© 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please e-mail [email protected] This book was set in Adobe Caslon Pro by Tracey Theriault (graphic design and layout) and Katy Börner (concept), Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University. Printed and bound in Malaysia. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Börner, Katy. Atlas of knowledge : anyone can map / Katy Börner. pages cm One of a series of three publications influenced by the travelling exhibit Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, curated by the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center at Indiana University. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-0-262-02881-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Information visualization. 2. Science—Atlases. 3. Statistics—Graphic methods. 4. Science —Study and teaching—Graphic methods. 5. Communication in science— Data processing. 6. Technical illustration. 7. Graph design. I. Title. QA90.B6624 2015 501'.154—dc23 2014028219 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Analyze & Visualize 44 Statistical Studies 46 Statistical Visualization Types 48 Temporal Studies—“When” 50 Temporal Visualization Types 52 Geospatial Studies—“Where” 54 Geospatial Visualization Types viii 1 21 56 Topical Studies—“What” 58 Topical Visualization Types 60 Network Studies—“With Whom” viii Foreword Part 1: Science and Part 2: Envisioning 62 Network Visualization Types ix Preface Technology Facts Science and Technology 64 Studying Dynamics x Acknowledgments 2 Science and Technology Motivation Deploy from Above 22 Foundations and Aspirations 66 Combination 4 Systems Science Approach Framework 68 Interaction 6 Micro: Individual Level 24 Needs-Driven Workflow Design 70 Human-Computer Interface 8 Meso: Local Level 26 Insight Need Types Interpret 28 Data Scale Types 10 Macro: Global Level 72 Validation and Interpretation 30 Visualization Types 12 Universal: Multilevel 32 Graphic Symbol Types 14 S&T Dynamics: Trends and Bursts of Activity 34 Graphic Variable Types 16 S&T Dynamics: 36 Graphic Variable Types Versus Graphic Symbol Types Structural Changes Acquire 18 S&T Dynamics: Diffusion and Feedback Patterns 40 User Needs Acquisition 42 Data Acquisition 100 Fifth Iteration (2009): 144 Seventh Iteration (2011): Science Maps for Science Science Maps as Visual Policy Makers Interfaces to Digital Libraries 102 Science and Society in Equilibrium 146 Mondothèque. Multimedia Desk in a Global Internet 104 Networks of Scientific Communications 148 Two Charts Illustrating Some of the Relations between the Branches of 106 Realigning the Boston Traffic Natural Science and Technology Separation Scheme to Reduce the 75 Risk of Ship Strike to Right and 150 Visualizing Bible Cross-References 167 Other Baleen Whales 152 Finding Research Literature 108 Mobile Landscapes: Using on Autism Location Data from Cell Phones 154 Design Vs. Emergence: Visualization Part 3: Science Maps for Urban Analysis Part 4: Outlook of Knowledge Orders 110 Death and Taxes 2009 168 S&T Trends in Action 156 Map of Scientific Collaborations 76 Places & Spaces: Mapping Science 112 Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. from 2005–2009 170 Data Monitoring and Analytics Innovation Engine 78 Fourth Iteration (2008): 158 The Census of Antique Works of 172 Real-Time Visualization Science Maps for Economic 114 A Topic Map of NIH Grants 2007 Art and Architecture Known in the 174 Democratizing Knowledge Decision Makers Renaissance, 1947–2005 116 A Clickstream Map of Science and Participation 160 Seeing Standards: A Visualization 80 Europe Raw Cotton Imports in 118 U.S. Vulnerabilities in Science 1858, 1864, and 1865 of the Metadata Universe 176 International Science Observatory 120 The Millennium Development 162 MACE Classification Taxonomy 82 Shrinking of Our Planet Goals Map 84 Tracing of Key Events in the 164 History of Science Fiction 122 Sixth Iteration (2010): Development of the Video Tape Recorder Science Maps for Scholars 124 Tree of Life 86 World Finance Corporation, Miami, 178 References & Credits Florida, ca 1970–1979 (6th Version) 126 The Human Connectome 206 Index 88 Examining the Evolution 128 Diseasome: The Human and Distribution of Patent Disease Network Classifications 130 Human Speechome Project 90 Ecological Footprint 132 Mapping the Archive: Prix 92 The Product Space Ars Electronica 94 4D. The Structured Visual 134 Knowledge Cartography Approach to Business-Issue 136 Literary Empires: Mapping Resolution Temporal and Spatial Settings 96 The Scientific Roots of Technology of Victorian Poetry 98 A Global Projection of Subjective 138 The Emergence of Nanoscience Well-Being & Technolog y 140 Weaving the Fabric of Science 142 U.S. Job Market: Where Are the Academic Jobs? vii Foreword You could say it was Marco Polo who started it shield of method, we boldly took scientific thinking we are, where we’re going, and, especially, what all when he returned from China and reported