國立政治大學宗教研究所 碩士學位論文 The Varieties of Confucian治 Practice in the Taipei政 Confucius大 Temple 立 台北孔廟中的各種儒家實踐學 國 ‧ ‧ N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hen hi U 指導教授：高雅寧gc 研究生：袁光譽 Robert Ivan 中華民國 106 年 7 月 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the teachers at the Department of Religious Studies at the Charles University in Prague who helped me develop an interdisciplinary approach to the study of religions. I am also thankful to the teachers of Sinology at the Charles University for providing me with a background in the history and culture of China, as well as thorough training in modern and classical Chinese. In this respect, I would like to express my gratitude to the teachers and schoolmates in Taiwan, including not only those from the Graduate Institute of Religious Studies and the Department of Ethnology at the National Chengchi University, but also those from the Department of Sociology at the National Taiwan University. The skills and knowledge I had gained proved invaluable during my field research. I am also grateful to Prof. Chen Hsi-yüan for introducing me to the Taipei Confucius temple. I am indebted to my thesis supervisor, Prof. Kao Ya-ning, for her patience, and continuous support and guidance during the fieldwork and the writing of the thesis. Special thanks are due to all my政 interlocutors治 at the Taipei Confucius temple, many of whom became my friends, for letting me into their lives 大and sharing with me their stories, hopes, and aspirations. I am also立 grateful to my friends, namely Jasmine Tung, who read the drafts of the thesis and provided comments and corrections. 學 Finally, I would like to thank the members of the thesis defence committee for their 國 criticism and advice on future research. They are, namely, Prof. James Wilkerson, Prof. Huang Ke-Hsien, and Prof. Kuo Cheng-tian. ‧ ‧ N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U Abstract This ethnographic work challenges the dominance of philosophical interpretations in the field of Confucian studies, and demonstrates the importance of the fieldwork based approach in the study of Confucianism for better understanding of this tradition, and its role in the society and in the lives of individuals. The author has adopted the lived religion approach, and, following participant observation in the classes on classical texts and in the rituals in the Taipei Confucius temple, analyses the worldviews and practices of different social actors, and their relationships to the Confucian tradition. The ethnographic data challenges clear distinctions between official and popular Confucianism and shows a variety of discourses and practices. On the one hand, the nationalist discourse identifies Confucianism with the Chinese national culture, and the thesis gives attention to the role of scholars and intellectuals in its propagation. However, despite the hegemony of this nationalist framework, which resulted in the Taipei Confucius temple becoming a symbolic battleground between政 China治-centred and Taiwan-centred nationalism, other groups and individuals reinvent Confucianism in ways大 divergent from the nationalist interpretations. Moreover, the立 thesis describes complexity of interactions between these individuals and groups in the Taipei Confucius temple. 學 Chapter 1 is the introduction, and presents the research questions, overview of 國 secondary literature on Confucianism, theoretical framework, and methodology. Chapter 2 provides historical and social context of Confucianism in Taiwan, showing‧ how the tradition has been continually reinvented and how the role of the Taipei Confucius temple in the society ‧ changed. Chapter 3 discussesN the Classics for Families, which aim to foster close relationship a y between parents and children different from past emphasis of filialt obedience. Chapter 4 t i describes the New Confuciani study group on the Four Bookss with an emphasis on o r intellectualist and nationalistn interpretations of the Classics. Chapter 5 focuses on ritual a e practice, and in addition to the Confucius birthday ceremony ini vSeptember, gives attention to l C n other rituals performed in the temple, hincludingeng adulthoodchi U ceremonies, and various modes of individual and group worship. Chapter 6 is the conclusion and overviews directions for future fieldwork-based research on Confucianism. Keywords: Taipei Confucius temple, Lived religion, Confucianism, Classics recitation, Ritual, New Confucianism, Nationalism 摘要 本研究採用民族誌方法，包括：研究者參與在台北市孔廟進行的親子讀經班與 成人經典研讀班，以及觀察各種在孔廟內與其他地點舉行的祭孔相關儀式活動。筆者 運用生活宗教（lived religion）的取向，進一步描述與分析孔廟內外行動者理解儒家經 典的概念，以及實踐其概念的方式。本民族誌研究打破以往偏重哲學解釋與詮釋的儒 家研究取向，發現不同的行動者參加這些活動的動機非常不同，在理解與實踐儒家經 典的概念與知識也是很不一樣的。本研究關注學者與知識分子如何協助推廣民族主義 敘述，將「儒家文化」視為或等同為「中華民族文化」，在這樣的背景下，台北孔廟 成為中國民族主義和台灣民族主義的戰地。然而，其他行動者的詮釋和實踐脫離民族 主義框架。田野調查資料突破官方與民間儒家的二元論，並顯示出孔廟內外行動者互 動的複雜性。 本論文一共六章。第一章即是前言，說明研究問題、回顧儒家研究文獻、介紹 理論架構與研究方法。第二章概述台灣儒家文化的歷史，描述儒家傳統不斷地被重新治 創作的過程。第三章分析親子讀經班透過讀經來增加親子互動，而非過去儒家所強調政 大 的孝道。第四章描述成人經典研讀班顯示出新儒家被國民政府運用來創造「中華傳統立 文化」的過程，以及讀經者如何將自己所理解的經典意義運用在日常生活中。第五章學 分析孔廟中的祭孔與其他相關儀式都充滿著政治的角力，國家、政府與黨派對儀式要 國 如何進行都產生不同的影響力，而民間也發展出自己一套祭孔的方式與理解。最後， 第六章除了結論之外 ，還提出以田野調查研究儒家的未來研究方向與議題‧ 。 ‧ N a y 關鍵字：台北孔廟、生活宗教、儒家、讀經班、祭孔典禮、新儒家、民族主義t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation and Research Questions ....................................................................................1 1.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................3 Confucian Thought ......................................................................................................................4 Confucianism in Context..............................................................................................................6 Confucianism and Education .......................................................................................................9 Confucianism and Rituals .......................................................................................................... 10 Confucianism in Taiwan............................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................... 15 Problem of Definitions .............................................................................................................. 16 Colonialism ................................................................政 治............................................................... 17 Nationalism ................................................................................................大 ............................... 19 Tradition and Modernity ................................立 ........................................................................... 20 學 Ritual ........................................................................................................................................ 21 1.4 Method ................................國 ............................................................................................. 21 1.5 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................‧ ....... 26 2 Temple and History ................................................................................................................... 28 ‧ N 2.1 The Space and Architecture of the Temple......................................................................... 28 a y t 2.2 Events and Activitiest in the Temple ................................................................i ................... 32 i s o r 2.3 Late Qing Era Taiwan n(1860-1895) ................................................................e ..................... 35 a v 2.4 Japanese Era Taiwan (1895l - 1945) ................................................................i ...................... 41 C Un 2.5 KMT Culture Politics and the Newh Lifeen Movementgchi (1934-1945) ......................................... 49 2.6 KMT Securing Foothold in Taiwan (50s-60s) ....................................................................... 58 2.7 Chinese Culture Renaissance Movement (1960s-1980s) .................................................... 66 2.8 Liberalization and Taiwanization (1980s-1990s) ................................................................. 72 2.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 83 3 Classics for Families ................................................................................................................... 85 3.1 Overview and History ........................................................................................................ 85 3.2 Overview of Texts .............................................................................................................. 90 3.3 Teachers and Parents ........................................................................................................ 91 3.4 Structure of Lessons .......................................................................................................... 97 3.5 Variations ........................................................................................................................ 102 3.6 Diverse Education ...........................................................................................................