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Spatial and Temporal Cropping Systems Changes Over Uttar Pradesh

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Spatial and Temporal Cropping Systems Changes Over Uttar Pradesh International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com SPATIAL TEMPORAL CLIMATIC CHANGE VARIABILITY OF CROPPING SYSTEMS IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH Dr. Avadhesh Koshal, Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research, [email protected] seasons, there is a short season during the summer months Abstract known as the zaid season [4]. The important rabi (winter /spring The Western U.P. is the part of agricultural tracts in Uttar crop) crops are Wheat/gehu (Triticum aestivum), Barley /jau Pradesh. The Coordinates of Western Uttar Pradesh are as (Hordeum vulgare), peas/matar (Pisum sativum), chickpea/gram following: Latitudinal extent - 29° 58′ 12″ N to 26° 28′ 12″ N (Cicer arietinum) and Rapeseed/Mustard (Brassica juncea & Longitudinal extent - 77° 35′ 0″ E to 80° 6′ 0″ E. The statistical rapa). Availability of precipitation during winter months due to analysis of crops and cropping systems which are based on Net the western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these Sown Area (NSA), area and yield data fifteen years observed crops. Western Uttar Pradesh is important for the production of maximum Net Sown Area (NSA) percentage 57.09%, 22.38% wheat and other rabi crops. The maximum kharif season and 18.21 of wheat, sugarcane and rice crop respectively. The 2 (monsoon crop) cropped are rice/paddy (Oryza sativa), major crops yield trend (linear) is observed in graph R value maize/corn (Zea mays), sorghum/jowar(Sorghum bicolor) 0.33. The major cropping systems are observed Sugarcane- pearlmillet/bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) , pigeonpea/arhar wheat, Rice-wheat, Maize wheat, Pearl millet-wheat and (Cajanus cajan), green gram/ moong bean (Vigna radiate), black Sorghum-wheat. The fifteen year cropping systems analysis 2 gram/urad (Vigna mungo), potato/Aloo ( Solanum tuberosum ) observed R = 0.27. The analysis of monthly data of cotton/rui (Gossypium hirsutum), groundnut/ moongphali quinquennium period (1996-05-10) observed rising or decline (Arachis hypogaea), and soyabean/soy (Glycine max) . The temperature due climatic change. The scenario of changing 2 major crops produced during Zaid are watermelon/tarbooz pattern in overall analysis found 07-2.2°C. The R values of (Citrullus lanatus), muskmelon/Kharbooz (Cucumis melo), maximum and minimum temperature are observed 0.15 and 0.12. cucumber/kheera (Cucumis sativus), vegetables and fodder crops The 15 years (1996-2010) analysis of data coefficient of . Sugarcane (Saccharum L.), takes almost a year to grow [5]. variation observed value 0.11. The major cropping systems viz. rice-wheat, maize-wheat, In ERDAS IMAGINE, create a pseudo colour table to set the sugarcane/ratoon-wheat, maize-mustard and Pearlmillet – value 0 is red/orange color, green/yellow ranges are between are groundnut are grown in Western U.P. The cropping systems are 255. The time series remote sensing SPOT VGT data is useful to changing due to changing of climatic pattern. In terms, understand changing of major cropping systems. The major traditional crop grown areas changing other crop grown areas climatic parameters viz., minimum/maximum temperature and due to rising temperature, heavy rain, drought or pest impact. It average /normal rainfall are important for crops and cropping may be other factors viz. cash crop gives more profit than systems. The changing of climatic parameters is adverse affected traditional crop like herbal crop (medicinal plants) and on the grown areas. horticultural crops (seasonal flower). Cropping system level study is not only useful to understand the overall sustainability of Introduction agricultural system, but also it helps in generating many important parameters which are useful in climate change impact Agriculture and associated industries are the primary source of assessment [6]. Climate change will increase both abiotic food and the major employment sector. The agriculture sector stresses, such as drought, and biotic stresses, such as pest and contributed 17.2 per cent; industry contributed 18.5 per cent crop disease pressures, on agricultural systems Climate is one of while the service sector had a contribution of 64.5 per cent of the the most important input factors in the agriculture productivity in GDP according to 2008-09 estimates [1]. Uttar Pradesh, has all over the world. Pattern of temperature and precipitation are geographical area of 2,40,928 Km2 which constitutes 7.3% of the changing due to global warming, resulting in having impact on total area of country [2]. Western UP is one of the prosperous crop productivity [7]. The climate is the overall pattern of the agricultural tracts of the country [3] In Uttar Pradesh (plains) weather in a region over a long period of time. Climate change is roughly 18% of gross agricultural output is sugarcane while its one of the most important global environmental challenges of the share in area cultivated is only around 6 percent. Western U.P. present century. The most