Vocab ‐ Define and illustrate the meaning of each word. Unit 8: The 1960’s & Movements Big Idea: ME #1: ME #3: ME #5: The presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson brought incredible 1. civil disobedience 1. Martin Luther King Jr. 1. for Equality changes for Americans in the 1960s. Major civil rights laws were passed, new 2. black separatism 2. SCLC 2. Black Panthers Standard: 11.9 & 11.10 government programs expanded welfare and social safety nets to 3. black self‐determination 3. SNCC 3. counterculture 2. Shade concept map using colored pencils. disadvantaged citizens. African‐Americans were ready to wage a war of their

4. separate‐but‐equal 4. poll tax 4. commune own against discrimination and for their rights guaranteed in the 5. de facto segregation 5. 5. feminism 6. desegregation 6. on Washington 6. NOW is about Constitution. The Modern included numerous 7. sit‐in 7. 7. Title IX successes and a diversity of leaders, including Jackie Robinson’s integration 8. illiteracy 8. Selma Campaign 8. busing Events and of professional baseball, nonviolent protest of Martin Luther King, Jr., and

9. NAACP 9. racism 9. affirmative action organizations the radical actions of Malcolm X. New action groups emerge representing 10. The Southern Manifesto 10. 10. bilingualism Mexican and Native‐Americans. Women demand equality through the challenging feminist movement. segregation and 1. Rewrite this paragraph in your own words using 75 words or less. discrimination of Court cases and legislation minority groups ‐Proposition 209 Action groups,

‐Great Society unions, feminist

movement

Leaders of the Civil Rights

Movement NAACP Court Cases War on Poverty Civil Rights

Legislation Martin Luther King Jr. ACLU Dred Scott v. Sanford

Lyndon Johnson Helping urban & rural Civil Rights Act of CORE/SCLC/SNCC areas hit by poverty Plessy v. 1964 Ferguson UFW/Chicano Movement Malcolm X

Brown v. Board of End of Separate but

Education Equal AIM Cesar Chavez

UC Regents v. Baake N.O.W.

