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Zinc and Lead Ore Deposits in Carbonate Rocks, Stevens County, Washington

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Zinc and Lead Ore Deposits in Carbonate Rocks, Stevens County, Washington STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES BERT L. CO LE, Commissioner of Public Land s DON LEE FRASER, Supervisor DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES VAUGHN ~- LIVINGSTON, JR., State Geologist BULLETIN NO. 70 ZINC AND LEAD ORE DEPOSITS IN CARBONATE ROCKS, STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON By JOSEPH W. MILLS W ith a section on the GEOLOGY OF THE CALHOUN MINE By JAMES BROWNE 1977 For sale by Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington Price $3.00 FOREWORD Since the early days of its history Stevens County hos been recognized as having geology favorable for the occurrence of mineral deposits. George Bethune in his Annual Report of the First State Geologist, 1890, to Governor Laughton said: "Dome Nature was lavish in her gifts to all that vast domain we know and revere as Washington •.•• But especially kind and generous, it would seem, she hos been to that portion of Washington lying away over in her northeastern corner ..•• " Although Bethune's evaluation may hove been overly optimistic, Stevens County hos been the home of many mining operations over the years. During the early years of mining in the county, silver was the metal that received the most attention, but as time went on more and more attention was paid to other metals, not the least of which were lead and zinc. Because there ore many mineral deposits in Stevens County and over the years mining hos mode a significant contribution to the county's economy, it was thought by Marshall T. Huntting in 1967 (former Su'pervisor of the Division of Geology and Earth Resources) that a study on ore genesis of the county would be very beneficial. Mr . Huntting was able to recruit Dr. Joseph W. Mills of Washington State University to undertake the study. In his preliminary work Dr. Mills found that the scope was too large and so, with the consent of Huntting, restricted his study to the lead-zinc deposits associated with carbonate rocks. Dr. Mi lls hos done on excellent job in assembling existing information on these deposits in Stevens County and hos added considerable new data through his own efforts. Even more important, he has presented new hypotheses on the nature of the contact between the Metaline Limestone and Ledbetter Slate and on the origin of the Josephine Breccia and the mineral deposits it hosts. We are fortunate in being able to present here, in Bulletin 70, the results of his research, which add signifi ­ cantly to our knowledge of Stevens County zinc- lead deposits, and which should lead to better- directed exploration and renewed scientific interest in the zinc- lead deposits of Stevens County. Vaughn E. Li vingston, Jr . Washington State Geologist April 27, 1977 11 1 CONTENTS Purpose and scope ..•. ••.•....•..... • •• . .•.•. ..•..•• . .. .••. ...•••.•. ...•... Introduction . •••.••.•....•. ..•. ... • •• • . .•..•..... ·· •• . • .. ..• • ........ .......•••• . •• Location, accessibility, and topography .. • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • 1 History . • . • • . • • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 2 Mining activity . • . • • . • • . • . • . • • • • . • . • . • . • • . • 2 Geological studies • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . 4 Acknowledgments • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • . • . 5 General geology . • . • . • • . • • . • . • • • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • • • • • . • . • 6 Kootenay Arc . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 6 Introduction . • • . • • . • . • • . • . • • . • • 6 Folds • • • • . • • . • . • • . • • . • . • . • • • • . • . • . • . 6 Faults • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • . 8 Unconformities . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • • . 9 Igneous rocks and thermal metamorphism • . • . • . • . • • . • . • • • . 10 Stevens County . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • • . • . • • • . 11 Introduction . • • . • . • • • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • • . • • . • • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • . • 11 Paleozoic rocks . • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • • . • • • • • • . 11 Cambrian System • • • . • . • • . • • . • • . • . • . • . • • • • . • • . • . 11 Gypsy Quartzite . • . • • • • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . 14 Maitlen Phyllite . • • • • . • .. • . .. • • • . • . • . 14 Metaline Limestone . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • . 15 Other Ii mestones . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • . • 1 7 Ordovician System • . • . • • . • . • . • • . • • 20 Ledbetter Slate . • . • • . 20 Metaline Limestone-Ledbetter Slate contact . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 21 Introduction . • . • . • . 21 Observations . • • . • . • . • . 21 Origin .............. ................. ...................................... 26 Sedimentary depositional origin . • . • • . • . • . 26 Fau lt origin . • . • . • . • . • 26 Unconformity origin •.•.•.•.... ...•............••..•.. · . .. · ·, ·, · · · · · · 28 Summary and conclusions .•..