Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308 ETHICS FROM THE THIRUKKURAL AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS LEADERSHIP IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT

Dr.R. LEELAVATHI Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Vivekanandha College for women Unjanai, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengodu Namakkal District

Abstract paper start with the understanding of the concept ethics and business ethics, which is branch of ethics. The Final Dimension of business ethics from ancient Indian part of this paper explores the business ethics from the times and its contemporary relevance for business Thirukkural and its relevance for Contemporary leadership. In the Indian context, during the past one Leadership. decade we have witnessed an increase in number of Key words:- Indian ethics, Business ethics, literatures on applying ancient wisdoms especially from the leadership, Ancient wisdom, Thirukkural. Bhagavad-Gita, Ramayana and the Arthashastra in the I. INTRODUCTION business leadership context. However very few works are Business ethics have become one of the major found on business ethics from the Thirukkural and its topics for discussion around the world due to many of revelance for contemporay business leadership. The Thirukkural is a well-known treatise on ethics which was the business scandals that took place not only in the authored by Thiruvallavar in the second century. It is Indian context but also throughout the world. In considered to be the first work which covers ethics in academic literatures, research papers on various Indian literature. The Authors Employed Hermeneutics, a dimensions of business ethics have been written by qualitative methodology which is the interpretation of several scholars. There are perhaps hundreds of acient or classical literatures. The findings reveal that research papers written on business ethics in the Thirukkural advocates a consciousness and a spirit- Indian context, and there is also an increasing number centered approach to the subject of business ethics based of literature on the Indian philosophy and on eternal values and moral principles that should govern organisational management. The Thirukkural and its the conduct of business leaders. The prospect of highlighting the Thirukkural in other areas like leadership relevance for contemporary business leadership in the can be considered for the near future.This paper likely to Indian context. This paper outlines some of the provide insights into Indian business ethics and western ethical guidelines that should be manifested in an manager and employee, enabling them to work more Indian (Tamilian) business leader like being trustful effectively with Indian leaders and business partners either and honest with high level of integrity. This paper is in india or aborad. It also has some implications for likely to provide insights into Indian business ethics leaders for leaders in Indian context and employees who for Western managers and employees, enabling them have to deal with ethical dilemmas in making their daily to work more effectively with Indian leaders and business decision. This paper is also expected to reinforce business partners either in India or abroad. Thirukkural Ethics to Indian business leaders and make them more aware of the code of conduct in business. This

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Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308

It also has some implications for leaders in the The utilitarian approach holds that moral Indian context and employees who have to deal with behaviour produces the greatest good for the greatest ethical dilemmas (dharma sankatam) in making their number. Under this approach, a leader is expected to daily business decision. This paper is also expected to consider the effect of each possible decision on all reinforce Thirukkural ethics to Indian business parties and select the best that optimises the leaders and make them more aware of the code of satisfaction of great number of people. The conduct in business. This paper starts with the individualism approach contends that acts are moral understanding of the concept ethics and business when they promote the individual‟s best long-term ethics, which is a branch of ethics. These are interest. Individuals calculate the best long-term followed by some of the contemporary issues in advantage to themselves as a measure of decision business ethics. goodness. In theory, with everyone pursuing self Ethics direction, the greater good is ultimately achieved as Ethics are considered as an age-old discipline people learn to accommodate each other in their long- and one of the four branches of philosophy, along term interest. The third approach, the moral right with logic, metaphysics and epistemology. The word asserts that human beings have fundamental rights „ethics‟ is derived from the Greek word ethos, which and liberties that cannot be taken by an individual means good and bad, right and wrong and should and decision. Thus, ethically correct decision is one that should not related concept. Ethics are defined as the best maintains the rights of those people affected by code of moral principles that sets standards of good it. Finally, the justice approach holds that moral or bad and right or wrong behaviour . It is a moral decisions must be based on standards of equity, principle or set of moral values held by an individual. fairness and impartiality. This approach further Morals are principles of behaviour in accordance with explores three types of justice, namely, distributive standards of right and wrong. It attempts to provide a justice, procedural justice and compensatory justice. systematic and logical reason or justification for what The distributive justice requires that different is right and virtuous and what is wrong and bad. treatment of people not based on arbitrary Ethics also deal with values and principles relating to characteristics; the procedural justice requires that human conduct with respect to the rightness or rules to be administered fairly; while the wrongness of certain actions. Values are moral compensatory justice argues that individuals should principles or accepted standards of a person or a be compensated for any cost of their injuries by the group, while principles are a standard or rule of responsible party and individuals should not be held personal conduct. The ethics can be understood as a responsible for the matter over which they have no social standard which involve a conflict between the control. needs of the part and the needs of the whole. Ethical Business Ethics behaviour is what is accepted as good and right as Globalisation and the growth of world economy, opposed to „bad‟ or wrong in the context of the business organisations are becoming more dominant governing moral code. In the approach towards with less of governmental control; therefore, a greater ethics, there are mainly four approaches, namely, need for ethical practices arises. The leaders in utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral organisations are facing the problem of ethics, on the rights approach and justice approach. choice between good or bad, and do‟s or don‟ts in making the work. A business leader is just one whose

