-Plus result? 14 What is the minimum time necessary to wait between exposure to M. tuberculosis and QFT-Plus testing? 14 Why do you include a positive control? How does this work? 14 What approvals does QFT-Plus have? 14 What is the evidence supporting QFT and QFT-Plus? 15 2 QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus FAQ for Health Professionals 09/2017 Sensitivity and specificity of QFT-Plus 15 Why is it important to have a test with high specificity? 15 QFT-Plus procedure 17 What -
Robert Koch from Obscurity to Glory to Fiasco
Robert Koch From Obscurity to Glory to Fiasco Martin Dworkin Professor Emeritus, MicroBiology University of Minnesota Article Number: 1 Date of publication: October 5, 2011 Follow this and additional works at: http://purl.umn.edu/148010 Recommended Citation: Dworkin, Martin (2013). Robert Koch From Obscurity to Glory to Fiasco, Journal of Opinions, Ideas, and Essays. October 5.2011 Article #1. Available at http://purl.umn.edu/148010. Submissions will be accepted from any member of the University of Minnesota community. Access will be free and open to all. ROBERT KOCH: FROM OBSCURITY TO GLORY TO FIASCO Martin Dworkin Department of Microbiology University of Minnesota The Early Years Nunquam otiosus (21) Robert Koch was born in 1843 in Clausthal, Germany, a small mining city in Lower Saxony. His father was a mining engineer and Robert was one of eleven surviving children. During his early education he decided to become a teacher but always had an inclination toward natural science. Shortly after entering the University of Gottingen, one of Germany’s leading universities, his interactions with such great scientists as Henle, Wohler, and Meissner convinced him that natural science was to be his destiny. However, practical considerations led him to study medicine. While it became quickly clear that he had a talent for experimentation, Koch was a practical man and his impending marriage to Emmy Fraatz made it clear that a steady source of income was a reality. After completing his medical studies in 1866, Koch took and passed the state medical examination and became licensed to practice medicine. During the next six years he had five different positions as a practicing physician. -
Tuberculin Skin Test and Quantiferon-Gold in Tube Assay
RESEARCH ARTICLE Tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-Gold In Tube assay for diagnosis of latent TB infection among household contacts of pulmonary TB patients in high TB burden setting Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran1*, Vidya Mave2,3, Kannan Thiruvengadam1, Nikhil Gupte2,3, Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar4, Luke Elizabeth Hanna1, Vandana Kulkarni3, Dileep Kadam5, Kavitha Dhanasekaran1, Mandar Paradkar3, a1111111111 Beena Thomas1, Rewa Kohli3, Chandrakumar Dolla1, Renu Bharadwaj5, Gomathi a1111111111 Narayan Sivaramakrishnan1, Neeta Pradhan3, Akshay Gupte6, Lakshmi Murali7, a1111111111 Chhaya Valvi5, Soumya Swaminathan8¤, Amita Gupta2,6, for the CTRIUMPH Study Team¶ a1111111111 a1111111111 1 Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India, 2 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America, 3 Byramjee- Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India, 4 Johns Hopkins University±India office, Pune, India, 5 Department of Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India, 6 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America, 7 Department of Chest Medicine, Government Headquarters Hospital, Thiruvallur, India, 8 Indian OPEN ACCESS Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India Citation: Chandrasekaran P, Mave V, ¤ Current address: DDP, World health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Thiruvengadam K, Gupte N, Shivakumar SVBY, ¶ Members of the CTRIUMPh Study -
The Tuberculosis Movement and Its Effect on Mortality
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10590 Was the First Public Health Campaign Successful? The Tuberculosis Movement and its Effect on Mortality D. Mark Anderson Kerwin Kofi Charles Claudio Las Heras Olivares Daniel I. Rees FEBRUARY 2017 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10590 Was the First Public Health Campaign Successful? The Tuberculosis Movement and its Effect on Mortality D. Mark Anderson Daniel I. Rees Montana State University and IZA University of Colorado Denver and IZA Kerwin Kofi Charles University of Chicago and NBER Claudio Las Heras Olivares Banco de Chile FEBRUARY 2017 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. -
Module 1: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
Module 1: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Slide 1: (Title Slide.) Self-Study Modules on Tuberculosis, 1-5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, 2016. Slide 2: CDC Self-Study Modules on Tuberculosis, 1-5 • Module 1: Transmission and Pathogenesis of TB • Module 2: Epidemiology of TB • Module 3: Targeted Testing and the Diagnosis of Latent TB Infection and TB Disease • Module 4: Treatment of Latent TB Infection and TB Disease • Module 5: Infectiousness and Infection Control Slide 3: (Title Slide.) Self-Study Modules on Tuberculosis: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Slide 4: Module 1: Objectives At completion of this module, learners will be able to 1. Describe the history of tuberculosis (TB). 2. Explain how TB is spread (transmission). 3. Define drug-resistant TB. 4. Explain the difference between latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. 5. Explain how LTBI and TB disease develop (pathogenesis). 6. Describe the classification system for TB. Slide 5: Module 1: Overview • History of TB • TB Transmission • Drug-Resistant TB • TB Pathogenesis • Progression from LTBI to TB disease • Sites of TB disease • TB Classification System • Case Studies Slide 6: (Title Slide.) History of TB Slide 7: History of TB (1) • TB has affected humans for millennia • Historically known by a variety of names, including: o Consumption o Wasting disease o White plague • TB was a death sentence for many • [IMAGE: Red Cross Christmas Seal Campaign vintage image circa 1919. Image says “The Next to Go. Fight Tuberculosis.” Image credit: National Library of Medicine.] Slide 8: History of TB (2): Scientific Discoveries in 1800s • Until mid-1800s, many believed TB was hereditary • 1865 Jean Antoine-Villemin showed TB was contagious • 1882 Robert Koch discovered M.