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AUTHOR Fisiak, Jacek, Ed DOCUMENT RESUME ED 262 588 FL 015 252 AUTHOR Fisiak, Jacek, Ed. TITLE Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Volume Fourteen. INSTITUTION Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznan (Poland).; Center for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, Va. PUB DATE 82 NOTE 179p.; For other issues of this journal,see FL 015 248-256. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) -- Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics; v14 1982 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adjectives; Comparative Analysis; *Contrastive Linguistics; Dutch; *English; German; Grammar; Greek; Interference (Language); Language Research; Learning Theories; Linguistic Theory; *Polish; *Research Methodology; Semantics; Sentence Structure; Slavic Languages; Speech; *Structural Analysis (Linguistics); Verbs IDENTIFIERS Monitor Model ABSTRACT This issue of the journal includes these paperson contrastive linguistics: "Violations of Frege's Principle and Their Significance for Contrastive Semantics" (Dafydd Gibbon); "Writing the Contrastive Grammar of English and Dutch. The Treatment of Modal Notions" (Flor Aarts and Herman Wekker); "The Theory and Methodology of Speech Science and Contrastive Analysis" (Jaakko Lehtonen); "Preliminaries to the Study of Comparative Words in English and Polish" (Michael Post); "Definiteness, Presupposition, and Anaphoricity in There-sentences and Adjectival Constructions" (Zenon Jaranowski); "The Categories of Slavic Verbal Aspect in English Grammar" (Midhat Ridjanovic); "Complementation in Mod Greek and English" (A. Kakouriotis); "On Some Subject Clauses in English and Polish" (Roman Kalisz); "The Monitor Model and Contrastive Analysis" (Kara Sajavaara); and "Syntactic Interference German-English" (Bernhard Kettemann). (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** THE POLISH-ENGLISH CONTRASTIVE PROJECT co: BEST COPY MARE .v'co PAPERS AND STUDIES c^i3 IN CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS W N VOLUME FOURTEEN Editor: Jacok Fisiak Assistant to the editor: Krystyna Droidzial Advisory Board Chairman: Nils Erik Enkvist (Abo) Vice-Chairman: A. Hood Roberts (Washington) Members W.-b. Bald (Aachen) Wolfgang Kilhlwehit (Trier) Rolf Berndt (Rostook) Lewis Miikattash (Amman) Brodor Carstensen (Paderborn) Gerhard Nickel (Stuttgart) S. Pit Corder (Edinburgh) Ivan Poldauf (Praha) Dumitru Chitomn (Bucharest) Kari Sajavaara Laszlo Derso (Budapest) Michael Sherwood Smith (Utrecht) Stig Eliasson (Uppsala) Edward Stankiowicz (New Haven) Robert di Pietro (Washington) Roland Sussex (Melbourne) L.K. Engels (Leuven) Jan Svartvik (Lund) Rudolf Filipovie (Zagreb) Shivondra Kishoro Verma (Hydorabad) Stia. Johanson (Oslol Werner Winter (Kiel) U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS CENTER (ERIC) MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY The document his been reproduced u received from the person or organization re al, L. originating it 49. U Minor dangers have been made to improve reproduction quablY. Points of v*w or oPeuons stated in this docu ment do not necessarily represent official NIE TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Position or policy. POZN,..i.g 1982 INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." tysi ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY, POZNAN' 11 CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS, WASHINGTON, D.C. 141 Jai ',i4vc( Itio)I d,3,1,3 44. )61A/ 4A Te49 Proof reading: Andrzej Pietrzak Technical layout: jacek Grzetikowiak WYDAWNIOTWO NAUKOWE IINIWX118YTETILTIM. ADAMA MIOXIEWICZA W POZNANIU Wydanle I. Nak lad 1200+100 esp. Ark. wyd. 13,25. Ark. druk. 11,00. Oddano do sIdadanls. 28 XII 1980 r. Podplasno do drake 3 I/ 1982 r.Drak ukodczonow :atm 1982 r. Papier druk.sat.Id. M, 80 2 70 X 100. Zam. Earl 89/68.1N2/8. Cons :I 00. DRILTICARNIAIINIWER8YTETILT Dd. ADAMA MIONIEWICZA W POZNANItr UL. FREDRY 10 3 AVAILABLL BESTCOPY TABLE OF CONTENTS Dafydd Gibbon (Gottingen): Violations of Frege's Principle and their significance for contrastive semantics- 5 Igor Aarts and Herman Wokker (Nijmegen): Writing the contrastive grammar of English and Dutch. The treatment of modal notions 25 Jaa Ida> Lehtonen. (Jyviiskyla): The theory and methodology of speech science and - .. contrastive analysis 46 Michel Post (Wroclaw): Preliminaries to the study of comparative words in English and Polish 59 Zenon Jaranowski (Lodi): Definiteness, presupposition and anaphoricity in there sentences and adjectival constructions. 