Kazan

a North e S Moscow Sea c r i e t v l Memel i a Neman R B R a . g Vilnius l o Königsberg V Gdańsk London Hamburg Amsterdam Vi ATLAN TIC R Berlin st D h O ula o i d n n e R River e r Poznan Warsaw R iv R iv e . er r OCEAN Frankfurt- Kiev

am-Main Dnie pr R Astrakhan Metz ub Prague i an e Lviv v D R Kraków e i Dn r ver iest er R Vienna iv e C r a Iaşi s p i . a R e Venice n n ô Feodosia S h Belgrade R (Caffa) e ver Ri a Marseilles Livorno Danube Black Sea Ancona Ragusa Rome Istanbul Salonica M e d i T Algiers Izmir ig t r Eupha is tes R Fez e R ive i ver r r rMalta a n e a Tripoli n S e a Jerusalem

0 250 500 750 1000 km Cairo 0 200 400 600 miles

map 1. The major Jewish communities mentioned in this book. State border Baltic Sea Memel Regional boundary

N eman Riv er Vitebsk Vil A ia

I Smolensk Gdańsk Königsberg R iv er Vilnius N Elbląg A Shklov Złotów U (Flatow) Grodno H Mogilev R Piła T V I U is t L ula Slutzk Starodub S Grodzisk Poznań Riv Hlusk Wielkopolski er Warsaw Brest Gomel S Leszno (Litovsk) Pinsk I O POLAND Pri iver d Kalisz pet R e A r R iv Wrocław e Lublin Chernihiv r Częstochowa Chęciny HOLY Zamość Olkusz Pinczów Tomaszów Dubno Kiev ROMAN Lubelski Kraków Rzeszów Izyaslav Lviv UKRAINE D E MPIRE Ternopil’ niep r Riv er anube D Rive r Tul’chyn r ive R D a n z ie is s T t e

r

R iv e Iaşi r Dra va R OTTOM AN EMPIRE i ve r 0 100 200 300 400 km

0 50 100 150 200 250 miles Black Sea CRIMEA

map 2. The Polish-­Lithuanian Commonwealth. Volodymyr- Volynsky Zviriv Dubno Zhukva Kremenets’ Ostroh Kiev Lviv Izyaslav Polnoye UKRAINE RED Vyshnivets’ Starokostiantyniv Dn Ternopil’ iep Pohrebyshche r R iv RUTHENIA er Chortkiv Vinnitsa Zhyvotiv Korsun Bar Nemyriv Uman Tul’chyn Mohyliv

B u g

D R n iv i e P e r r s u t t e r Iaşi R iv R e iv r e r i r es R ve M OLDAVIA ur M OTTOM AN EMPIRE State border Regional boundary 0 100 200 300 km Black Sea CRIMEA 0 50 100 150 miles

map 3. Ukraine.

Dni epr anube R i

D R v

iv D e e r r nies ter Vienna R iv e r Budapest Iaşi r Dra e va R v iv i e R r e Verona Padua S n av Feodosia ô a Po River (Caffa) h Venice Ri R Mantua ver er Belgrade Riv Livorno Danub e Black Sea Vidin Ancona Sinop Ragusa Sofia Rome Istanbul Naples Salonica Yanina Gallipoli Larissa M Algiers e d Palermo Izmir i t e r r a n Damascus e a Tzfat n S e a Tiberias Jerusalem Hebron Alexandria

Cairo 0 250 500 750 1000 km

0 200 400 600 miles

map 4. The eastern Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire. er Riv Inn Innsbruck

SWITZERLAND HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

r ive Rhône R

Dr a v a Ri v er Sava Ri ve Trieste r Casale Padua Turin Monferato Verona Venice P o R Mantua V iver e Alessandria n Ferrara e Nizza Monferrato t Modena i OTTOMAN Genoa a Bologna n

S t A a EMPIRE t d o Pesaro Senigallia r d Ligurian Ancona a Livorno i M Sea Urbino à T r i a b

e

r

R t

i

v

e r i c Ragusa

S e a Rome

State border Regional boundary 0 50 100 150 200 km

050 100 150 miles

map 5. Northern Italy. North Sea Lübeck PRUSSIA Hamburg Złotów r e (Flatow) v E i l R be S R r ive e E r d C O POLISH-LITHUANIAN N I V V istul a Ri O ve R BRANDENBURG r P Berlin Poznań D Grodzisk River Amsterdam E Minden Wielkopolski arta I T W U N Hildesheim Wolsztyn COMMONWEALTH Leszno Kleve Siedlisko Halberstadt E lb Dinslaken e Głogów R Milicz iv WESTPHALIA er Lubin Kassel SAXONY Od Wrocław S er I R Köln L iv Deutz HESSE Dresden E er S R I h HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE i A ne R i v Friedburg Biała e Kraków er r Prudnicka iv (Zülz) R Hanau l Mainz Prague s e Mo Frankfurt- Holešov am-Main Bamberg BOHEMIA Worms

F Fürth R Metz MORAVIA A

N Öttingen Mikulov

C E D OTTOMAN anub e R ive 0 100 200 300 km r EMPIRE State borders Vienna 0 50 100 150 200 miles

map 6. Central and western Eu­rope. Baltic Sea

PRUSSIA

r e iv R r e d Piła O

Wronki Vi BRANDENBURG stula Riv Berlin er Międzyrzecz Wielkopolski Poznań POLISH-LITHUANIAN Ołobok Grodzisk iver Wielkopolski Warta R Wolsztyn Widzim COMMONWEALTH Lipiny Leszno Siedlisko Bytom Odrzański HOLY Głogów Chobienia Milicz SAXONY Lubin

El b e S Riv er I Wrocław L Byczyna E O de Ptaszków r R S iv ROMAN I er Stráž pod A Ralskem (Wartenberg) Nysa Biała Prudnicka (Zülz) Osoblaha Olkusz Nowa Cerekwia EMPIRE

Loštice Olomouc BOHEMIA Boskovice Hranice Prostějov Holešov Třebíč Kroměříž Ivančice MORAVIA Dolní Kounice Uherský Brod Mikulov Podivín

OTTOMAN Danube River EMPIRE Vienna

050 100 150 200 km

0 25 50 75 100 miles State borders

map 7. Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia. rescue the surviving souls