MITMIT ICATICAT Altimetry y Standard Atmosphere Referenced † 29.92 inches of Hg † 3014 mb y Pressure Altitude † Altitude of Pressure in Std Atmosphere † Used above reference Flight Level (FL180 in US) y Density Altitude † Altitude of density in Std Atmosphere † Used for performance (TO) y Barometric Altitude † Estimated altitude corrected for surface pressure † MSL Altitude above Mean Sea Level (QNH) † AGL Altitude above Ground Level (QFE) y Radar Altitude (Cat II and III Approaches) † 5 cm radar - normally only below 3000ft (Terrain Noise) y Cabin Altitude (Pressurization) MITMIT ICATICAT Airspeed y Pneumatic Measurement based on Dynamic Pressure † Pitot and Static y Indicated Airspeed † Indicated on Instrument † Measurement of pressure on Aircraft (ie Load) † Used for structural operating limits y Calibrated Airspeed † Pitot-Static Errors Calibrated out † Used for Flight Test and Performance y Groundspeed † Achieved speed over ground y Mach Number † Requires Static Air Temperature MITMIT Air Data Sensors ICATICAT y Pitot Tube † Heated for De-Ice y Static Port † Location Sensitive † Typically 1/3 Back on Fuselage on Conventional aircraft † Bilateral with crosstie to avoid Side Slip Errors † Water Drain y Alpha Vane † Heated for De-Ice y TAT Probe † Inertial Separator for Water † Heated for De-Ice MITMIT Temperature ICATICAT y Static Air Temperature y Ram Rise y Total Air Temperature MITMIT Integrated Air Data Systems ICATICAT y Air Data Computer † Compensates out Static System Errors † Citation Example y Air Data Heading and Reference Systems (ADHARS) MITMIT Heading ICATICAT y Magnetic Compass † Variation (Magnetic Deviation † Deviation (Magnetic materials) ‹ DC9 Example † Compass Card (Calibrated with Radios and Equip on) y Flux Gate Compass † Electronic Magnetic Compass ‹ Normally in Tail for deviation y Gyro Compass † Precession † Slaved Flux Gate y Turn Coordinator † (Rate Gyro) MITMIT Inertial Reference Unit ICATICAT y Integrate acceleration from known position and velocity † Velocity † Position y Need Heading † Gyros ‹ Mechanical ‹ Laser y Can get Attitude † Artificial Horizon (PFD. HUD) y Drift Errors † IRU unusable in vertical direction (need baro alt) † Inflight Correction ‹ DME ‹ GPS ‹ Star Sighting for Space Vehicles y Measurement Give Attitude Also y 777 Analytical Redundancy MITMIT Communications ICATICAT y Requirements † Communicate necessary information between formation elements and command node (LAN and Air-Ground) † Bandwidth † Low-Observable? † Synchronous vs asynchronous y Constraints † Spectrum † Antenna Location y Technologies † Radio ‹ UHF, VHF, MMW † Optical ‹ Laser † Protocols MITMIT ICATICAT COMMUNICATION y Voice † VHF (line of sight) ‹ 118.0-135.0 Mhz ‹ .025 spacing in US, 0.083 spacing in Europe) † UHF ‹ 230-400 Mhz (guess) † HF (over the horizon) † Optical (secure) y Datalink † ACARS (VHF) - VDL Mode 2 † VDL Modes 3 and 4 (split voice and data) † HF Datalink (China and Selcal) y Geosynchronous (Inmarsatt) ‹ Antenna Requirements y LEO and MEO Networks y Software Radios y Antenna Requirements MITMIT Bandwidth Growth Trend ICATICAT

Source: DOD UAV Roadmap, 2000 MITMIT Navigation ICATICAT (relates to Surveillance) y Requirements † General Navigation (medium precision) † Station Keeping (high precision) † Integrity † Availability y Constraints † Existing nav systems † Loss of signal y Technologies † GPS/Galileo (need Differential) ‹ Code vs Carrier Phase Approaches † IRS/GPS † Sensor Based Approaches for Station Keeping ‹ Image (Visible, IR) ‹ Range Finders (Laser, Ultrasonic) MITMIT ICATICAT NAVIGATION (ENROUTE) y Radionavigation beacon † VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) † Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) † Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) † TACAN y Area navigation systems (ground based) † Omega † LORAN y Inertial navigation systems y Satellite navigation systems † GPS (CA) † GNSS (Galileo?) MITMIT GPS ICATICAT

(Courtesy of Peter Dana. Used with permission.) From http://www.Colorado.Edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html MITMIT GPS ICATICAT

Courtesy of Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography, The University of Colorado at Boulder. Used with permission.