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Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308 behaviour is considered to reflect all those ethical opportunities for growth, and contribute to the qualities. The principle objective of ethics has always development of social capital in their countries and been to produce morally upright individual leaders realise specific business benefits, such as with good and acceptable behaviour . In business  Enhanced reputations and goodwill organisation and also in the political context, ethics  Reduced risks and costs involve the application of moral principles of the  Protection from their own employees and conduct in governance or good governance. The agents principles of ethics should be an integral part of the  Stronger competitive positions organisation for good governance and societal  Expanded access to capital, credit and welfare. Business organisations are also increasingly foreign investment concerned with ethical conduct of the duties and  Increased profits responsibilities, their relationship with the  Sustained long-term growth shareholders of the company and stakeholders‟  International respect for enterprises and groups with the ultimate aim to provide value to emerging markets. shareholders and stakeholders. Contemporary Issues in Business Ethics Business Ethics are A Set of Moral Principles The ethical business practices are crucial to Business ethics are a part of general ethics. overall society‟s well-being and good ethical Ethical business values are part of the bigger topic of behaviour of the leaders must be encouraged and business values in general. Business ethics as a field given emphasis by organisations. Poor ethical of study examine the ethical principles and moral or behaviour can lead to business losses and ethical problems that arise in a business environment. embarrassing scandals. In the contemporary business Business ethics are a set of moral principles for environment, the business Ethics from the arriving at a decision within the values of the Thirukkural 457 leaders throughout the world are organisation. It covers to all aspects of business faced daily with ethical issues at work, and conduct and management functions, such as sometimes they do not know how to deal with them. accounting, finance, purchasing, operation, marketing Some of the issues being faced by them include and human resources which are relevant to the bribery, nepotism, stealing, lying, fraud and deceit, conduct of business organisations as a whole. conflict of interest, quality control issues, Implement Business Ethics Programmes discrimination, falsification of information, abuse of Business ethics are becoming increasingly public funds and environmental pollution. In several necessary because, if unchecked due to lack of Asian countries, chronic disregard for transparency, awareness, business can go unethical as there are ethics and democratic principles has been cited as the plenty of evidences today on unethical business cause for organisational failures. practices. Therefore, increasing number of In the American context, some results of public organisations are trying to design and implement opinion studies indicate that 58% of American adults business ethics programmes to address the legal, rate the ethical standards of business executives as ethical, social responsibility and environmental issues only „fair‟ or „poor‟, 90% believe white-collar crime they face. Samson and Daft argue that by addressing is „very common‟ or „somewhat common‟ and 76% these issues in a systematic way, organisations can say the lack of ethics in businesspeople contributes to improve their own business performances, expand plummeting societal moral standards. One of the

