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Report WP8 ASPECTS of DEVIANCE, CRIME and PREVENTION in EUROPE

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Report WP8 ASPECTS of DEVIANCE, CRIME and PREVENTION in EUROPE Report WP8 ASPECTS OF DEVIANCE, CRIME AND PREVENTION IN EUROPE Report of the Final Conference – WP8 ICCCR – Open University Milton Keynes (UK). 17-19 June, 2009 Assessing Deviance, Crime and Prevention in Europe. Project CRIMPREV. Coordination Action – FP6, funded by the European Commission. Contract n° 028300. Starting date: July 1st, 2006. Duration : 36 months. Project coordinated by CNRS – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Website: www.crimprev.eu. E-mail : [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS CRIMPREV'S achievements: an assessment and some recommendations René Lévy .................................................................................................. 5 Assessing crime, deviance and prevention: an accident and a few questions Clive Emsley ............................................................................................. 16 Factors of deviant behaviour: lessons from the workshops and theoretical perspectives Laurent Mucchielli.................................................................................. 26 Between fears and reality: An examination of criminal behaviour Pieter Spierenburg................................................................................... 35 Factors underlying political violence Xavier Crettiez.......................................................................................... 40 ‘The disorder of the biblical monster’. Comments on Xavier Crettiez Factors underlying political violence Dario Melossi............................................................................................ 53 Risk and protective factors for criminalisation: a comparative approach Sonja Snacken........................................................................................... 58 Drug use: factors and formulation of criminalization in Europe Maria Luisa Cesoni, Marie-Sophie Devresse, Isabel Germán Mancebo..................................................................................................... 81 Comments on Maria Luisa Cesoni, Marie-Sophie Devresse, Isabel Germán Mancebo: Drug use: factors and formulation of criminalization in Europe Toby Seddon............................................................................................. 89 Governing Perceptions of Crime and (In)Security in an Age of Uncertainty Adam Crawford ........................................................................................ 96 Risk and insecurity as broader concepts behind fear of crime and punitiveness Klaus Sessar, Helmut Kury................................................................... 120 Comments on Risk, fear and insecurity: in praise of simplicity Mike Hough.............................................................................................. 136 Potential effects of national policies on the informal economy Joanna Shapland, Paul Ponsaers......................................................... 143 A commentary on the Crimprev’s approach to the matter Informal economy and immigration Pietro Saitta ............................................................................................... 144 2 Comments on Saitta’s report André Lemaître ........................................................................................ 158 Public policies of crime prevention Tim Hope .................................................................................................. 165 The preventive turn and the promotion of safer communities in England and Wales: political inventiveness and governmental instabilities Adam Edwards, Gordon Hugues ....................................................... 201 Comment : Discussion on welfare policies from the perspective of juvenile justice Maria José Bernuz Beneitez................................................................. 202 Mesuring crime and assessing safety and crime-prevention policies Philippe Robert, Renée Zauberman .................................................. 208 Self-reported delinquency surveys in Europe Marcelo Aebi............................................................................................. 227 Convergences and divergences between the investigations of self-reported crime And research on violence at school Anabel Rodríguez Basanta ................................................................... 