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An Investigation of the Mechanics of Rollover for Cars and Light Trucks Yvonne Irene Katherine Lund Iowa State University

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An Investigation of the Mechanics of Rollover for Cars and Light Trucks Yvonne Irene Katherine Lund Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1995 An investigation of the mechanics of rollover for cars and light trucks Yvonne Irene Katherine Lund Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Applied Mechanics Commons Recommended Citation Lund, Yvonne Irene Katherine, "An investigation of the mechanics of rollover for cars and light trucks " (1995). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10930. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10930 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aity type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the imlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and ±ere are missing pages, these vtrill be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiD indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning ±e original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for ai^ photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800/521-0600 An investigation of the mechanics of rollover for cars and light trucks by Yvonne Irene Katherine Lund A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Mechanical Engineering Major: Mechanical Engineering Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. m Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1995 UMI Number: 9531766 DMI Microform 9531766 Copyright 1995, by DMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 11, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF NOMENCLATURE viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 CHAPTERS. BACKGROUND 38 Computer Simulation for Rollover 38 J-Turn Simulation ! 41 Reverse Steer Simulation 42 Split /i 46 Summary 54 Testing for Rollover 54 CHAPTER 4. UNTRIPPED ROLLOVER 58 Smooth Surface Rollover 59 Static Stability Factor, SSF 61 Tilt Table Ratio, TTR 62 Cable Pull Test or Side Pull Ratio, SPR 64 iii CHAPTER 5. TRIPPED ROLLOVER 68 Curb Trip - One-Quarter-Turn 70 Trip On a Sideslope 78 Curb Trip - Two-Quarter-Turn 81 Curb Trip - Experimental Results 89 Furrow Trip 91 One-Quarter-Turn 96 Two-Quarter-Turn 98 CHAPTER 6. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 104 Steady Turn 105 Suddenly Applied Lateral Force 109 Critical Sliding Velocity 115 Tilt Table Ratio 120 CHAPTER 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 APPENDIX A. VDANL DATA SET 131 APPENDIX B. NHTSA DATA WITH TTR VALUES 134 APPENDIX C. NHTSA DATA WITH CSV AND V2 CALCULA­ TIONS 138 APPENDIX D. NHTSA VEHICLE KEY 147 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: VDANL Simulation Vehicle Parameters 42 Table 3.2: VDANL Simulation /ly Parameters 47 Table 3.3: Rollover Test Results (Reference [59]) 57 Table 5.1: Some Characteristics of V2 and CSV Values 86 Table 5.2: Comparison of Vehicles ^3 and ^39 87 Table 5.3: Furrow Trip Lateral Velocities of Vehicle #3, in mph .... 102 Table 5.4: Furrow Trip Lateral Velocities of Vehicle #39, in mph .... 103 Table 6.1: Typical Vehicle Values (Reference [31]) 107 Table 6.2: Sensitivity Coefficients of Limit Lateral Acceleration in a Steady Turn 108 Table 6.3: Sensitivity Coefficients of Limit Lateral Acceleration for a Suddenly Applied Lateral Force Ill Table 6.4: Sensitivity Coefficients of Limit Lateral Acceleration for a Suddenly Applied Lateral Force 113 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Input Steer for Computer Simulation 43 Figure 3.2: Typical J-Turn Path 43 Figure 3.3: J-Turn Roll Angle Comparison 44 Figure 3.4; J-Turn Lateral Acceleration (ft/s^) Comparison 44 Figure 3.5: Input Steer Angle for 5 and 6 degree Reverse Steer Maneuver 45 Figure 3.6: Reverse Steer Lateral Acceleration Comparison 45 Figure 3.7: Reverse Steer Roll Angle Comparison 46 Figure 3.8: Sketch of Ice/Pavement Split /z Maneuver 48 Figure 3.9: Plot of Sideslip Angle, /?, for Ice/Pavement Maneuver .... 