Life Cycles and Animal Interaction Study Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Life Cycles and Animal Interaction Study Guide Butterflies: Know the stages of a butterfly’s life cycle. Be able to draw and label them. 1. A caterpillar grows inside an egg. 2. A caterpillar hatches and continues to grow by eating leaves. 3. A caterpillar then forms an outer shell called a chrysalis or pupa. 4. After a few weeks a butterfly emerges. Frogs: Know the stages of a frog’s life cycle. Be able to draw and label them. 1. An adult frog lays eggs in the water. 2. Tadpoles hatch from the eggs. 3. A tadpole grows back and front legs. 4. When the tadpole’s tail is completely gone, it is a frog. Food Chains : The path of food from one living thing to another. Food Chains start with a plant (Producers) that make their own food from the sun. Key Vocabulary: producer A living thing that makes its own food. Plants use the energy from the sun to make their own food. Plants are producers because they use the food they make to live and grow. consumer A living thing that eats other living things as food. Animals are consumers because they eat plants and/or other animals for their food. Consumer can be grouped (or classified) by the kinds of food they eat. Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. herbivore An animal that eats plants to get food energy. Herbivores typically have round, flat teeth. They use their large, ridged molars for grinding the plants. Examples of herbivores include sheep, deer, moose, elephants, cows, and rabbits. carnivore An animal that eats other animals to get food energy. Carnivores typically have sharp canine teeth to help catch prey and tear the meat when they eat. Carnivores must often hunt and kill their food. Many carnivores have claws or sharp beaks to shred meat. Examples of carnivores include lions, tigers, cats, wolves, owls, polar bears, and sharks. omnivore An animal that eats plants and other animals to get food energy. Omnivores have both types of teeth—flat, round teeth and longer, sharp teeth. Examples of omnivores include humans, brown bears, raccoons, birds, and turtles. decomposer A living thing that breaks down dead things for food. Decomposers also break down the wastes of living things. Examples of decomposers include earthworms, ants, bacteria, and fungi such as mushrooms. Predator An animal that hunts another animal for food. Prey An animal that is hunted by a predator .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Backyard Food
Suggested Grades: 2nd - 5th BACKYARD FOOD WEB Wildlife Champions at Home Science Experiment 2-LS4-1: Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in different habitats. What is a food web? All living things on earth are either producers, consumers or decomposers. Producers are organisms that create their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is when a living thing uses sunlight, water and nutrients from the soil to create its food. Most plants are producers. Consumers get their energy by eating other living things. Consumers can be either herbivores (eat only plants – like deer), carnivores (eat only meat – like wolves) or omnivores (eat both plants and meat - like humans!) Decomposers are organisms that get their energy by eating dead plants or animals. After a living thing dies, decomposers will break down the body and turn it into nutritious soil for plants to use. Mushrooms, worms and bacteria are all examples of decomposers. A food web is a picture that shows how energy (food) passes through an ecosystem. The easiest way to build a food web is by starting with the producers. Every ecosystem has plants that make their own food through photosynthesis. These plants are eaten by herbivorous consumers. These herbivores are then hunted by carnivorous consumers. Eventually, these carnivores die of illness or old age and become food for decomposers. As decomposers break down the carnivore’s body, they create delicious nutrients in the soil which plants will use to live and grow! When drawing a food web, it is important to show the flow of energy (food) using arrows.
[Show full text]
Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators
diversity Review Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators Andrés Ordiz 1,2,* , Malin Aronsson 1,3, Jens Persson 1 , Ole-Gunnar Støen 4, Jon E. Swenson 2 and Jonas Kindberg 4,5 1 Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (J.P.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (O.-G.S.); [email protected] (J.K.) 5 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The effects of human disturbance spread over virtually all ecosystems and ecological communities on Earth. In this review, we focus on the effects of human disturbance on terrestrial apex predators. We summarize their ecological role in nature and how they respond to different sources of human disturbance. Apex predators control their prey and smaller predators numerically and via behavioral changes to avoid predation risk, which in turn can affect lower trophic levels. Crucially, reducing population numbers and triggering behavioral responses are also the effects that human disturbance causes to apex predators, which may in turn inﬂuence their ecological role. Some populations continue to be at the brink of extinction, but others are partially recovering former ranges, via natural recolonization and through reintroductions.