Paragraph Quiz ‐ Write a 6 sentence paragraph using your own words. (use correct format) ME #2: Is violence or non‐violence the most effective means to achieve social change? ME #4: Did the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s effectively change the nation? ME #6: Has the women’s movement for equality in the United States become a reality or remained a dream? UNIT 8 The 1960’s & Movements for Equality #3: Theme: Democracy has evolved over time; Change generates additional change.  Task #1: Read and highlight important/meaningful facts/major points.  Task #2: Write 7 notes, questions and/or comments from your highlights.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, and that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” ~Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” ~Amendment XIV to the Constitution, Ratified 1868 These years are usually considered the most chaotic period of the 20th century. Overall, the period was marked by a profound loss of innocence and trust. Americans watched as thousands of their own were killed in a far away, very foreign country during the first war America would lose. Assassinations rocked the nation as key figures were cut down by history‐shaping bullets. A “New Left” emerged that pointedly challenged mainstream American culture. Traditional American values seemed to fly out the window as teens “Tuned in, Turned on, and Dropped Out.” The chaotic period came to a dramatic close as President Nixon shamefully resigned from the office of the President. America was experiencing its own painful transformation. Americans watched as their entire world seemed to come apart at the seams right on their television screens. The era started with the shocking assassination of John Kennedy, climaxed in the nightmarish year 1968, and ended with the departure of Nixon and half his Cabinet. More than anything, Americans learned not to trust their politicians. Gone were the Roosevelt’s and Eisenhower’s who could convince fearful Americans that all was well and happy days were here again. Now America had Lyndon Johnson, who continually escalated a losing war. Now America had Richard Nixon, who sent people to break into the Democratic Headquarters and steal information. Violence jarred the nation as its leaders were cut down and its cities became unsafe. JFK was assassinated in 1963, Martin Luther King in 1968, and Bobby Kennedy also in 1968. Riots erupted in cities across the nation. Four college students were shot on their campus in Ohio. Yet, there still remained a sense of optimism and idealism. Even the most pointed criticisms of American politics and culture were phrased in the hope of improving upon the nation. To what extent was the nation jaded by the sixties and seventies? How did this era forever change our nation and color our own society today? To what extent was it a realization of our democratic principles and to what extent were they corrupted or side‐stepped? In short, were the sixties a good thing? The Civil Rights Movement (CRM) is often thought of as a discreet moment in time when African‐ Americans fought for their rights. On the contrary, the fight for civil rights was long time coming and continues today. There were numerous causes, and lead‐up events that are often forgotten, and problems that persist today which are often ignored. The CRM also inspired many other movements. The women’s lib movement, Chicano movement, American‐Indian movement, gay rights movement, etc. all take example from the CRM. The unique success of grass roots organizations, faith‐based groups, constitutional lawyers, and courageous individuals captures our nation’s imagination and holds out hope for those who continue to feel oppression. The CRM occupies an interesting and important place in American history. Parts are almost like a modern day fairy tale – Martin Luther King Jr’s “” speech has taken on mythical fame. So much of it can be depicted in good guys vs. bad guys terms. Yet other parts are not discussed as much, particularly the radical, non‐Christian, militant aspects. Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, and the have not achieved the same acceptance and heroic status as King, the , and the sit‐in participants. Why, do you think, America has chosen to remember the CRM in this divided manner? Why do you think we celebrate King’s birthday and not Malcolm X’s? Both were assassinated … both worked for African‐American rights … both had large followings…right? JFK‐Domestic Policies John F. Kennedy  Kennedy Family ‐ has played a ______in U.S. ______since the 1930’s.  Rising Political Star ‐ a ______from Mass., JFK was ______with voters. Election of 1960:  First ______presidential campaign  Kennedy was seen as the ______(young, Irish, ______and inexperienced)  Kennedy ______won  Factors that helped: o The Kennedy ______o ______& well educated o ______o Support of ______o Vice ______running mate  Memorable Inaugural Address ‐ JFK ______a spirit of ______.

“The torch has been passed to a new generation... And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.”

 What does this mean to you? ______.

Domestic Policies: The New Frontier Stimulating the Economy  estimated that ______million Americans were ______stricken  responded by ______and increasing ______.  Peace Corps  created a ______program for Americans to help poverty stricken nations throughout the ______. Technology  to compete with ______space superiority Kennedy ______government ______and promised America a ______within ____ years (happened in ______)  Civil Rights   created a Civil Rights bill that guaranteed ______and gave the U.S. Attorney General RFK (______) the power to file ______.  Kennedy died before approved, but later became the ______(one of the ______in American history). LBJ’s Great Society

. Domestic reform laws (______) . Attempt to ______from JFKs surprise death Tax Cut: .

.

War on Poverty:

. LBJ ______in poverty . Programs ______of Americans living in ______from 40 million to ______

. Economic Opportunity Act o

o

. Education Acts o

. Medical Care o Medicare

o Medicaid

Civil Rights:

. Civil Rights Act of 1964 o

. Voting Rights Act of 1965 o

o

. Immigration and Nationality Act o

. Executive Order 11246 o o

Early Civil Rights Timeline Flowchart

Directions: Striving for civil rights has been a long road for African Americans. Under each of the 25 events listed below, you need to do two things. For part a), explain the event. For part b), discuss how it either helped or delayed the quest for civil rights.

1. Whitney’s cotton gin (p. 180) 2. Missouri Compromise (p. 183) 3. Abolition movement (p. 188) 4. ’ influence (p. 188) a.

b.