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Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308 major assertions is that the American public does not of their stakeholders. It also aims to achieve specific view businesspeople as unethical or immoral, but expected course outcomes, such as increasing instead, as being a moral due to the fact that ethical awareness of ethics issues, improving decision- considerations are often seen as inappropriate in making and reducing misconduct. Responsible business situations. “Business is not structured to management recognises that an effective business handle questions of values and ethics, and its ethics courses are likely to touch every decision and managers have usually not been trained in business activity of an organisation, it will guide patterns of schools to do so”. thought, choice and action that subtly shapes the Business Ethics organisational culture of the enterprise. The business Bribery and other forms of illegal or corrupt ethics courses should also be based on the core conduct increase costs for organisations not only beliefs of the organisation and should reflect an because of the payments involved but also because it approach or orientation that will resonate with requires management time and effort to work with employees and other stakeholders. officials, maintain secret accounting books and Ethical Business Conduct in Organisation address threats of extortion and blackmail. To reduce • Aligned with an organisation‟s core beliefs such obstacles, business leaders and government • fit well with organisation systems, policies officials should work together to establish regulatory and practices practices that reduce administrative discretion and • addresses leadership priorities as well as promote transparency and efficiency. As a employee expectations for ethics consequence, business ethics as a field of study are • are used by employees at all levels to guide also increasing the relevance for business schools. In decision-making and action academic, over the years, we have witnessed several • become a central part of an organisation‟s business schools offering courses in „Business Ethics‟ culture overtime. and some of the schools classify the course as Indian Culture and Business Ethics compulsory for every business student. The main Indian organisations have not been able to do purpose of business ethics course is to promote ethics well internationally. Among the reasons cited are the through education, inculcation and nurturing of failure of Indian management to develop the values such as honesty, fairness, integrity and self- indigenous business management style, which regulation among business students. Other purposes revolves around Indian cultural roots and upbringing. may include, among others, to promote honesty and Indian grows up in a system, where family ties and transparency in business, to create awareness on sense of belongingness get top priority and with this unethical practices in the marketplace and also to type of background, he or she may not be able to create an understanding on general accepted business adjust or fit into the job environment, practicing norms, ethical percepts, human values and social American philosophies of individualistic, direct, low expectations of society. power distance and contractual style of management. Business Ethics Awarness The same principles also apply to the Education in Business ethics course helps leaders to improve Business Ethics as although ethical principles are their business performance, make profits and universal, they are culture-bound. contribute to the economic progress of their communities by meeting the reasonable expectations

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Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308