where no minds had gone before. The aim: to learn we’re likely to find when we get there. the distance he’d travelled east from Europe as a more and more about less and less. Accurate prediction is now more essential than lot farther than it really was. So when the Italian Faster than you could say “epistemology,” the ever, given above all the unimaginable potential hotshot mathematician Paolo Toscanelli used Polo’s knowledge disciplines proliferated, generating social consequences of developments in different data to finalize a new map of the world and then niche studies (let’s hear it for the PhD!) that in turn science and technology fields. Take, for example, Columbus got hold of a copy, the distance to China became disciplines generating their own niche stud- nanotechnology: We have perhaps fifty years before going the other way (west, straight across an empty ies. Silo-thinking was here to stay. And (to mix the first nanofabricator, powered by photovoltaics, ocean) looked quick and easy. Then, oops, America! metaphors), inside every intellectual silo, blinkered is able to manipulate material at the atomic level to With the discovery of a new continent, there went the specialists worked away, blissfully unaware of what create molecules and then turn those molecules into neighborhood. The definitive map of the world at the might be going on in other silos. stuff and use that stuff to manufacture gold, food, time was that crafted by Aristotle, who hadn’t included Then the fun began. As products and ideas began bricks, water, and so on from primarily dirt, water, America. What was the place doing there? And what to emerge from specialist silos, they would bump and air, making almost anything, almost free. about all the amazing stuff that began to pour in into each other with results that were more than the The first thing the first fabricator might do is make from the newfound world: new species, new minerals, sum of the parts. One and one began to make three. a copy of itself: one for everyone on the planet in a new races, none of which were in Aristotle either. Maybach brought together the perfume spray with matter of months. Then live wherever your fancy takes In 1533, Dutch mathematician Gemma Frisius gasoline and invented the carburetor. Electricity and you, entirely self-sufficient, with the means electroni- complicated matters with his idea for fixing a loca- magnetism made possible the telegraph. The discov- cally to transmit yourself across the world as a three- tion by triangulation, thus making it easier for ery of the bacillus plus the invention of aniline dye dimensional hologram, a world not of 196 nations explorers to sail off into the blue; now at any point added up to chemotherapy. As I have shown in my but of nine billion autonomous individuals with the en route explorers could use the position of the own work, innovation comes when ideas are linked freedom to do, and be, whatever they choose. last headland and the position of the next one to in new ways. On the great web of knowledge, ulti- Chaos may follow. The free provision of every pinpoint where they were. Headland by headland, mately everything is linked to everything else. material need and behavior unfettered by community the more they advanced, turning the unknown into Innovation is the rule, not the exception. constraint may call into question every social institu- the known, the more unknown there was to explore. As the specialists multiplied and communica- tion from government to belief systems to the cultural Discovery bred discovery, which left the other prob- tions technology made it easier for them to interact, values that unite us to the entire market economy. lem: What to do about their returning cargoes— the pace of innovation quickened, with unexpected Since leaving the caves, we have focused our full that new stuff Aristotle hadn’t mentioned—all of results. Ripple effects could be unpredictable: The attention on dealing with scarcity. The finely honed which seriously upset the comfortable medieval view typewriter took women out of the kitchen into the skills we have developed in order to handle that of the world and everything in it. office and boosted the divorce rate, refrigerators millennial problem have left us totally unprepared Panic set in. If Aristotle could be that wrong, chilled food and punched a hole in the ozone layer, for the radical abundance that lies down the road. then which way was up? As contemporary worrier and X-rays bouncing off coal-crystal structures trig- The journey from here to there is fraught with diffi- John Donne put it: “The new philosophy (aka the gered the genetics industry. The sciences began to culties and perhaps even danger. We need to be able new discoveries) calls all in doubt.” In the growing take on double, bump-together names: neurophysi- to identify when required that (as they would have intellectual confusion, the search was on to generate ology, molecular biology, astrophysics, and more.