5. Compromise of 1850 (p. 196) 6. Kansas-Nebraska Act (p. 197) 7. Dred Scott case (p. 199) 8. Civil War Begins (p. 207)

9. Emancipation Proclamation (p. 211) 10. 13th Amendment (p. 214) 11. Reconstruction (p. 219) 12. Rise of the KKK (p. 224)

13. 14th Amendment (p. 221) 14. 15th Amendment (p. 222) 15. (p. 280) 16. Plessy v. Ferguson (p. 226)

17. Booker T. Washington’s influence (p. 280) 18. WEB DuBois & NAACP (p. 357) 19. Great Migration (p. 427)

20. Harlem Renaissance (p. 427) 21. Marcus Garvey’s influence (p. 430) 22. A. Philip Randolph’s influence (p. 588)

The Modern

Civil Rights 23.) Double “V” Campaign (p.577) 24. Tuskegee Airmen (p. 577) 25. Truman Desegregates the Military (p. 668) Movement

Begins Introduction to 1950’s Civil Rights Movement

Review of African American Rights:

1865 - 13th Amendment is passed (______) - Black Codes are passed in the South to ______African Americans

1868 - 14th Amendment is passed (______)

1870 - 15th Amendment is passed (______)

1896 - Plessy v. Ferguson (Segregation is legal - ______)

Segregation:  Black Codes – “______”  Established ______facilities for ______and ______across the South  ______upheld segregation  Limitations placed upon the ability for African Americans to ______(poll taxes, ______, grandfather clauses), allowed for these laws to ______.  De facto segregation-established by ______, rather than law. Occurred in the ______.  De jure- was segregation ______. Occurred mostly in the ______. African Americans Organize:

Civil Rights Organizations are created to fight for ______!  NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) o Founded in 1909 with the goal of ______equality between the races o Used ______and ______to enact change

 Double V Campaign o Created during ______to fight for both rights at ______and ______.

 CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) o Founded in 1942 to fight ______o Used method of ______to achieve goals

 SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) o Founded in 1957 by ______and other ministers o Used ______to achieve ______between the races

Successes for Civil Rights – The 1940s:

 Jackie Robinson plays in the All-White MLB (1947) o Leads to integration of ______and ______within a few years  FDR bans ______in federal agencies  1948 Truman ______the armed forces  Supreme Court Declares o Segregated ______illegal o Segregated ______and ______school illegal

1950s Civil Rights: 1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) o Supreme Court Case o

o 2. Rosa Parks and (1955) o o

o o

3. Little Rock Arkansas (1957) o

o Limitations on 1950s Civil Rights due to:  Lack of white support for change  Fear of desegregation in the South o o o

Poisoned Dreams-Early 1960’s 1. What impact did the sit‐in at Woolworths have on the Civil Rights Movement? Who led the movement?

2. Why did Kennedy have such an appeal to many Americans? Why are the debates b/n Kennedy & Nixon important?

3. Describe the space race and its significance to the Cold War.

4. What was the Bay of Pigs fiasco?

5. What was the situation in Berlin in 1961? Why was this more dangerous than in previous years? Explain the Berlin Wall.

6. What started the Cuban Missile Crisis? How does the Kennedy Administration respond?

7. What is the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

8. Who are the Freedom Riders and what are they trying to accomplish?

9. How are the Civil Rights activists “serving their country”? What happened to the Freedom riders in Montgomery?

10. What is SNCC? Describe their tactics.

11. Why did the Civil Rights movement focus on Birmingham? How do the Birmingham police change their tactics?

12. Why was the March on Washington organized?

13. How did Martin Luther King make people feel?

14. What is the Peace Corp? Why was it established by President Kennedy?

15. What is the Domino Theory? What does it cause America to do in Vietnam?

16. What happened on Nov. 22, 1963? What impact does it have on America psychologically?

Wrap‐up: What did you find interesting, entertaining, disturbing, and/or upsetting in the video, explain? (2‐3 sent.) 1960’s Civil Rights Movement