268 3 Translators: John TUTTLE for the following contributions: - Bernuz Beneitez - Lemaître - Mucchielli - Rodríguez Basanta Dina FIGUEIREDO for the following contributions: - Cesoni-Devresse-German Mancebo - Crawford - Emsley - Hough - Robert-Zauberman - Saitta - Spierenburg Christine MEAR for the following contributions: - Hope - Melossi - Seddon - Sessar Kury - Snacken Editing: Bessie Leconte 4 CRIMPREV'S ACHIEVEMENTS: AN ASSESSMENT AND SOME RECOMMENDATIONS René Lévy Dear colleagues and friends, I am pleased to welcome you at this final Crimprev conference and I thank you for being present today. I also wish to thank Professor Heywood for her kind welcome and Clive Emsley, his colleagues and the staff of the OU (esp. Yvonne Bartley) for their hard work in organising this conference. For all those who took part in this project – and not the least for me – this is an important event, for it marks the end of an endeavour which, as a group, has kept us busy for almost 6 years: indeed, the first meeting to discuss a possible submission to FP6 was convened on 2-3 october 2003! But of course, for most of us it's the last 3 years which have been the busiest: between July 2006 and June 2009, there have been no less than 46 official Crimprev meetings1! It is time now to try and assess the work we've accomplished during these last 3 years. With so many meetings, dispersed across 10 countries, which of course not everyone, including myself, could attend, it has not been easy to keep abreast of the work of the partners. The first objective of this conference, then is to give each of us an opportunity to get an overview of the whole program. A second objective of this conference is to cross the various perspectives from different workpackages on a few selected themes. And a third objective is of course to increase the visibility of Crimprev's results. In this general introduction, my aim is not to produce some grand theory from or some general synthesis of the results. Much more modestly, I intend to a) briefly outline the content of Crimprev b) describe its main achievements and difficulties of implementation c) outline some perspectives for future cooperation 1 Including 6 Steering Comittee or Consortium Assembly meetings. 5 I - What is Crimprev ? 1 - Background Crimprev is a Coordination Action. For those who are not too familiar with Eurospeak, let me remind you that a CA (Coordination Action) is basically a network action. Contrary to other more focussed FP instruments a CA is not supposed to do any original research, but is expected to produce a European "added-value" (Eurospeak again) through comparing results of research already done in various national contexts. The starting point for Crimprev was §6.2.3 of the 2004-2005 work programme for priority 7 (Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-Based Society) of the 6th FP coming under the heading of Crime and criminalisation2. At this stage, there's no need further commenting this call. Suffice it to say that it covers a lot of ground and as a consequence, so does our program. 2 - The consortium and organisation CRIMPREV - CONSORTIUM MEMBERS UNITED KINGDOM : BELGIUM : OU FUSL KEELE UCL UNIVLEEDS ULB USFD UGENT MU ULG VUB NETHERLAND : EUR FRANCE : GERMANY: CNRS HSF ESSLINGEN UNIV V. SEGALEN UNIV. HAMBURG FNSP UNIFRANKFURT UK UTM NL EFUS USTL B D F SLOVENIA : PORTUGAL: IK SL FDUP I UM SP P ITALY : G RER SPAIN : UNIBO GENCAT DISA-UNIGE UPV GREECE UNIZAR : UOP 2 §6.2.3 of the Work Programme read as follows: Some social conflicts e.g. between different communities in disadvantaged areas- may be associated with socially deviant behaviours and to their Criminalisation; the latter, in turn may influence the capability to address the roots of such behaviours as well as the possibilities of resolving the conflicts themselves. The objective is to identify the social, political, economic, legal and cultural factors in Europe conducive to the perception of crime and to the practice of socially deviant behaviours, and to examine the implications for crime prevention policies within the EU. STREPs and/or CAs should consider how "new"‚ and "old"‚ forms of violence have (re)defined the notion of crime and highlight the relevance of class, race, gender, age and location in understanding these phenomena; the distinctiveness of socially deviant behaviour as compared to organised crime, as well as possible relations between them (e.g. the first as recruitment field for the second); the causes and consequences of criminalisation and marginalisation together with the dynamics of socio-political, economic and media actors responsible for constructing feelings of insecurity. The challenges that measures such as detention and repatriation face in reproducing and preventing further crime -and in safeguarding or violating human rights- should be critically examined; the role of negative social stereotyping could also be considered in this regard. A comparison of different criminal law regimes and crime prevention and social integration policies implemented across national and European levels should be undertaken and good practises should be identified. 6 The project involved 31 institutions (later 30, after U. of Bordeaux 2 dropped out) from 10 European
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