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AP Biology Flash Review Is Designed to Help Howyou Prepare to Use Forthis and Book Succeed on the AP Biology Exam

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AP Biology Flash Review Is Designed to Help Howyou Prepare to Use Forthis and Book Succeed on the AP Biology Exam * . .AP . BIOLOGY. Flash review APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 1 12/20/12 9:54 AM OTHER TITLES OF INTEREST FROM LEARNINGEXPRESS AP* U.S. History Flash Review ACT * Flash Review APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 2 12/20/12 9:54 AM AP* BIOLOGY . Flash review ® N EW YORK APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 3 12/20/12 9:54 AM The content in this book has been reviewed and updated by the LearningExpress Team in 2016. Copyright © 2012 LearningExpress, LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York. Printed in the United States of America 987654321 First Edition ISBN 978-1-57685-921-6 For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 2 Rector Street 26th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learningexpressllc.com *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. APBIOL_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 4 12/20/12 9:54 AM Contents 1 . .. 11 IntRoDUCtIon 57 . ... A. 73 . ... B. 131 . ... C. 151 . .... D. 175 . .... e. 183 . .... F. 205 . .... G. 225 . .... H. 245 . .... I. 251 . .... K. 267 . .... L. 305 . .... M. [ v ] . .... n. APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 5 12/20/12 9:55 AM 329 343 . .... o. 411 . .... P. 413 . .... Q. 437 . .... R. 489 . .... s. 533 . .... t. 533 . .... U. 539 . .... V. 541 . .... X. .... Z. [ vi ] APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 6 12/20/12 9:55 AM * . .AP . BIOLOGY. FLAsH.ReVIew APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 7 12/20/12 9:55 AM Blank Page 8 APBIOL_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 8 12/20/12 9:55 AM IntroductIon The AP Biology exam tests students’ knowledge Aboutof core themes, the AP topics, Biology and concepts Exam covered in a typical high school AP Biology course, which offers students the opportunity to engage in college-level biology study. Students who are successful on the AP Biology exam have the opportunity to earn college credit and ad- vanced course placement at thousands of col- leges across the country—and success on the exam really helps make a great impression on college admissions committees. The AP Biology exam is three hours long and consists of the following sections: ■■■ A 100-question multiple-choice sec- tion, which students are given 80 minutes to complete. Questions are [ 1 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 1 12/20/12 9:56 AM designed to assess students’ knowl- edge of material covered across the entire AP Biology course (aligned with the course overview provided in this section). The multiple-choice section accounts for 60% of a student’s overall exam grade. ■■ A 10-minute reading period, in prepa- ration for the free-response section of the exam. ■■■ A free-response section, which includes four separate biology questions that students must complete within the 90 minutes allocated. The essays can be based on any of the main content areas covered in an AP Biology course (aligned with the course overview pro- vided in this section), and will assess one’s ability to analyze and interpret laboratory and course lecture data and information. The free-response section accounts for the remaining 40% of a student’s overall exam grade. As previously indicated, the multiple-choice section of the AP Biology exam accounts for How the AP Biology Exam Is Scored [ 2 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 2 12/20/12 9:56 AM 60% of a student’s overall score; the remain- ing 40% is based on performance on the free- response section. These scores are then com- bined, and the weighted raw scores are turned into a final composite score, which is based on a five-point scale: 5—Extremely well qualified 4—Well qualified 3—Qualified 2—Possibly qualified 1—No recommendation Typically, a score of three or above indicates that a student has achieved a good grasp of the material covered in his or her AP Biology course. AP Biology courses are designed to cover a APvariety Biology of specific course topic overview areas and themes. The AP Biology exam is designed to deter- mine how well you have grasped and ab- sorbed the material covered throughout the course. The following is a brief AP Biology course overview. [ 3 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 3 12/20/12 9:56 AM AP Biology courses—and the AP Biology exam—typically cover the following major topic areas: Molecules and Cells Chemistry of Life ■■■ Water ■■ Organic molecules in organisms ■■■ Free energy changes ■■■ Enzymes Cells ■■ Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ■■ Membranes ■■ Subcellular organization ■■ Cell cycle and its regulation Cellular Energetics ■■ Coupled reactions ■■ Fermentation and cellular respiration ■■ Photosynthesis Heredity and Evolution Heredity ■■■ Meiosis and