Protest and Violence 1960-1963  Blacks began to conduct ______at white lunch counters throughout the South, ______until they were served.  Organized getting young African Americans involved in ______to ______the South through ______and ______projects.  ______organized freedom rides in which people ______from town to town trying to ______bus terminals.  Birmingham was considered the ______in the South! The protesters continued their policy of ______even though they were attacked. MLK knew that the protest ______!  In 1963, ______, over ______on Washington, D.C. in a civil rights demonstration. Successes of the Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Act of 1964:  Banned ______in employment and ______.  Increased federal power to protect ______.  Attempted to ______up school ______.  Established the ______(to ensure fair treatment in ______) Voting Rights Act of 1965:  Ended ______tests.  Enabled ______employees to help ______- voters. :  Prevented ______in the sale or rental of most ______ Strengthened ______laws  Made it a ______to harm ______. Additional Changes:  Increase in ______representation and legal desegregation in all ______facilities  Decrease in ______levels (56% in 1959 to 22.7% in 1999)  Increase in ______education (3.3% in 1959 to 15.4% in 1999)  Affirmative Action (______) MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE Event/Date Description using 2 bullet points Illustrate the significance/importance Brown v. Board of  Court case which challenged the doctrine of Education . 1954  established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1898.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955‐56

Central High School  “Little Rock Crisis”: AR Natl. Guard used to stop Integration black students from entering Central HS. 1957  Eisenhower used Army to force desegregation.

SCLC

1957

Greensboro Sit‐Ins 1960

SNCC 1960

Freedom Rides 1961

Birmingham 1963

March on Washington 1963

Civil Rights Act 1964

Selma, AL March 1965

Assassination of Malcolm X

1965

Voting Rights Act

1965

Watts Riots

1965

Black Power 1966

Black Panther Party 1966

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 1968

Unpinned-1960’s 1. What happened to three of the first students to arrive in Mississippi and why were they there in the first place?

2. Where did many of the protest movements originate in the early 1960s?

3. Describe the landscape of Vietnam.

4. Why were most black Americans unable to vote in Alabama? Give examples.

5. What was the outcome of the first march from Selma to Montgomery?

6. Violence in the South against Civil Rights activists helped the movement gain the support of who?

7. What was the message of Malcolm X and the Black Panthers?

8. Where were the riots and discontent most prevalent in the mid‐1960s? Why?

9. Rock music’s theme in the 1960s was?

10. What was the status of women in the 60s? How were they trying to change that status? And what new inventions changed their lives?

11. Describe the strategy of the North Vietnamese in the war.

12. What impact did T.V. have on the Vietnam War?

13. What group of Americans did most of the fighting in Vietnam?

14. What impact did the Tet offensive have on Americans and their perceptions of the war?

15. What happened at the Democratic Convention in 1968? How do you think mainstream America reacted?

Wrap‐up: What did you find interesting, entertaining, disturbing, and/or upsetting in the video, explain? (2‐3 sent.) Malcolm X Black Panthers NOW New Leaders, Different Views  Despite the new civil rights laws, ______.  ______, believed that African Americans could only succeed if ______. Malcolm X…  “Our objective is complete ______by any means necessary."  However, over the years, Malcolm X ______and sought to create better relationships between blacks and whites. He was ______in 1965. The Black Panthers  Urged African Americans to ______themselves and to fight for their rights when necessary.  ______, with co‐founder ______. Urban Riots  Angry about ______, ______and discrimination, riots broke out in black communities in many American cities in the mid 1960’s.  One of the worst examples was in the ______of Los Angeles, in which fires were set, stores were looted, 4,000 people were arrested, 34 were killed and 1,000 were injured. Death of Dr. King  Martin Luther King, Jr., was ______in Memphis, Tennessee, in April of ______by a white gunman.  In 1986, his birthday was made into a national holiday in order to celebrate his legacy. Robert Kennedy, 1968  RFK was the Presidential frontrunner for the ______.  Killed in LA by a Palestinian‐Sirhan Sirhan  ______became president and the Civil Rights Movement ______. Some Progress is Made  During the 1970’s, many American cities ______black mayors ______, such as Atlanta, Newark, Cleveland, Detroit, New Orleans and Los Angeles.  Mayor Carl B. Stokes, Cleveland, OH, 1967. He was the first black mayor of a major American city. Thurgood Marshall  Became the ______African American on the ______in 1967. Affirmative Action  Programs were set up across the country in order to ______minorities, women, and others that had been ______of discrimination. Rights for Women  Women were oftentimes ______less than men for the ______job and were seldom promoted as fast as men.  Many law schools and medical schools gave preference to male applicants.  Progress: ______required equal pay for equal work.  Struggle for equality: In 1966, ______helped to ______the National Organization for Women (NOW).  NOW fought for ______.  This struggle became known as the ______. SELMA (2014)

Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 legally desegregated the South, discrimination was still rampant in certain areas, making it very difficult for blacks to register to vote. In 1965, Selma an Alabama city became the battleground in the fight for suffrage. The film Selma accounts the emotional three-month period in 1965, when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led a dangerous campaign to secure equal voting rights in the face of violent opposition. The epic march from Selma to Montgomery resulted in President Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act of 1965, one of the most significant victories for the Civil Rights movement. Selma tells the real story of how the revered leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers in the movement prompted change that forever changed history.

1. How did the bombing at the church make you feel? Why do you think this scene was in the film? 13. Why do you think the film touches upon Dr. King’s extramarital affairs?

2. What difficulties does Annie Lee Cooper (Oprah) have in registering to vote? What surprised you? 14. Describe the 1st march in Selma? What happens? Who is describing the violence?

3. Describe LBJ and MLK conversation in the Oval Office. What did MLK want? LBJ want? 15. What role does television have on the march? What did it do?

4. Why was Selma picked for the next move? How were they greeted? 16. “We’re going back to the bridge.” What does that mean? Why won’t MLK back down?

5. Explain: “We can do this…” “No more…” and “Give us the vote…” in MLK’s speech at church in 17. Who is now involved in the movement in Selma? Why? Selma.

18. Why did MLK decide to turn back at the bridge? Before you answer, listen to the letter he wrote to 6. When SNCC and MLK meet what is discussed? Explain: “negotiate, demonstrate, resist.” his wife?

7. What happens at the courthouse in Selma? Why did Annie Lee Cooper react? Why arrest MLK? 19. Why was the conversation between MLK and significant?

8. What did MLK and discuss and realize in jail? 20. What was the outcome of SCLC vs. the State of Alabama?

9. Malcolm X arrives in Selma and speaks to Mrs. King. What did he say? What was Mrs. King’s 21. Describe the conversation between LBJ and Gov. George Wallace in the Oval Office? What did LBJ reaction? finally tell him?

10. Why was the death of Jimmie Lee Jackson important to the movement in Selma? 22. What does LBJ mean by “American problem” and “” in his speech to Congress?

11. What is MLK’s leadership team arguing about? List 3. 23. MLK states he is just like everyone else. What does he mean by this?

12. When MLK tells LBJ about a march from Selma to Montgomery how does he react? What is 24. The final march… how does it make you feel? Why do you think the director put music/real footage argued? of the march in the film?

25. Summarize MLK’s speech at the steps of the state capital in Montgomery Alabama. What did LBJ finally sign 5 months later? HOMEWORK: 1. To you, what were the 3 most powerful images in the film and why?

2. Go online and do a little research. Was President Johnson accurately portrayed in this film? In what way? Be specific and give details. (use the back) Feminism through Music Activity (50 points) Define feminism: ______. Prompt: Go online and print the lyrics to each song below. Go to YouTube or iTunes and listen to each song following the lyrics. Take specific notes: 2 on meaning/message and 1 on your own thoughts in the table below. Then use that information to answer the summary questions in (2‐3) complete sentences. Staple your lyrics to the back of this paper. Non‐Feminist Feminist “Wishin’ and Hopin’” “I Enjoy Being a Girl” “I am Woman” “The Pill”

“Stand by Your Man” “Chapel of Love” “I Will Survive” “These Boots are Made for Walking”

Summary Questions: 1. How are the non‐feminist songs different from the feminist ones in general?