71 Alidhat Ridjanovi6 (Sarajevo): The categories cf Slavic verbal aspect in English grammar 83 A. Kakouriotis (Athens): Complementation in Mod Greek and English 99 Roman Kalisz (Gdansk): On some subject clauses in English and Polish 129 Kara Sajavaara (Jyviiskylit): The Monitor Model and contrastive analysis 145 Bernhard Kottemann (Graz): Syntactic interference GermanEnglish 157 VIOLATIONS OF FREGE'S PRINCIPLE AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR CONTRASTIVE SEMANTICS DABYDD GIBBON //flimsily of GOitingonitinivensily of Bier Weld 1. Preliminary remarks The content of this paper has developed from more specialised investig- ation in other areas of semantics,, particularly those of idiomaticity and prosodic meaning. Much of it has been said beforeby others, though in different and more heter-ogeneous contexts. The central point, that natural languages violate Frege's Principle (cf. § 2), has been a commonplace of logic for a century (Frege's Begriffeschrift appeared just one hundred years ago); many of the specific examples, too, have also received extensive, if not definitive, attention in many quarters. A unified account of these problems within a practical descriptive framework is lacking, however, and this paper is in- tended to contribute towards delimiting the scope of such an account. It is suggested in the final section that there may be a unified strategy for solving this apparently heterogeneous set of problems, using a specific conception of context-sensitivity. Neither is the descriptive field of contrastive semantics a new subject; like other domains of linguistic discourse, it is nevertheless constantly in need of systematic re-statement. There have been many detailed studies of semantic similarities and dissimilarities between languages, in contrastive and in general linguistics, particularly in lexical areas (e.g. verb valenoies) but also on pro- blems of sentence semantics such as quantification, propositional attitudes, presuppositions. In this paper I shall present a slightly more general perspective, and in order to do this I shall distinguish three of the possible views of what the term contrastive semantics may mean before starting on the main body of the paper. These views are: 6 D. Gibbon (1)i. that contrastive semantics is plain semantics used to describe two rather than one or nineteen languages; ii. that contrastive semantics is essentially the description and expla- nation of translation; iii. that contrastive semantics is the description and explanation of the semantic system underlying the use of more than one language by persons in communities. These three perspectives may be thought of as being arranged roughly on a scale of idealisation. The first has the least ambitious empirical goals, but the greatest chance of providing explanation rather than just description. The last is empirically tl.e most ambitious, and the least amenable at present to stringent explanatory description; it underlies approaches to second lan- guage learning, bilingualism and diglossia. The intermediate category is not located on a simple straight line of idealisation between these two, but it does provide a bridge between th mm: translation may be seen at the 'upper' end on this scale as a semantic operation over two languages; at the `laver' end it may be seen as a form of bilingual language activity. There are other ways of bridging this idealisation gap; such notions as control of contextually determined language variation, stylistic and fimctional 'code' switching, would also provide bridges of different kinds. Translation provides a convenient perspective for present purposes, however, and also in many ways a realistic goal for contrastive semantics, whether theoretical or applied. The present discussion has been developed with this perspective in mind, though particular arguments have 'been drawn mainly from the first of the above perspectives, and an explicit model of translation which includes non- Fregean translation is not developed. 2. Frege's Principle, idiemzaticity and analysis In a discussion of Montague grammar, Partee states the following (1976:52): the task of the semantic,' [associated with a particular syntax] is to assign interpretations to the smallest units and then to give rules which determine the interpretation of larger units on the basis of the interpretation of their parts. Similar formulations are given by Cresswell (1973.75f.), who introduces the .term Trege's Principle' for this fundamental inductive principle of composi- sitional semantics, defining it as the principle that the meaning of any complex expression is determined by the meanings of its parts. Or to be more precise, the meaning of the whole upression is a function of the meanings of its parts. He provides two explications of the principle, a weaker one simply stating the function involved, and a stronger one based on the substitutability of 6 Violations of Frege's Principle synonymous constituents with preservation of the
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