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Aranei: Araneoidea), a New Family Status, with a Description of a New Species from Turkmenistan

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Aranei: Araneoidea), a New Family Status, with a Description of a New Species from Turkmenistan Arthropoda Selecta 11 (2): 143152 © ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2002 Synaphridae Wunderlich, 1986 (Aranei: Araneoidea), a new family status, with a description of a new species from Turkmenistan Synaphridae Wunderlich, 1986 (Aranei: Araneoidea), íîâûé ñòàòóñ ãðóïïû ñ îïèñàíèåì íîâîãî âèäà èç Òóðêìåíèñòàíà Yuri M. Marusik*, Pekka T. Lehtinen** Þ.Ì. Ìàðóñèê*, Ï.Ò. Ëåõòèíåí** * Institute for Biological Problems of the North, RAS, Portovaya 18, Magadan 685000, Russia. ** Zoological Museum, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. * Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì Ñåâåðà, ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, Ïîðòîâàÿ 18, Ìàãàäàí 685000 Ðîññèÿ. KEY WORDS: Aranei, spiders, Synaphridae, Anapidae, Symphytognathoidea, new status, new species ÊËÞ×ÅÂÛÅ ÑËÎÂÀ: Aranei, ïàóêè, Synaphridae,Anapidae, Symphytognathoidea,íîâûé ñòàòóñ, íîâûé âèä. ABSTRACT: The subfamily Synaphrinae Wunder- æåò ñëóæèòü óíèêàëüíàÿ ôîðìà îñíîâàíèÿ òðèõî- lich, 1986 in Anapidae (s.lat.) is redefined and redelim- áîòðèè íà ãîëåíè. Äðóãèå àïîìîðôèè î÷åâèäíî èìå- ited to include only the genera Synaphris Simon, 1894 þòñÿ â ñòðóêòóðå ïàëüïû ñàìöà, îäíàêî äåòàëè ñòðî- and apparently Cepheia Simon, 1894. The genera Cras- åíèÿ ïàëüïû íå ìîãóò áûòü ãîìîëîãèçèðîâàíû ñ signatha Wunderlich, 1995 and Iardinis Simon, 1899 òàêîâûìè ó Symphytognathoidea. Òèï ëîâ÷èõ ñåòåé [sensu Brignoli, 1978] are removed from Synaphrinae. Synaphridae íåèçâåñòåí. Îïèñàí íîâûé âèä Synaphris The characters of this group are carefully compared to orientalis sp.n. (#) èç Òóðêìåíècòàíà. those of the Symphytognathidae, Anapidae, Mysmenidae, and Theridiidae. On the basis of this comparison, the Introduction taxonomic status of the Synaphrinae is raised to family level but its correct phylogenetic placement within the The minute spiders of the Araneoidea (Symphytog- higher Araneoidea remains unclear. Most of the Syna- nathoidea Baert, 1982) have an eventful taxonomic phridae new status characters are plesiomorphies of the history in modern arachnology. A very few diminutive symphytognathoid and theridioid spiders. The only reli- araneoids were known to Simon [1884, 1894, 1899], able synapomorphy is the curious cenral notch of the who placed them mainly in the Theridiidae, as was done tibial trichobothrial base. Male palpal structures may subsequently by Crosby & Bishop [1927] for their new comprise additional synapomorphies, but as the scler- genus Micropholcomma and by Levi [1956] for Mysme- ites of these organs have not been properly homologized na. Suprageneric taxa were created e.g. Argiopidae: in the symphytognathoid spiders, no detailed transfor- Anapeae [Simon, 1894], Theridiidae: Mysmeneae [Si- mation series can be determined. Nothing is known mon, 1922] and Micropholcommatidae [Hickman, 1944], about web building behaviour of the Synaphridae. A while new species were assigned to new families like new species, Synaphris orientalis sp.n. (#) is described Symphytognathidae [Hickman, 1931] and Textricel- from Turkmenistan, Central Asia. lidae [Hickman, 1945]. Fage [1937] created the concept of the Symphytog- ÐÅÇÞÌÅ: Ïåðåñìîòðåí ñîñòàâ è ñòàòóñ ïîäñå- nathidae (sensu lato) by transferring all minute arane- ìåéñòâà Synaphrinae Wunderlich, 1986 ñåìåéñòâà oidean species, that lacked booklungs (Symphytog- Anapidae (s.lat.), âêëþ÷àþùåãî â ñåáÿ ðîä Synaphris nathidae; Argiopidae: Anapeae; and Theridiidae: Mys- Simon, 1894 è âîçìîæíî Cepheia Simon, 1894. Ðîäû meninae) to this group. Two years earlier, a parallel Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995 è Iardinis Simon, 1899 assemblage based on poorer reasoning had been named [sensu Brignoli, 1978] èñêëþ÷åíû èç Synaphridae. Anapidae by Kratochvil [1935]. Fages grouping was Äåòàëüíîå ñðàâíåíèå ïðèçíàêîâ ýòîãî òàêñîíà ñ ðîä- adopted by Forster [1959: 271], followed by all subse- ñòâåííûìè ãðóïïàìè: Symphytognathidae, Anapidae, quent authors (but actually only by himself and Mysmenidae è Theridiidae ïîçâîëèëî ïîäíÿòü ñòàòóñ Gertsch!). Forster [1959] strongly emphasized the im- òàêñîíà äî óðîâíÿ ñåìåéñòâà, îäíàêî òî÷íîå ïîëî- portance of the reduced respiratory system in these æåíèå Synaphridae new status â ïðåäåëàõ âûñøèõ spiders, first studied by Petrunkevitch [1933], and unit- Araneoidea îñòà¸òñÿ íåÿñíûì. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïðèçíà- ed Anapidae, Mysmenidae, Symphytognathidae, Mi- êîâ ñèíàôðèä ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïëåçèîìîðôíûìè è âñòðå- cropholcommatidae and Textricellidae to the Symphy- ÷àþòñÿ ó Symphytognathoidea è Theridioidea. Íàèáî- tognathidae, in spite of obvious fundamental differences ëåå ñóùåñòâåííîé àóòàïîìîðôèåé äëÿ òàêñîíà ìî- in conformation of the copulatory organs, cheliceral 144 Yu.M. Marusik, P.T. Lehtinen armature, labral structure, etc. Soon after this extensive SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE: Patu samoensis Marples, revision, the number of known, minute araneoid species 1951, Symphytognatha globosa Hickman, 1934, Anapistula has increased constantly over the years, through taxo- secreta Gertsch, 1941 and some undescribed species from the nomic studies of various authors, mainly due to a world- Oriental Region. wide use of funnel techniques for sampling spiders. ANAPIDAE: Comaroma simoni Bertkau, 1889, Conocolus lyugadinus Komatsu, 1940, Pseudanapis aloha Forster, 1959, Most authors followed Forsters family concept, al- Zangherella algerica Simon, 1895 and other tropical species. though the second author [Lehtinen, 1967] stated clearly TEXTRICELLIDAE: Textricella spp. (New Guinea). that this concept is surely a polyphyletic dump heap of MICROPHOLCOMMATIDAE: Micropholcomma spp. minute Araneoidea. (Australia). Forster & Platnick [1977] analyzed carefully this HADROTARSIDAE: an undescribed genus and species concept of Symphytognathidae (s.lat.) and redelimited from New Guinea, Tekellina sp.n. (in Theridiidae sensu Levi the family according to relatively convincing synapo- & Levi [1962]). morphies. They also confessed that generic concepts THERIDIIDAE: Theonoe minutissima (O. Pickard-Cam- applied by them to many of genera included (e.g. Sym- bridge, 1879), Coleosoma floridana Banks, 1900, «Theridi- phytognatha, Patu, Anapistula) were exceptionally on» soloa Marples, 1955, Pholcomma gibbum (Westring, 1851), Theridion, spp., Dipoena spp., several Pacific new broad, pending the discovery and description of new species and genera. species. We agree that there are a number of undescribed NESTICIDAE: Nesticella and Howaia spp. species of Patu [cf. Saaristo, 1996] and Symphytog- Our analysis is based on traditional taxonomy, but cla- natha at least. Most probably, there are no globally dograms for other araneoidean groups [Coddington, 1990a,b; distributed genera of soil spiders in natural habitats. The Coddington & Levi, 1991; Griswold et al., 1998; Schütt, wide range of Anapistula secreta Gertsch, 1941 can 2000] were available and are discussed. Several characters of probably be explained by its anthropochorous dispersal the families discussed were studied with SEM. of a possibly parthenogenetic species of that group. In Acronyms of museums: ZMMU Zoological Museum, spite of Forster & Platnicks [1977] excellent redescrip- University of Moscow, Russia; ZMTU Zoological Muse- tion and redelimitation, the wide concept of Symphytog- um, University of Turku, Finland. Scale in all Figs. = 0.1 mm. nathidae has later been used repeatedly by leading specialists [e.g. Brignoli, 1978, 1980, 1981]. Wunderli- Taxonomy ch [1986, 1987, 1994a,b] used the same concept, but named the group as Anapidae (s.lat.), obviously due to Synaphridae Wunderlich, 1986, new status priority reasons. The suprafamilial taxon Symphytogna- Theridiidae, in part (Theonoe, in part): Simon, 1881: 132. thoidea was first suggested by Baert [1982], to include Linyphiidae, in part: Simon, 1884: 599. Symphytognathidae, Anapidae and Mysmenidae. It was Theridiidae Theonoeae, in part: Simon, 1894: 589. further redefined by including the Theridiosomatidae in Theridiidae Mysmeneae: Fage & Berland in Simon, 1926: 116. addition to the three families listed above [Coddington, Theridiidae Mysmeninae, in part: Petrunkevitch, 1928: 115; Roewer, 1942: 393394. 1990a], and later used also by Dippenaar-Schoeman & Symphytognathidae s.lat., in part: Levi & Levi, 1962: 29; Jocque [1997]. Brignoli, 1970: 1407; Wunderlich, 1980: 260. This study aims to discuss and clarify the characters Mysmenidae, in part (provisionally): Forster & Platnick, 1977: and taxonomic position of one of the least known groups 2; Brignoli, 1983: 376 & 379. Mysmenidae, in part: Platnick, 1993: 235236; Platnick, 1997: of minute Symphytognathoidea, first treated as a sub- 309-310. family Synaphrinae by Wunderlich [1986]; a new spe- Anapidae Synaphrinae Wunderlich, 1986: 113; Wunderlich, cies found in the course of this study is described. 1987: 137; Wunderlich, 1995b: 776. Synaphridae: Schütt, in press. REVISED DIAGNOSIS. All species of Synaphridae pos- Material and methods sess a large tooth (or process with pointed tip) on the retromar- gin of the chelicerae. Other members of the Symphytog- Only material of a new species from Turkmenistan was nathidae s.lat. have a group of minute denticles or a smooth available for the genus Synaphris. Other species of Synaphris cheliceral margin. In addition, Synaphridae differ from Mys- discussed below were carefully described in the original menidae by lacking a femoral organ and having unmodified descriptions [e.g. Wunderlich, 1980, 1987] and comparisons metatarsus I in males. The ultrastructure of the legs was can be made without re-examining actual specimens. studied for Synaphris (not for Cepheia, as no material was The comparison with other minute Araneoidea is based
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