2. How are the relationships between men and women different in the 2 kinds of songs?

3. How are pop songs useful for learning about gender roles? How are they not useful?

Comparing Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X 1. Pair‐up: read and answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper: Background Information on Martin Luther King Jr.: Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 as a son and grandson of Baptist preachers. Christianity placed an important role in Martin’s life. From an early age, the family expected Martin to follow his father and grandfather by becoming a preacher. After he attended college, Martin enrolled at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania to study for the ministry.

While at Crozer, King became familiar with the philosophy and teachings of Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi had led India’s struggle for independence from British rule. Throughout his crusade, Gandhi’s message of love and helped bring independence for India through peaceful acts of civil disobedience, not violent rebellion. In Gandhi’s philosophy, King felt that he had found the key to helping his own people overcome the racial injustices he saw in the U.S. As a young boy growing up in the South during the 1930s and 1940s, King witnessed racial prejudice first‐hand. By 1951 he became committed to fighting for civil rights for all African Americans.

1. What role did religion play in Martin Luther King Jr.’s youth? 2. How did Gandhi’s ideas influence King? What was Gandhi’s appeal? 3. What motivated King to become active in seeking civil rights?

In 1953, he and his new wife, Coretta Scott, moved to Montgomery, AL where King became a pastor of a black Baptist Church. In December of 1955, King helped lead the Montgomery bus boycott following Rosa Park’s arrest. During the boycott, blacks refused to ride the buses until the law was changed. As the leader of the movement, King was arrested and thrown in jail, and his house was bombed. Throughout the year‐long boycott, he continued to urge his followers not to respond with violence. Ultimately, the Supreme Court ruled that the Montgomery law—as well as all of Alabama’s state laws on segregated busing—was unconstitutional, and ordered the city to integrate the buses. King and his supporters had won an enormous civil rights victory.

4. How did Rosa Park’s actions affect the course of King’s life? 5. What discrimination did King face in the Montgomery bus boycott? 6. How do you think King felt about the outcome of the boycott?

In 1957, King and other black clergymen formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group’s aim was to spread and coordinate nonviolent civil rights protests across the South. By 1963, the movement for civil rights had become very powerful. Thousands of African Americans—and many sympathetic white people as well—had participated in sit‐ins, marches and other demonstrations demanding an end to segregation. However, King was disappointed in the lack of federal government support in the civil rights effort. He became convinced that a massive action was necessary and called for a “March on Washington.” On August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 people attended a rally in the nation’s capital to show their support for civil rights. At the rally, King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech—his dream was that blacks and whites could live together in peace, and that African Americans would be able to fully participate in all aspects of American society without fear or prejudice.

For the next five years, King was the unquestioned leader of the civil rights movement in the United States. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work. His activities brought about major changes in federal law, including passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Yet for many African Americans who were still facing prejudice in their daily lives, progress was too slow. Some African American leaders complained that King’s insistence on nonviolent protest, when protesters were often beaten and even killed, sent the wrong message to a mostly white America. Still, through all this criticism, King never changed his views. He maintained that the best—and the only—way to effect change was by peaceful means.

In 1968, King was in Memphis, TN supporting a strike by black garbage workers. On April 4, King was shot as he stood on his hotel balcony. He died a short time later at a local hospital. Many people believed that his killer, a man name James Earl Ray, was hired by other people who wanted to see King dead. That theory was never proven, and Ray was sent to prison for life. Like his hero, Gandhi, this man of was struck down in the most violent of ways. And, just as with Gandhi, millions of people around the world mourned the death of Martin Luther King Jr. 7. Describe the types of protests that King and the SCLC organized. 8. What accomplishments could King be proud of? What conditions frustrated him? 9. What were the circumstances of King’s death? What was sadly ironic about the way he died?