[Show full text]
Seventh Grade
Name: _____________________ Maui Ocean Center Learning Worksheet Seventh Grade Our mission is to foster understanding, wonder and respect for Hawai‘i’s Marine Life. Based on benchmarks SC.6.3.1, SC. 7.3.1, SC. 7.3.2, SC. 7.5.4 Maui Ocean Center SEVENTH GRADE 1 Interdependent Relationships Relationships A food web (or chain) shows how each living thing gets its food. Some animals eat plants and some animals eat other animals. For example, a simple food chain links plants, cows (that eat plants), and humans (that eat cows). Each link in this chain is food for the next link. A food chain always starts with plant life and ends with an animal. Plants are called producers (they are also autotrophs) because they are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water. Animals cannot make their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals. They are called consumers (they are also heterotrophs). There are three groups of consumers. Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores. Animals and people who eat both animals and plants are called omnivores. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) feed on decaying matter. These decomposers speed up the decaying process that releases minerals back into the food chain for absorption by plants as nutrients. Do you know why there are more herbivores than carnivores? In a food chain, energy is passed from one link to another. When a herbivore eats, only a fraction of the energy (that it gets from the plant food) becomes new body mass; the rest of the energy is lost as waste or used up (by the herbivore as it moves).
[Show full text]
Plants Are Producers! Draw the Different Producers Below
Name: ______________________________ The Unique Producer Every food chain begins with a producer. Plants are producers. They make their own food, which creates energy for them to grow, reproduce and survive. Being able to make their own food makes them unique; they are the only living things on Earth that can make their own source of food energy. Of course, they require sun, water and air to thrive. Given these three essential ingredients, you will have a healthy plant to begin the food chain. All plants are producers! Draw the different producers below. Apple Tree Rose Bushes Watermelon Grasses Plant Blueberry Flower Fern Daisy Bush List the three essential needs that every producer must have in order to live. © 2009 by Heather Motley Name: ______________________________ Producers can make their own food and energy, but consumers are different. Living things that have to hunt, gather and eat their food are called consumers. Consumers have to eat to gain energy or they will die. There are four types of consumers: omnivores, carnivores, herbivores and decomposers. Herbivores are living things that only eat plants to get the food and energy they need. Animals like whales, elephants, cows, pigs, rabbits, and horses are herbivores. Carnivores are living things that only eat meat. Animals like owls, tigers, sharks and cougars are carnivores. You would not catch a plant in these animals’ mouths. Then, we have the omnivores. Omnivores will eat both plants and animals to get energy. Whichever food source is abundant or available is what they will eat. Animals like the brown bear, dogs, turtles, raccoons and even some people are omnivores.
[Show full text]
Nile Tilapia and Milkfish in the Philippines
FAO ISSN 2070-7010 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 614 Better management practices for feed production and management of Nile tilapia and milkfish in the Philippines Cover photographs: Top left: Harvest of milkfish in Panabo Mariculture Park, Panabo City, Davao, Philippines (courtesy of FAO/Thomas A. Shipton). Top right: Harvest of Nile tilapia in Taal Lake in the province of Batangas, the Philippines (courtesy of FAO/Mohammad R. Hasan). Bottom: A view of cage and pen culture of milkfish in a large brackishwater pond, Dagupan, Philippines. (courtesy of FAO/Mohammad R. Hasan). Cover design: Mohammad R. Hasan and Koen Ivens. FAO FISHERIES AND Better management practices AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL for feed production and PAPER management of Nile tilapia 614 and milkfish in the Philippines by Patrick G. White FAO Consultant Crest, France Thomas A. Shipton FAO Consultant Grahamstown, South Africa Pedro B. Bueno FAO Consultant Bangkok, Thailand and Mohammad R. Hasan Aquaculture Officer Aquaculture Branch FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
[Show full text]
An Ecological Framework for Contextualizing Carnivore–Livestock Conﬂict
Special Section Review An ecological framework for contextualizing carnivore–livestock conﬂict Christine E. Wilkinson ,1 ∗ Alex McInturff,1 Jennifer R. B. Miller,1,2 Veronica Yovovich,1 Kaitlyn M. Gaynor,1 Kendall Calhoun,1 Harshad Karandikar,1 Jeff Vance Martin,3 Phoebe Parker-Shames,1 Avery Shawler,1 Amy Van Scoyoc,1 and Justin S. Brashares1 1Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A. 2Defenders of Wildlife, 1130 17th St. NW, Washington DC, 20036, U.S.A. 3Department of Geography, University of California, 505 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A. Abstract: Carnivore predation on livestock is a complex management and policy challenge, yet it is also intrinsi- cally an ecological interaction between predators and prey. Human–wildlife interactions occur in socioecological systems in which human and environmental processes are closely linked. However, underlying human–wildlife conflict and key to unpacking its complexity are concrete and identifiable ecological mechanisms that lead to predation events. To better understand how ecological theory accords with interactions between wild predators and domestic prey, we developed a framework to describe ecological drivers of predation on livestock. We based this framework on foundational ecological theory and current research on interactions between predators and domestic prey. We used this framework to examine ecological mechanisms (e.g., density-mediated effects, behaviorally mediated effects, and optimal foraging theory) through which specific management interventions operate, and we analyzed the ecological determinants of failure and success of management interventions in 3 case studies: snow leopards (Panthera uncia), wolves (Canis lupus), and cougars (Puma concolor).