gametogenesis ■ Eukaryotic chromosomes ■■ Inheritance patterns [ 4 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 4 12/20/12 9:56 AM Molecular Genetics ■■■ RNA and DNA structure and function ■■ Gene regulation ■■ Mutation ■■ Viral structure and replication ■■■ Nucleic acid technology and applications Evolutionary Biology ■■ Early evolution of life ■ Evidence for evolution ■■■ Mechanisms of evolution Organisms and Populations Diversity of Organisms ■■■ Evolutionary patterns ■■ Survey of the diversity of life ■■ Phylogenetic classification ■ Evolutionary relationships Structure and Function of Plants and Animals ■■ Reproduction, growth, and development ■■ Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations ■■ Response to the environment [ 5 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 5 12/20/12 9:56 AM Ecology ■■■ Population dynamics ■ Communities and ecosystems ■■■ Global issues Across the material covered in a typical AP Biology course, the following major themes are addressed: ■■■ Science as a process ■■ Evolution ■■■ Energy transfer ■■■ Continuity and change ■■■ Relationship of structure to function ■ Regulation ■■ Interdependence in nature ■■ Science, technology, and society In addition to regular course lectures, AP Biology courses include a significant proportion of laboratory work (typically 25% to 30%), which provides students the opportunity to see biology concepts in action and apply what they’ve learned in hands-on activities. Detailed information on both the AP Biology exam and the AP Biology course is [ 6 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 6 12/20/12 9:56 AM available on the official College Board website: http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/ public/repositor y/ap-biolog y-course -description.pdf AP Biology Flash Review is designed to help Howyou prepare to use forthis and Book succeed on the AP Biology exam. It contains 600 of the most commonly covered terms on the exam, along with their definitions, for quick and effective study and review. On one side of the page are three essential AP Biology terms; on the reverse side are their definitions and/or explanations. The terms are alphabetized for easy access. Please note that this book is not designed to give an exhaustive review of the entire scope of the terms and concepts inside; it is meant to give you a general overview of biology terms and concepts that you will likely need to know in order to succeed on the AP Biology exam. Being fully aware of the essential terms covered in this book will put you in a great position for success on test day. [ 7 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 7 12/20/12 9:56 AM usingAP Biology this Flash Book Review to worksPrepare well asfor a stand-the APalone Biology study tool, Exam but it is recommended that it be used to supplement your other course materials and lecture notes as you prepare for the AP exam. The following are some sugges- tions for making the most of this effective re- source as you structure your study plan: ■■ Do not try to learn or memorize the 600 terms covered in this book all at once. Cramming is not the most ef- fective approach to test preparation. The best approach is to build a realistic study schedule that lets you review around 10 to 15 terms each day. Review a set of terms and then quiz yourself to see how well you’ve learned them. ■■ Mark the terms that you have trouble with, so that they will be easy to return to later for further study. ■■ As you study your course materials in preparation for the AP Biology exam, you may come across terms that are unfamiliar or difficult for you. We recommend that you consult this book [ 8 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 8 12/20/12 9:56 AM for a quick review of the terms and concepts that often appear on the AP Biology exam. ■■ Make the most of this book’s portability—take it with you for study- ing on trips, between classes, while commuting, or whenever you have some free time. [ 9 ] APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 9 12/20/12 9:56 AM Blank Page 18 APBIOL_01_INTRO_1-10.indd 10 12/20/12 9:56 AM A ABIOTIC FACTOR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ABSORPTION SPECTRUM • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACIDIC BIOLOGY FLASH REVIEW * GRE VOCABULARY AP GRE VOCABULARY [ 11 ] APBIOL_02_11-552.indd 11 12/20/12 9:57 AM A Core, inorganic environmental components, including physical, chemical, and geological factors, that have a measurable impact on their respective ecosystems. Abiotic factors have varying effects on living organisms and nonliv- ing elements of the biosphere. The range of discernible electromagnetic radiation, across the electromagnetic spec- trum, that a specific substance or absorbing medium allows to pass through. The amount of radiation that passes through is based on the unique chemical makeup of the substance, AP and serves as an identifying factor. * BIOLOGY FLASH REVIEW An identifying factor that marks a certain sub- stance as possessing the chemical properties of an acid.
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