Background information on Malcolm X: Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925, the fourth of eight children, whose birth name was Malcolm Little. When he was six years old, his father was murdered by a group of white men because of his involvement in a group called the Universal Negro Improvement Association, or UNIA. The UNIA was founded by Marcus Garvey and preached a philosophy of “black separatism” and black pride. Its goal was to get millions of African Americans to return to Africa because, as Garvey stated, blacks could never be treated justly in a country ruled by whites.

His father’s death destroyed Malcolm’s home life. His mother went insane and all of the children were placed into different foster homes. Malcolm was a very bright student, but he was an angry and bitter child. As he grew older, he lost interest in school. At age 15, he left school and went to live with an older half‐sister in Boston. For the next several years Malcolm lived the life of a street hustler, making money illegally and in 1945 was sent to jail for a series of burglaries. He was sentenced to seven years in prison all before his 21st birthday.

1. How and why was Malcolm Little’s father killed? 2. How might Malcom’s father’s association with the UNIA have influenced young Malcolm’s development? 3. Describe Malcolm’s late teen years after his father was killed.

While in prison, Malcolm learned that two of his brothers had joined a religious group called the . The members of this group were called “Black Muslims.” They led by a man named , and they preached a philosophy similar to Marcus Garvey and the UNIA. They favored a path of racial separation for black Americans. The group viewed white Americans with suspicion, if not outright hatred and had no interest in integration with white society. The Black Muslims operated their own stores, farms and restaurants and they also preached a strict code of member behavior. Eating pork and using alcohol, tobacco and drugs was prohibited. When he was released from prison in 1952, Malcolm moved to Detroit to join the Nation of Islam. As other Black Muslims had done, Malcolm changed his last name. Black Muslims considered their family names to be part of their slave past, so they rejected them in favor of the suffix “X.” Malcolm Little was reborn as Malcolm X.

Malcolm X rose quickly within the Black Muslim movement. By 1954, he was named minister of a temple in Harlem, NY. Before long, he was the Nation of Islam’s most well‐ known spokesperson. By the early 1960s, Malcolm X spoke out against white racism and called for “any means necessary” to retaliate against that racism – including violence. At the same time, he publicly criticized any African American who favored cooperating with the “white establishment” in America, including those who were seeking to integrate blacks into all segments of white society.

4. What were the beliefs of Elijah Muhammad and Black Muslims? 5. What do you think drew Malcolm Little to the Black Muslims? 6. How did Malcom X’s involvement with the Black Muslims change his beliefs? What were Malcolm’s opinions on the use of violence?

By 1964, Malcolm X had become the most famous Black Muslim in America. He continued to push his radical civil rights views, which had begun to catch on in urban black ghettos across the country. Malcolm’s popularity cause some resentment within the Nation of Islam, and a rift (division) developed between him and Elijah Muhammad. As a result, Malcolm X left the group in 1964. However, he stated he would remain a Muslim and continue to preach his separatist racial views.

In 1964, Malcolm X made a pilgrimage to the Middle East. In Mecca, the spiritual home of Islam, he was impressed by the harmony he saw among the various racial groups who visited there. Because of this experience, Malcolm X began to modify his feelings about cooperating with white people. Late in 1964 he stated “we will work with anyone, any group, no matter what their color is, as long as they are genuinely interested in talking the types of steps necessary to bring an end to the injustices that black people in this country are afflicted by.” By early 1965, Malcolm had become extremely unpopular with a segment of the Nation of Islam. He received death threats. His house was burned down. Finally, on February 21, 1965, he was assassinated by three men, two of whom were Nation of Islam members. All three men were convicted of murder and sentenced to prison. The question of who, if anyone, had ordered Malcolm’s assassination remained unanswered. 7. Why did Malcolm X break away from the Nation of Islam? 8. What impact did Malcolm X’s trip to Mecca have on his beliefs? 9. How did Malcolm X die? Who was responsible for his death?