[Show full text]
Herbivore Physiological Response to Predation Risk and Implications for Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics
Herbivore physiological response to predation risk and implications for ecosystem nutrient dynamics Dror Hawlena and Oswald J. Schmitz1 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 Communicated by Thomas W. Schoener, University of California, Davis, CA, June 29, 2010 (received for review January 4, 2010) The process of nutrient transfer throughan ecosystem is an important lower the quantity of energy that can be allocated to production determinant of production, food-chain length, and species diversity. (20–23). Consequently, stress-induced constraints on herbivore The general view is that the rate and efficiency of nutrient transfer up production should lower the demand for N-rich proteins (24). the food chain is constrained by herbivore-specific capacity to secure Herbivores also have low capacity to store excess nutrients (24), N-rich compounds for survival and production. Using feeding trials and hence should seek plants with high digestible carbohydrate with artificial food, we show, however, that physiological stress- content to minimize the costs of ingesting and excreting excess N. response of grasshopper herbivores to spider predation risk alters the Such stress-induced shift in nutrient demand may be especially nature of the nutrient constraint. Grasshoppers facing predation risk important in terrestrial systems in which digestible carbohydrate had higher metabolic rates than control grasshoppers. Elevated represents a small fraction of total plant carbohydrate-C, and may metabolism accordingly increased requirements for dietary digestible be limiting even under risk-free conditions (25). Moreover, stress carbohydrate-C to fuel-heightened energy demands. Moreover, di- responses include break down of body proteins to produce glucose gestible carbohydrate-C comprises a small fraction of total plant (i.e., gluconeogenesis) (14), which requires excretion of N-rich tissue-C content, so nutrient transfer between plants and herbivores waste compounds (ammonia or primary amines) (26).
[Show full text]
AP Biology Flash Review Is Designed to Help Howyou Prepare to Use Forthis and Book Succeed on the AP Biology Exam
* . .AP . BIOLOGY. Flash review APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 1 12/20/12 9:54 AM OTHER TITLES OF INTEREST FROM LEARNINGEXPRESS AP* U.S. History Flash Review ACT * Flash Review APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 2 12/20/12 9:54 AM AP* BIOLOGY . Flash review ® N EW YORK APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 3 12/20/12 9:54 AM The content in this book has been reviewed and updated by the LearningExpress Team in 2016. Copyright © 2012 LearningExpress, LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York. Printed in the United States of America 987654321 First Edition ISBN 978-1-57685-921-6 For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 2 Rector Street 26th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learningexpressllc.com *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 4 12/20/12 9:54 AM Contents 1 . .. 11 IntRoDUCtIon 57 . ... A. 73 . ... B. 131 . ... C. 151 . .... D. 175 . .... e. 183 . .... F. 205 . .... G. 225 . .... H. 245 . .... I. 251 . .... K. 267 . .... L. 305 . .... M. [ v ] . .... n. APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 5 12/20/12 9:55 AM 329 343 . .... o. 411 . .... P. 413 . .... Q. 437 . .... R. 489 . .... s. 533 . .... t. 533 . .... U. 539 . .... V. 541 . .... X. .... Z. [ vi ] APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 6 12/20/12 9:55 AM * . .AP . BIOLOGY. FLAsH.ReVIew APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 7 12/20/12 9:55 AM Blank Page 8 APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 8 12/20/12 9:55 AM IntroductIon The AP Biology exam tests students’ knowledge Aboutof core themes, the AP topics, Biology and concepts Exam covered in a typical high school AP Biology course, which offers students the opportunity to engage in college-level biology study.
[Show full text]
Interspecific Killing Among Mammalian Carnivores
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC vol. 153, no. 5 the american naturalist may 1999 Interspeci®c Killing among Mammalian Carnivores F. Palomares1,* and T. M. Caro2,² 1. Department of Applied Biology, EstacioÂn BioloÂgica de DonÄana, thought to act as keystone species in the top-down control CSIC, Avda. MarõÂa Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; of terrestrial ecosystems (Terborgh and Winter 1980; Ter- 2. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology and borgh 1992; McLaren and Peterson 1994). One factor af- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, fecting carnivore populations is interspeci®c killing by California 95616 other carnivores (sometimes called intraguild predation; Submitted February 9, 1998; Accepted December 11, 1998 Polis et al. 1989), which has been hypothesized as having direct and indirect effects on population and community structure that may be more complex than the effects of either competition or predation alone (see, e.g., Latham 1952; Rosenzweig 1966; Mech 1970; Polis and Holt 1992; abstract: Interspeci®c killing among mammalian carnivores is Holt and Polis 1997). Currently, there is renewed interest common in nature and accounts for up to 68% of known mortalities in some species. Interactions may be symmetrical (both species kill in intraguild predation from a conservation standpoint each other) or asymmetrical (one species kills the other), and in since top predator removal is thought to release other some interactions adults of one species kill young but not adults of predator populations with consequences for lower trophic the other.
