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Diplomova Prace- Hana A..Pdf MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature Young Adults in the Writing of Sherman Alexie Diploma Thesis Brno 2010 Supervisor: Author: PhDr. Irena Přibylová, Ph.D. Bc. Hana Adámková Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Brno, 7 December 2010 Hana Adámková Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my supervisor, PhDr. Irena Přibylová, Ph.D., for her patience, kind guidance, and valuable advice. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Children‘s and Young Adult Literature ............................................................................. 9 1.2 The Definition and Characteristics of Children‘s Literature .................................... 9 1.3 The Concept of Childhood and Brief History of Children‘s Literature ................ 11 1.3.1 Pre-modern Childhood and literature ........................................................................ 11 1.3.2 Age of Industrialization and Children’s Literature ................................................... 12 1.3.3 Postmodern Era and Children’s Literature................................................................ 14 1.4. The Concept of Adolescence and the Development of Young Adult Novel ....... 16 1.4.1 Brief Account of Adolescence ..................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Young Adult Novel .................................................................................................... 18 1.4.3 Ethnic Bildungsroman ............................................................................................... 20 2. Postmodernism and Postmodern Literature .................................................................... 22 2.1 Features of Postmodernism ......................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 Refusal of Metanarratives: Subversion and Otherness ............................................. 23 2.1.2 Fragmentation ............................................................................................................ 25 2.1.3 Blurring of Boundaries and Magic Realism .............................................................. 25 3. Native American Literature ................................................................................................ 27 3.1 The Beginnings .............................................................................................................. 27 3.2 Native American Renaissance ..................................................................................... 28 4. Current Life on Reservations .............................................................................................. 30 4.1 The Concept of Reservations ....................................................................................... 30 4.2 Reservations at the turn of the millennium ............................................................... 32 4.3 Sports on Reservations ................................................................................................. 34 5. The Book Selection and Their Analysis............................................................................. 36 5.1 Contemporary American Indians in Reservation Blues ............................................ 37 5.1.1 Magic realism vs. reality ............................................................................................ 38 5.1.2 Stereotypes Destroying Traditions ............................................................................ 39 5.1.3 Warriors or Alcoholics? ............................................................................................. 40 5.1.4 Native Humour for Sanity Maintenance ................................................................... 41 5.1.5 Lost Childhood on the Reservation ............................................................................ 42 5.1.6 Refusal of Identity as a Part of Identity ..................................................................... 43 4 5.1.7 Native Conception of a Betrayal ................................................................................ 45 5.1.8 Relationship Settling Medicine .................................................................................. 47 5.1.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 48 5.2 Basketball, Love, and Struggle for Better Life in ―Saint Junior‖ ............................ 49 5.2.1 Intelligence is not for Indians .................................................................................... 49 5.2.2 Basketball as a Means for Self-Esteem and Recognition ............................................ 51 5.2.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 52 5.3 Questioning Identity and Sexuality in the ―Toughest Indian in the World‖ ....... 53 5.3.1 Hope is White ............................................................................................................. 53 5.3.2 Tough Homosexuality ................................................................................................ 54 5.3.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 55 5.4 Search for Identity in ―The Search Engine‖ .............................................................. 56 5.4.1 Overcoming Family Life Conceptions ....................................................................... 57 5.4.2 Ambivalent Identity in White Society ....................................................................... 58 5.4.3 Obsession with Authenticity ..................................................................................... 59 5.4.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 61 5.5 Growing Up on the Street and Doubling of Identities in Flight ............................. 61 5.5.1 Lost Indian Childhood ................................................................................................ 62 5.5.2 Television, the Only Friend ....................................................................................... 63 5.2.3 Fantastical Search for Identity ................................................................................... 64 5.5.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 69 5.6 Outsiderness and Betrayal in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian ....... 69 5.6.1 Family Background and Friends ................................................................................ 71 5.6.2 Status of Outsider for Pursuing Better Life .............................................................. 72 5.6.3 Red Outside, White Inside ......................................................................................... 74 5.6.4 Getting Even with Basketball .................................................................................... 75 5.6.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 77 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 78 Resume ...................................................................................................................................... 83 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 84 5 Introduction Growing up, adolescence, or the coming-of-age are all terms important to everyone‘s life. Those involved with these terms are caught between childhood and adulthood, and are generally called young adults. The period of adolescence and growing up is very complex, considering all the processes young adults have to go through. To mention just some of the aspects, it is for instance a search for one‘s identity, changes in family and peer relationships, rebellion or subversion of authorities, and last but not least concerns about one‘s physical appearance which are dominant in this developmental milestone. If we consider the above mentioned aspects of growing up and add to them other determinants, such as ethnicity and postmodernity, the period becomes even more complex. This is what Sherman Alexie‘s young adult heroes are. In the thesis I will attempt to explore the identity of contemporary Native American young people. I will analyse selected novels and short stories by Sherman Alexie and will focus on aspects determining the Indian identity. The aspects are family background, reservation conditions, stereotypes held by mainstream American society, and possibilities of young Indian people. These issues involve subcategories such as what it is like to be a member of minority or outsider and importance of sports. Being of Native American origin, Alexie‘s work focuses
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