2. Which civil rights leader, Martin Luther King Jr. or Malcolm X, do you associate each of the following quotes? Place an “MLK” or “X”. 1. ______You can’t separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.

2. ______Black men have slammed the door shut on a past of deadening passivity.

3. ______I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values.

4. ______We can never get civil rights in America until our human rights are first restored. We will never be recognized as citizens until we are first recognized as humans.

5. ______There is a profound recognition of the need for man to overcome oppression without resorting to violence.

6. ______I don’t see how you could call the strides being made in the field of integration rapid when you don’t have one city in this country that can say it is an example of sincere integration.

7. ______The only weapon we have in our hands is the weapon of protest…We will be guided by the highest principles of law and order.

8. ______But to do this, we must have land of our own. The brainwashed black man can never learn to stand on his own two feet until he is on his own.

9. ______Our goal is to bring about the complete independence of the people of African descent, in the Western Hemisphere and here in the United States, and to bring about the freedom of these people…by any means necessary.

3. Read below & complete the chart: Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X

1. On the left side provide information on MLK:   a. Early life changing events b. Religious philosophies   c. Civil Rights Philosophies

2. On the right side provide information on   Malcolm X.:

a. Early life changing events   b. Religious philosophies  c. Civil Rights Philosophies

  3. In the middle list the characteristics the two  men held in common (like a Venn diagram).

4. Prompts for Discussing Methods to Achieve Equal Rights

Role Play: One of you will become MLK and one of you will become Malcolm X. Have a conversation with each other. Start with the prompt and have the other respond to it. Discuss all ten prompts!

1. Malcolm X: Your “nonviolence” results in more blacks being beaten and killed. 2. MLK: Your ideas of self‐defense will provoke more violence against blacks. 3. Malcolm X: Integration into a racist system won’t work. 4. MLK: Separation is no different from segregation. 5. Malcolm X: Nothing will change until black people start fighting back. 6. MLK: We must not resort to the tactics that they use against us. 7. Malcolm X: Why waste time trying to change white people’s minds? 8. MLK: Why should we create an image of blacks for whites to fear and hate? 9. Malcolm X: I can’t love a group that has oppressed my people for over 300 years. 10. MLK: “An eye for an eye” will only make the whole world blind.

5. Guidelines for Writing a Dialogue between MLK and Malcolm X

Now each of you must write a fictional dialogue between Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X that reflects their differing viewpoints on the method African Americans should use to achieve equal rights in the United States. Follow these steps to complete your dialogue:

1. Begin your dialogue by copying the following lines on a piece of paper. Malcolm X: Martin, you’re going about this civil rights movement all wrong. MLK: Is that right? Well, do you have any better ideas? Malcolm X: As a matter of fact, I do . . .

2. Use the issues raised in your background information and discussion questions, quotes, Venn diagram and discussion prompts to complete the dialogue. Refer to at least four differences between the two leaders raised from the in‐class activities.

3. Write a one page dialogue between the two civil rights leaders. Staple to your answer sheet. DUE BY THE END OF CLASS. NO EXCEPTIONS!

Mini-Q Essay Outline Guide

 Working Title

Introduction Hook:   Background:   Restating the Mini-Q question:   Thesis:   Paragraph #1 Topic Sentence for bucket one:   Evidence: “Direct Quote” / supporting detail from documents with (document citation).

Analysis: connecting evidence to the thesis

Evidence: “Direct Quote” / supporting detail from documents with (document citation).   Analysis: connecting evidence to the thesis  Paragraph #2 Topic Sentence for bucket two:   Evidence:

Analysis:

Evidence:

Analysis:  Paragraph #3 Topic Sentence for bucket three:   Evidence:

Analysis:

Evidence:   Analysis:  Conclusion  Restatement of main idea along with possible insight or wrinkle