[Show full text]
Formulation of Diet Using Conventional and Non
OPEN ACCESS Freely available online e Rese tur arc ul h c & a u D q e A v e f l o o Journal of l p a m n r e u n o t J ISSN: 2155-9546 Aquaculture Research & Development Research Article Formulation of Diet Using Conventional and Non-Conventional Protein Sources Maria Lizanne AC*, Jeana Ida Rodrigues, Miriam Triny Fernandes Carmel College of Arts, Science & Commerce for Women, Nuvem, Salcette Goa-403 713, India ABSTRACT A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted on Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri to correlate the growth and the crude protein percentage of the feed. Nine experimental diets (Treatments) were formulated using different locally and cheaply available conventional and nonconventional protein sources keeping the basal ingredients same. These diets were tested on three replicate groups of 10 fishes (initial body weight: 0.7 ± 0.5 g) bred in circular fiber reinforced plastic tanks of 120 liter capacity with 100 liter of seasoned de-chlorinated tap water. Fishes were fed 3% of their body weight. The growth performance of Swordtail was studied in terms of Weight Gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR%/day) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). The results indicated that Weight Gain was more in the Treatment that contained Chicken Waste and least in the Treatment that contained Marine Fish Waste. Specific growth rate%/per day and Protein efficiency ratio showed similar results. The Feed conversion ratio was greater in Treatment that contained Marine Fish Waste and least in Treatment that contained Chicken Waste. The study suggests that Chicken Waste as a major source of Protein can be effectively considered in the formulation of practical diet for better growth of Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri.
[Show full text]
The Pattern and Cost of Carnivore Predation on Livestock in Maasai Homesteads of Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya: Insights from a Carnivore Compensation Programme
Vol. 6(7), pp. 502-521, July 2014 DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2014.0678 Article Number: 492C21546199 International Journal of Biodiversity ISSN 2141-243X Copyright © 2014 and Conservation Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC Full Length Research Paper The pattern and cost of carnivore predation on livestock in maasai homesteads of Amboseli ecosystem, Kenya: Insights from a carnivore compensation programme Moses Makonjio Okello1*, Richard Bonham2 and Tom Hill2 1SFS Center for Wildlife Management Studies, Kenya, P.O. Box 27743- 00505 Nairobi, Kenya. 2Big Life Foundation, Kenya. P. O. Box 24133 - 00502, Nairobi, Kenya. Received 3 January, 2014; Accepted 16 June, 2014 Several papers have been written on the experiences, successes and challenges facing compensation schemes for wildlife, some of whom criticize the strategy while others support it. What is clear among the Maasai is that the burden of conserving wildlife, particularly predators that roam freely on their land and predate upon their livestock, is too great to bear: support in terms of financial compensation and mitigation strategies to reduce socio-economic loss from livestock deaths would help communities tolerate predators, and discourage some among them to kill carnivores in retaliation. Such programs in the Amboseli ecosystem are critical for the long term future of wildlife conservation. The Mbirikani Predator Compensation Fund (MPCF) is such a compensation scheme administered by the Big Life Foundation since 2003. Data from Big Life Foundation’s monitoring records of compensation paid between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed in order to establish insights into the pattern and cost of predation in the Amboseli ecosystem.
[Show full text]
Nature's Garbage Collectors
R3 Nature’s Garbage Collectors You’ve already learned about producers, herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Take a moment to think or share with a partner: what’s the difference between those types of organisms? You know about carnivores, which are animals that eat other animals. An example is the sea otter. You’ve also learned about herbivores, which only eat plants. Green sea turtles are herbivores. And you’re very familiar with omnivores, animals that eat both animals and plants. You are probably an omnivore! You might already know about producers, too, which make their food from the sun. Plants and algae are examples of producers. Have you ever wondered what happens to all the waste that everything creates? As humans, when we eat, we create waste, like chicken bones and banana peels. Garbage collectors take this waste to landfills. And after our bodies have taken all the energy and vitamins we need from food, we defecate (poop) the leftovers that we can’t use. Our sewerage systems take care of this waste. But what happens in nature? Sea otters and sea turtles don’t have landfills or toilets. Where does their waste go? There are actually organisms in nature that take care of these leftovers and poop. How? Instead of eating fresh animals or plants, these organisms consume waste to get their nutrients. There are three types of these natural garbage collectors -- scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers. You’ve probably already met (and maybe even eaten) a few of them. Scavengers Scavengers are animals that eat dead, decaying animals and plants.
[Show full text]