Management System (Includes Ethics) to be in eighth century BC, but not much is known about Effective the author of Tolkkappiam. A management system (includes ethics) to be Thirukkural is the most popular and the most effective, it has to be rooted in the cultural soil of the quoted by many Tamils. Even today Tamil country, where it is practised. Many communities and philosophers, sociologists, economists, political countries in Asia have created their own system of leaders, song writers, poets, teachers and others often management and ethical principles. The success of quote verses from the Thirukkural. The popular Japanese, Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean system of Tamil poet Kannadasan13 also quoted Ethics from management is largely attributed to Confucianism the Thirukkural 461 extensively verses of Thirukkural culture and ethics. The ancient Indian classics such in many of his works .Although the teachings of as the Valmiki Ramayana , the Mahabharata , the Thirukkural encompass all the aspects of life, limited Upanishads5 and also the Puranas6 offers several literature is found on its principles of business ethics lessons on ethics, which are useful in contemporary and application in business leadership. business leadership, although many of these Thirukkural in the Organisational Context of literatures were written in Sanskrit more than 50 Leadership centuries ago. From the Bhagavad-Gita, for example, Although several Tamil scholars have written on we learn that lust or desire of the leaders as the root various dimensions of Thirukkural in Tamil language, cause of unethical practices. Sri Krishna said that it is the studies on Thirukkural in the organisational the lust or desire of the leaders, latter transformed context of leadership in English language is indeed into wrath, which compels them to commit such limited. Among the authors who have done studies on unethical practices. the Thirukkural‟s application in business leadership Golden Age of Tamil Civilisation are on human resource management from the In the Indian context, besides Sanskrit, the Tamil perspectives of Thirukkural, on management language is also considered by many scholars to be philosophy from the Thirukkural, on leadership one of the oldest languages, which has a rich literary values from Thirukkural, on management role tradition spanning more than 3,000 years, perhaps modelling from Thirukkural. even earlier. Most of the ancient Tamil literature The business ethics are yet to be explored by belongs to the Sangam7 period, considered by many scholars, the objective of this paper is to highlight the as the golden age of Tamil civilisation. Many of these principles of business ethics from the Thirukkural and had been lost and the available literature currently is presents its relevance for contemporary business just a fraction of the material produced. One of the leadership. As the focus of this paper is on available literature and the greatest contributions of Thirukkural and Thiruvalluvar‟s wisdom on business Tamils to the world is the Thirukkural; a book on ethics. ethics authored by Thiruvallavar in the second The Great Thirukkural century BC. The book is considered to be a posterior The great Vedic literature like the Valmiki to the Kautilya‟s Arthashastra8 by some historians Ramayana and the Vyasa Mahabharata, Thirukkural and to precede two other great Tamil literatures the is also an epic. The word Thirukkural is a Silapathikaram9 and Manimekalai.10 Another Tamil combination of two Tamil words „thiru‟ and „kural‟. literature called the Tolkkappiam11 is said to be the Thiru means auspicious and „kural‟ means short oldest Tamil literature and is believed to be authored poem consisting of two lines, a couplet. Thirukkural

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Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308 consists of 1,330 couplets (kural) and divided into They cut across castes, creeds, climes and ages and three parts. The first part deals with the ethical code have freshness which makes one fuel as if they are of conduct (aram) and the second part deals with meant for the present times.” political governance, wealth and other topics of social “World and Life Negation are found in the and material interest (porul). The third part deals with thought of Jesus in so far as he did not assume that romance and love (inbam). The author Thiruvalluvar the Kingdom of God would be realized in this natural was a Tamil saint and he was also a weaver and world. He expected that this natural world would very believed to have lived in Mylapore, a part of Chennai, speedily come to an end and be superseded by a the capital of Tamil Nadu. Thirukkural expounds super-natural world in which all that is imperfect and various aspects of life also known as tamilmarai. evil would be overcome by the power of God”. On King’s Court, The Pandyan King the contrary, Valluvar believed that in this very It is said that at the time of its first presentation natural world, the liberated man can find his heaven to the King‟s court, the Pandyan King and said that perfect bliss could be attained by an wanted to check its greatness. In the presence of individual in this natural world itself and it is all poets and the public, he put it to test by placing the unnecessary to wait indefinitely for the palm leaves on which the Thirukkural was written transformation of the world in order to transform along with those of other contemporary works on a oneself. Thus he took life and world affirmation to a golden lotus and allowed it to float in the temple tank loftier plane than Christ did.” – Dr Albert Schweitzer, at the famous temple of Madurai Meenakshi Temple Nobel Laureate. in Tamil Nadu. The sanctified golden lotus that Three Most Important Features Of The would recognise only masterpieces is said to have Thirukkural Unique rejected all other works and retained only the  It is secular in nature Thirukkural.  It is universal and applicable to people living Thirukkural has also been widely translated in everywhere many of the world languages apart from Indian  It is everlasting and its messages transcend languages. One of the reasons for its wide translation time. in different languages of the world is the undeniable This secular, universal and immortal nature of fact that the ethics and the values it carries are Thirukkural, combined with its conciseness and applicable to all religions, all countries and all times. literary charm, has been the pride of Tamil people for Ethics, Morality and Humanness the past many centuries. Therefore, it is imperative “In its essence, Thirukkural is a treatise par for the Indians (Tamils) to dive into the ocean of excellence on the art of living. Tiruvalluvar, the Thirukkural to learn the principles of ethics for author, diagnoses the intricacies of human nature with business leadership. such penetrating insight, perfect mastery and Business Ethics From The Thirukkural consummate skill absorbing the most subtle concepts Ancient literature is always a source of wisdom. of love and modern psychology, that one is left It inspires those who are open to it all wondering at his sweep and depth. His prescriptions, the time and it is never exhausted by any one leavened by godliness, ethics, morality and generation of interpreters, no one has said the last humanness are sagacious and practical to the core. word on it. Thirukkural is an example of one such ancient literature (Amaladass, 2007). The Thirukkural