From http://www.colorado.Edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html MITMIT GPS ISSUES ICATICAT y Requirements † Accuracy † Integrity † Availability y Selective Availability (SA) † Degraded to 100m accuracy y Control by US DoD † International concerns y US guarantee of service free to world through 2005 y Vulnerability to jamming y DGPS † WAAS † EGNOS † LAAS MITMIT NAVIGATION TRENDS ICATICAT (APPROACH) y Instrument Landing System (ILS) † Cat. I (200 ft; 1/4 mile) † Cat. II (50 ft; 800 RVR) † Cat. III (0,0) y Microwave Landing System (MLS) y GPS (100m) † Wide Areas Augmentation System (5m) ‹ LNAV-VNAV (250, 1/4 mile) † Local Area Augmentation System (0.1m) ‹ Cat. III? y Change to Required Navigation Performance (RNP) † RNP X † X is 95% lateral containment on NM MITMIT NAVIGATION TRENDS ICATICAT (APPROACH) MITMIT NAVIGATION TRENDS ICATICAT (APPROACH) MITMIT GPS Approach Navigation ICATICAT y Requirements † Accuracy (RNP) † Availability † Integrity y Differential GPS † Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) † Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) MITMIT Surveillance ICATICAT y Requirements † Observed states of lead elements sufficient to form-up and maintain † Feed forward states (intent) y Constraints † Sight Angles † Installation (weight, cost, power, etc) † Cooperative Targets y Technologies † Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) † Image Based Systems (Vis, IR) † Radar (X Band, MMW0 † Range Finders (Laser) † Sensor Fusion Systems MITMIT ICATICAT RADAR y Weather Radar (10 CM) y Search and Track † Doppler y Synthetic Aperture Radar y Radar Altimeter MITMIT ICATICAT RADAR y Wavelength λ † S Band (10 cm) † X Band (3 cm) † Ku Band (1 (cm) † Millimeter Wave (94 Ghz pass band) y Radar Range Equation y Beamwidth Θ † Θ = λ/D † D = Diameter of Circular Antenna † Pencil beam vs Fan Beam y Mechanically Steered Antennas † Scan and Tilt MITMIT Imaging and Night Vision Systems ICATICAT y Infrared † Special Optics (eg Gallium Arsinide) † Water Contamination † Sensor Cooling Requirements y Image Intensifier Systems y Pointing Systems MITMIT Datalink Based Systems ICATICAT y JTIDS y Mode S Transponders † Traffic Information Service y ADS-B MITMIT Self Reporting Aircraft States ICATICAT ADS-B

(Image removed due to copyright considerations.)

Bob Hilb UPS/Cargo Airline Association MITMIT INTENT REPRESENTATION ICATICAT (consider other states) y Intent formalized in “Surveillance State Vector” ⎧ Position states, P(t) ⎫ ⎪ Velocity states, V(t) ⎪ Traditional dynamic ⎪ ⎪ states Surveillance State ⎪ Acceleration states, A(t) ⎪ = ⎨ ⎬ Vector, X(t) Current target states, C(t) ⎪ ⎪ Defined intent ⎪Planned trajectory states, T(t)⎪ ⎪ ⎪ states ⎩⎪ Destination states, D(t) ⎭⎪ y Accurately mimics intent communication & execution in ATC

MCP Current target state, C(t)

Planned PILOT FMS trajectory, T(t)

Destination, D(t) MITMIT ADS-B SURVEILLANCE ICATICAT ENVIRONMENT y Potential access to more states (e.g. dynamic and intent) y Need to assess benefits for conformance monitoring

ACTUAL SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

PILOT A/C CONTROL AIRCRAFT INTENT INTENT SYSTEM DYNAMICS Trajectory, Target Nav. Control A/c Position, P(t) Destination states, accuracy surface property Velocity, V(t) Guidance e.g. ANP inputs e.g. weight Accel., A(t) mode ADS-B SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM Position, Trajectory Target Other useful states states??? Baro altitude Heading, Speeds Roll, ... MITMIT Engine Instrumentation ICATICAT y Rotation Rates † N1 y Exhaust Pressure Ratio y Temperatures † Turbine Inlet Temperature y Oil Pressure y Oil Temp y Vibration MITMIT Warning Systems ICATICAT y Master Caution † Fire † Low Pressure (eg oil) † … y Stall Warning † Stick Shaker y Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) y Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) y Envelope Protection MITMIT Envelope Protection ICATICAT

Fly-by-wire protection - Normal Law

Pitch Load Bank attitude factor angle

Ground Takeoff FlightFlight Flare Ground mode mode modemode mode mode

High Overspeed *AOA

* Angle of Attack (AOA) MITMIT High Angle of Attack ICATICAT Protection Airspeed scale CL CL 140 VLS

Vα Prot Vα Floor

α Angle of Attack (AOA) 120 Vα Max

α Stall: Sudden loss of lift and or aircraft control α Max: Angle of attack reached with full aft stick (max aircraft performance) α Floor: Angle of attack, where TOGA thrust is automatically applied by the A/THR α Prot: Angle of attack from which stick input is converted into angle of attack demand (stick neutral α Prot) α VLS: Angle of attack reached at approach speed (VLS)