• . ... ...... .......... .... , • .. , , . , , · · · · · · 30 V CONTE1'-JTS Josephine Breccia • • ••• •• •• •••••• • • • •. •.. • . ••. .... •• . •.. • •••••. .••• . • . .... • · ·. ·. 30 Definition .•. • ..••••• • •• . •••••. .•..••• . .•.. .• ... ..•••.••• ...... • . • • •••.. • • 30 Description •.• • •.•••.•..••• •• • ••••..•• • • ..•..•.•••• . •• ••• . ••••..•..•••• •• . • . 31 Origin ...... ....... .... ........ .................... ............. ........ ... 34 Fault origin .••.•. •••••••.• .. .... • . .•••••• . .. •• •••....• . ... • • . •.. 34 Sedimentary depositional origin • • .... .•..••• . • . • ..•..•••...•• . • . .• . 35 So lution-collapse brecciation origin .•.••..• • • .. •• •.•••• . • .. • •.. .•. • •• 35 Chorocteristi cs •.••• • . ..•...• , .• • • . •. .• . ..• • .• . ...• . • • . •. • • 36 Comparison of characteristics . ••....••... .• . ..•.••.•••.... • •. 37 Conclusion • . ••..•.... • . • • •. •....• ••• ... .•. •••.•.. • •. • • . • .• • • .. ••. 37 Ore deposits .... .. ....................... .. .. ............................. ..... .... 39 General . • .. ••• • •••• •• •• •. •••• •• . •.••.•• • • . •. • • . • • •. ••.••••• . • . • • •• •• . • • 39 Production •. • • . •.•• • • • •.••.•.•.•.•• . ••• . .••• . •.• • ... • • • • •. • • . •..•• 39 Classification ••••• • •. • ••.•.••.••• • •.. •. • •••.• • •.• •• . •• • • •. • . ..••.••. 43 Quartz vein deposits • . ••• . .••••• . • • • •••.•• •. •. • •• • . •• •. •• • •••••••• . ••. .• . 46 Sulfide veins in noncorbonate rocks •••...• • . •• •••••••••• • . • • •. • • • . •. • . .••. •. 47 Su lfide veins in carbonate rocks ••..• • . • •.••••• . •• . • • •• . .. • . ..•..... • , ••.•• •. .• 48 Metamorphism • . .• ..••.. • ...••••.• . •. •. • • . • .. ••• . ..•.•• •••• . • • . • • . 49 Origin • • . •• •••• ••..•..• . • • •.•••••.•• . .. .. • . .•• .. •••••••..•.••• •. •• • • 49 Concordant zinc-lead deposits in Josephine Breccia . • . • . •••. ••.••.••• • •••••. • 51 Introduction ••••• ••• ••••• . •••• • • •. .•••••••• •• •• • • • • . •• . ••••.•••• • ••• • 51 Characteristics • •• . •.•• . .. , ••• •• • • •• • •••••• •• • •••. .. • . .•••••••• • .•• , • 51 Summary •••••• .• •• • • •• • ••• ••• . •• • •••••• • • • •••• . ••. • . •.. • • . ••• . 51 Woll- rock alteration , • • •• , •• • • • • . • ..••.••••• . • •• •• • •.••• • •••• • •• • • • • • • 53 Dolomitization • •••• • • . •• • •.. .•.... .•. ••. • •••••• • •..•••.•••• 53 Silicification •• • . • . ••...•...•.••• • ••••••••• . ...• • •.. • . .. • .• • . 54 Colcitizotion e e e e + e e e I e e e e e • e + e e e e e e e e + • e e e e e e e e e • • e e e • e • • • e e e e 54 Poragenesis of breccia ore • • • • • . • • . • . • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • . • . 54 Metamorphism • • . • • • • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • • . • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • . • • . • • • 54 Simi lar strata- bound zinc-lead deposits . ... .. ...... ... .... ... .. 55 Origin • • • • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • . • • • • • . • 56 Ore control . • • • • . • . • • . • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • • • . • . • • . • . • • . • • . 56 Source of metals • • . • • • . • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • . • . 56 Source of sulfur . • • • • . • • • . • . • . • • • • . • • • • • . • • . • • . • . • • • . • • 57 Supply of mineralizing fluid . • . • • • • • . • • . • . • • . • • . • . • . • . • . 58 Causes of deposition 59 VI CONTENTS Ore deposits- Continued Concordant zinc-lead deposits in Josephine Breccia-Continued Origin- Continued Syngenesis, diagenesis, filling, and replacement . •.........••...• . • 59 Summ.ary ....••..•• . • . •• .. ...... .. .• • ........ •. ...••.•..•.....•.. 60 Concordant zinc-lead deposits in breccia of Yellowhead horizon .• . • ..•. ••.••.••.••• 62 Introduction •• •.•.•••.••••••• . .•••• . ••....• .• •• .. • . ••.•.•• ••• •.. , .•• 62 Origin of breccia host and ore .•••.• ••. •.•••.•. •.. • •• •.•••• • . .. • .• ..•.• 62 Calhoun mine . ••• ••.. ••• • •••.•.•••••••••••. • •••••••.• • • •• ••••.••. .... 62 An alternative origin •• • •• . ••.•• • •••••••• • ••. • •••.•••• • • , ••••••.• 63 Exploration ••..•••• •• •• . •.••.• • • • • • • •••••••••••.••• •• ••••.••••. 65 Concordant metamorphosed zinc-lead deposits in banded limestone and dolomite marbles •• • •••••• . ••••••• • •• .• • •. •.•• •• •• ••• •. ••••.•••• •• •. ••.• 66 Introduction ..•.• • • •• • •• •••••• •• ••••••.•• • • • ••• •.•••• .• • •••• , , , • • , •• , • 66 Characteristics •.• ••••••••••• . • .• •.•• • •.•• • • • ••• •••.••••• . • • •• ••. •••• •• 66 Ore deposits ••..•• • •••••• • •• . •• • •.••••• • • .• ••••••••••• •• •••••••• .•• •.• 67 Metamorphism ••••••••• • •••• . •• ..• •• . • • •• .•.•• • • • • ••••••.•• , , •.. • , , • , 72 Origin ..•••• . .•••••.•••.•.• . ••••• . • .•. •• . ••••••• .••• ••• , • . •• , • .•.• , , 78 Simi lar deposits and earlier views •••••••••• • •••• . •••• , • .. •••• , . , , , , • , , ••. 79 Ore exploitation and metamorphism ••• . ••••••• .• •.• . • • ••••••.•• , . •••• . ••• 79 Mines and prospects in carbonate rocks ••.••••.. ••••••••• • •••••• . •• . •••• • ••. • , ••• , •••• 81 A and C mine •••••••••••••.••••.••.• . •• • •• •••••••••••• .•.. .•• ••. •. , • • , . , , , .• 83 Admiral Consolidated ••.•••••••••.•••••••••••••• • • •• • ••. •••• •• ••• , , , • , , •.
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