visible impacts of climate change are crop calendar has three cropping seasons- rabi, kharif and zaid. the increased global mean surface temperature; increased The kharif cropping season is from July to October during the frequency and severity of drought, variations in precipitation, and south-west monsoon and the rabi cropping season is from increased heavy precipitation events. All these manifestations October to March (winter). In between the rabi and the kharif have a significant impact on world agriculture. As per the findings of the study conducted by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi, with every 1ºC. increase in ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2013 36 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com temperature throughout the growing period of the crop, the total geographical areas of UP 240,928sqkm and western UP has overall wheat production may be lost by 4 to 5 million tones [8]. 72,018 sq.km percentage of total area is 29.6 % rest area 70.4% According to new reports by the Consultative Group on UP. Coordinates of Western Uttar Pradesh are as following: International Agriculture Research. Important crops like maize Latitudinal extent - 29° 58′ 12″ N to 26° 28′ 12″ N Longitudinal and wheat produce less grain at temperatures above 30 degree extent - 77° 35′ 0″ E to 80° 6′ 0″ E. It lies between the two Celsius [9]. important streams – the Ganga and the Yamuna. Western Uttar The statistical information on crop area, production and Pradesh shares borders with the states of Uttarakhand, Haryana, productivity form the backbone of agricultural statistical system. Delhi, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, as well as a brief Time series of optical satellite images acquired at high spatial international border with Nepal in Pilibhit district. It is one of resolution is a potentially useful source of information for the fertile regions of the state of Uttar Pradesh [17]. The climate monitoring agricultural practices [10]. Satellite remote sensing of the region is tropical monsoon, Rainfall ranges from 600 to and GIS technology are now widely used for environmental 1,000 mm (24–39 in) in the western Uttar Pradesh. About 90 monitoring and mapping the distributions of land surface percent of the rainfall occurs during the southwest Monsoon, biophysical parameters that have an important effect on climate lasting from about June to September. Study area is represented [11]. A wide variety of satellite remote sensing data from three major seasons, viz., hot weather (March-June), rainy season LANDSAT – TM, SPOT, IRS 1C & 1D, CARTOSAT & (July-September) and cold weather (October-February) [18]. The RISAT-1 are now available to earth resource scientists for south-west or the summer monsoon is the main source of rainfall. generating information on natural resources. Remote sensing The soil tends to be lighter-textured loam, with some occurrences provides tools for advanced cropping system [12]. Multi of sandy soil. Western Uttar Pradesh consists of twenty three temporal remote sensing data are widely acknowledged as having districts [19] & [20], which are grouped into 6 commissionaires significant advantages over single date imagery [13] for studying as following: Saharanpur Division, Meerut Division, Moradabad dynamic phenomena. GIS (Geographical Information System) Division, Agra Division, Aligarh Division & Bareilly Division refers to computer software that provides for data storage, [21]. retrieval and transformation of spatial data. A GIS consists of two major elements namely hardware (processing unit, plotter/printer and graphic display system) and software (ARC GIS, ILWIS, IDRISI, MAPINFO & GRASS etc.). Material Simple remote sensing indicators derived from SPOT VEGETATION instrument can be successfully used as a source The present study is based on secondary sources of time series of crop yield predictors for the Mediterranean and Central Asian data (Area and yield) data of major crops of obtained 15 years countries. The VGT imagery has a spatial resolution of 1 km. It 1996-99 to 2010-11. To achieve the stipulated objectives, the is therefore more suitable for national and regional monitoring of present study had been carried out on the basis of time-series major seasonal variations in vegetation patterns. Time series of data pertaining to continuous quinnquious three time periods viz. optical satellite images acquired at high spatial resolution is a 1996-2000, 2001-05 and 2006-10.have been collected from potentially useful source of information for monitoring the published records, cropping systems atlas [22] bulletin of the agricultural practices [14]. In this paper the SPOT data Directorate of Agricultural Statistics and the Institute of State Vegetation index is used to monitor the vegetation cover change Planning, U.P., ICAR , DRR, INARIS, Agricoop and other in Western U.P. The aim of this study is to establish the spatial national level institute [23]. The climatic data (total, actual and and temporal changes in vegetation cover and their relation to the normal rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature etc.) of climatic parameters. western U.P.
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