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Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308 is pregnant with lessons in several fields related to Transparency and Truthfulness wealth, economics, politics, duty, pleasure, etc., The Thirukkural also highlights the importance besides ethics. For some Indians it may look strange of transparency and truthfulness in all business that an ancient literature like the Thirukkural can say transactions as it will bring respectable position in some things about business ethics in the modern business. The business leaders are required not to do context of leadership.The contribution made by anything in your business which is of health hazard, Thiruvalluvar on ethical principles and its relevance environmental hazard, highly toxin, causing today. pollution. The problem or affecting the nature and Indian Business Leaders To Be Aware Of Code Of harmony or likely to cause temporary or permanent Business problems to others. The strength or maturity of a tradition depends Ethical Leadership on the continuity of such wisdom pointers at all Business leaders today are considered to be times. Sometimes the ancient values of a particular fortunate to obtain good education with many culture may not appear to influence the current usefulness leaders with at least a Bachelors Degree or thinking of people, yet simultaneously they never are with Masters Degree or PhDs, but what is the use of completely eroded .Therefore, it is imperative that the that learning if they are not ethical in their principles of ethics from ancient text like the undertaking, and that learning does not lead to the Thirukkural need to be reinforced to the Indian blessed feet of pure intelligence (Kural 2 – karratana business leaders to be aware of code of business and laa payanekol; valarivan narral tolaar rennin). The to deal effectively with ethical dilemmas (dharma purpose of education is to develop the intellect to sankatam) in making their daily business decision. distinguish between what is right and what is wrong This might look like a sermon but the lessons are and cautioned by one‟s own conscience. A leader likely to have a deep impact on business leadership needs to be well behaved and set good examples for and on those in the leadership position. their followers. The Thirukkural clearly highlighted Ethics Is The Road To Wealth And Goodwill that the leader can be a highly qualified person. But The Thirukkural considers ethics as a road to any of leader‟s unethical practices will result in wealth and goodwill (Kural 31 – Thiruvalluvar irreparable damage to their business. Therefore, they highlighted Cirappu eenum celvamum eenum must do the right things first and continue to do the arattinuunku cakkam evanouyirkku). There is nothing right things only. The leader‟s glamour and show off in this world except ethics which would bring both in business will not serve any purpose, unless they reputation and wealth together; therefore, ethical gain the faith and confidence in the market as the principle in business is essential. The Bible, for reliable business. As a leader of reliable and reputed example, also says that the righteous shall „flourish‟ business, they must be always truthful, honest and and be „filled‟� They shall bring forth fruit in old follow ethics in all their business transaction. Even age; they shall be fat and flourishing” (The Bible: for millions of dollars of profits, they should not Psalm 92:12–15). The implication is not merely attempt in doing anything unethical and illegal in earthly but heavenly fulfillment as well. In business, their business, as this will destroy the hard-built the leaders must work hard and make it successful by reputation of their business. It is known that not diverting their effort and concentration. customers will throng to the business with your established high reputation, product and service