49 Figure 3.10: Plot of Sprung Mass Lateral Acceleration (ft/s^) for Ice/Pavement Maneuver 49 Figure 3.11: Plot of Sprung Mass Roll Angle for Ice/Pavement Maneuver 50 Figure 3.12; Sketch of Shoulder/Pavement Split Maneuver 51 Figure 3.13: Plot of Braking Force for Shoulder/Pavement Split fi Maneuver 52 Figure 3.14: Plot of Sideslip Angle, for Shoulder/Pavement Split n Ma­ neuver 52 Figure 3.15: Plot of Lateral Acceleration for Shoulder/Pavement Split // Maneuver 53 vi Figure 3.16: Plot of Sprung Mass Roll Angle for Shoulder/Pavement Split ^ Maneuver 53 Figure 4.1: Rigid Block on Tilt Table 62 Figure 4.2: Cable Pull Test. (References [1,50]) 65 Figure 5.1: One Degree of Freedom Model for Curb Impact 71 Figure 5.2: CSV(.33) versus CSV 74 Figure 5.3: CSV(.404) versus CSV 76 Figure 5.4: CSV(.404) Model. Varying eg height 77 Figure 5.5: CSV(.404) Model. Varying track width 78 Figure 5.6: Roll on a Sideslope 79 Figure 5.7: Comparison of Vehicles ^3 and Minimum Lateral Ve­ locities for Curb Trip on Sideslope 80 Figure 5.8: Two Quarter-Turn Model 82 Figure 5.9: Impact Models, a) Ice Impact, b) Hinge Impact 84 Figure 5.10: Relationship of V2H to CSV 88 Figure 5.11: Relationship of to j'rack^Ydth Figure 5.12: Relationship of to 90 Figure 5.13: Laterally Sliding Vehicle in Soil 92 Figure 5.14: Trip Force, F^ = K y. Minimum Lateral Velocities for One- Quarter-Turn Rollover 96 Figure 5.15: Comparison of Trip Forces for One-Quarter Tip Over. Vehicle #3, T/2h = 1.336 97 vii Figure 5.16: Comparison of Trip Forces for One-Quarter Tip Over. Vehicle #39, T/2h = 1.082 98 Figure 5.17: Comparison of Trip Forces for Two-Quarter-Turn Maneuvers. Vehicle #3, T/2h = 1.336 99 Figure 5.18: Comparison of Trip Forces for Two-Quarter-Turn Maneuvers. Vehicle #39, T/2h = 1.082 99 Figure 5.19: Comparison of Lateral Velocities for One- and Two-Quarter- Turn Maneuvers. Hinge-Hit. T/2h = 1.082 and 1.336. 101 Figure 5.20: Comparison of Lateral Velocities for One- and Two-Quarter- Turn Maneuvers. Ice-Hit. T/2h = 1.082 and 1.336 101 Figure 6.1: Diagram of Two Degree of Freedom Model (Reference [31]). 110 Figure 6.2: Sensitivity of ( with respect to Ay/g 114 Figure 6.3: Minimum Lateral Velocities on a Sideslope. Comparison of d^/(j) Coefficients 119 Figure 6.4: CSV on a Sideslope and Level Ground. Comparison of dT/T Coefficients 119 Figure 6.5: CSV on a Sideslope and Level Ground. Comparison of dh/h Coefficients 120 viii LIST OF NOMENCLATURE T Track width h Center of gravity height R Distance from eg to impact corner, y(r/2)2 + W Total weight Wu Total unsprung weight Ws Total sprung weight m Total mass M Total mass Mu Total unsprung mass Ms Total sprung mass g Gravitational constant hi Distance from ground to unsprung mass center h2 Distance from unsprung mass center to the roll center ^3 Distance from roll center to the sprung mass center a Distance from sprung mass center to front wheel centerline a Dimensionless constant b Distance from sprung mass center to rear wheel centerline b Height of rigid block ix c Width of rigid block (f> Roll gain lo Roll moment of inertia about impact point leg Roll moment of inertia about center of gravity V, v Lateral velocity Vro Minimum lateral velocity for curb trip rollover ve Minimum lateral velocity for rollover using conservation of energy TTR Tilt Table Ratio CSV Critical Sliding Velocity SSF Static Stability Factor SPR Side Pull Ratio or Cable Pull Test RPM Rollover Prevention Metric V2 Minimum lateral velocity for two-quarter turns V2H Minimum lateral velocity to yield two-quarter turns under hinge-impact conditions V2I Minimum lateral velocity to yield two-quarter turns under ice-impact conditions Ay Limit lateral acceleration Ay Steady state lateral acceleration aro Steady state lateral acceleration for rollover Fy Lateral force in two-quarter-turn impact Fz Vertical force in two-quarter-turn impact F^ Tripping force in two-quarter-turn impact N| Force at left tire X Nr Force at right tire /i, /iy Coefficient of friction of tire/road surface 6 Roll angle 6 Roll angle at take-off in two-quarter turn analysis ^ Sideslip angle C Damping
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