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Paper ID: 13171227 Paper Received : 28/12/2017 Paper Accepted: 29/12/2017 Paper Published : 31/12/2017

Impact Factor.1.14: Mayas Publication [ISSN: 2395-5929] UGC Jr. No. : 45308 reliability in the market. Therefore, leading with a blemishless mind is the basis of all virtue; sound principles of ethics is essential for every everything else is just an empty show (Kural 34 – leader. These leaders will be seen to „walk the talk‟ Manathukkan maacilan aadhal anaitharan aakula and also „talk the walk‟. Poet Kannadasan in neera pira). The word „Maacil‟ in Kural 34 refers to Aandavan Kattalai had written that a leader who the impurity of the mind, which has to be eschewed if walks his talk and talks his walk will attain the one is to progress in virtue. Jesus Christ also happiness. People will work „with‟ leaders with highlighted this concept of purity of heart, when he ethical principles and not „for‟ them. The leaders will said that a man who entertained in his mind lustful be considered to be honest, trustworthy and have a thoughts with reference to another woman. very high level of integrity, and will deliver their II. CONCLUSION promises to their people or subordinates. The Thirukkural do not conflict with Vedanta Principles of Ethics and are of no difference to the teachings from the On principles of ethics, in Thirukkural, Bible, the Koran, the philosophy of Buddha, Thiruvalluvar guides not only the business leaders but Confucius and other philosophical schools of thought. also all humanity to live an ethical life and virtues. In The Thirukkural is a treatise on ethical business the organisational context today, what was said by leadership. Thirukkural advocates a consciousness Thiruvalluvar for a king applies to business leaders in and a spirit-centred approach to the subject of organisations. An organisational leader who is business ethics based on eternal values and moral virtuous and acts according to the principles of ethics principles that should govern the conduct of business will not only bring good name and reputation but will leaders.This paper is significant for both also enrich one‟s wealth. Therefore, good business academicians and practitioners in Indian ethical practices provide leaders, employees with the management, as it is to provide insights into Indian guidance and information they need for effective, (Tamil) business ethics from an ancient time and its efficient and responsible choices and actions. The modern relevance. The authors hope that this paper goodness of a leader‟s behaviour itself is the root will reinforce Thirukkural ethics to Indian (Tamil) cause of all other goodness. This is clearly asserted business leaders and make them more aware of the by Thiruvalluvar as the only goodness of the leader is code of conduct on business. that of their goodness; all other goodness is not to be Indian (Tamil) business leader will be able to included among any goodness. incorporate and apply the principles of ethics taught Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad-Gita also asserts by Thiruvalluvar in their daily business practice. It is the following to Arjuna: whatever action the leader the hope of the authors that this paper will provide the performs, common men follow; and whatever groundwork for many future Thirukkural studies on standards the leader sets by exemplary acts, all business ethics and leadership in the Indian context. worlds pursue. The ethical conduct should originate III. REFERENCE from the heart, otherwise it cannot be considered 1) Abu-Tapanjeh, M.A. (2008) Corporate ethical. Similar to the other Vedic literature, Governance from Islamic Perspective: a Thirukkural recommends intrinsic or inside out Comparative Analysis with OECD Principles. perspectives to ethical conduct. The propensity to Elsevier Ltd. behave ethically must come from heart and not by force or by any rules or regulations. Thirukkural says

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2) Abuznaid, S. (2005) „Islam and management: what can be learned?‟, Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp.125–139. 3) Abuznaid, S. (2009) „Business ethics in Islam: the glaring gap in practice‟, Int. J. Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp.278–288. 4) Alhabshi, S.O. (1993) „Management ethics from Islamic perspective‟, Proceedings: Arab Management Conference. Bradford, UK: University of Bradford. 5) Amaladass, A. (2007) „Values in leadership in Tamil tradition of Thirukkural vs. present-day leadership theories‟, International Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.9–16.

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