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BASTERIA, 101-113, 1998 Hydrobia (Draparnaud, 1805) (Gastropoda
BASTERIA, Vol 61: 101-113, 1998 Note on the occurrence of Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) in western Europe, with special reference to a record from S. Brittany, France D.F. Hoeksema Watertoren 28, 4336 KC Middelburg, The Netherlands In August 1992 samples of living Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) have been collected in the Baie de Quiberon (Morbihan, France). The identification is elucidated. Giusti & Pezzoli (1984) and Giusti, Manganelli& Schembri (1995) suggested that Hydrobia minoricensis (Paladilhe, of H. The features ofthe 1875) and Hydrobia neglecta Muus, 1963, are junior synomyms acuta. material from Quiberon support these suggestions: it will be demonstrated that H. minoricensis and H. neglecta fit completely in the conception of H. acuta. H. acuta, well known from the be also distributed in and northwestern Mediterranean, appears to widely western Europe. Key words: Gastropoda,Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae,Hydrobia acuta, distribution, France. Europe. INTRODUCTION In favoured localities often hydrobiid species are very abundant, occurring in dense populations. Some species prefer fresh water, others brackish or sea-water habitats. in the distributionof Although salinity preferences play a part determining each species, most species show a broad tolerance as regards the degree of salinity. Frequently one live in the habitat with Some hydrobiid species may same another. hydrobiid species often dealt with are in publications on marine species as well in those on non-marine Cachia Giusti species (e.g. et al., 1996, and et al., 1995). Many hydrobiid species are widely distributed, but often in genetically isolated populations; probably due to dif- ferent circumstances ecological the species may show a considerablevariability, especially as to the dimensions and the shape of the shell and to the pigmentation of the body. -
Malacologia Vol. 56, No. 1-2 2013 Contents Full Papers
MALACOLOGIA VOL. 56, NO. 1-2 MALACOLOGIA 2013 http://malacologia.fmnh.org CONTENTS World’s Leading Malacological Journal FULL PAPERS Journal Impact Factor 1.592 (2012) Suzete R. Gomes, David G. Robinson, Frederick J. Zimmerman, Oscar Obregón & Nor- Founded in 1961 man B. Barr Morphological and molecular analysis of the Andean slugs Colosius confusus, n. sp., a newly recognized pest of cultivated flowers and coffee from Colombia, Ecuador and EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Peru, and Colosius pulcher (Colosi, 1921) (Gastropoda, Veronicellidae) ..... 1 GEORGE M. DAVIS Eva Hettenbergerová, Michal Horsák, Rashmi Chandran, Michal Hájek, David Zelený & Editorial Office Business & Subscription Office Jana Dvořáková Malacologia Malacologia Patterns of land snail assemblages along a fine-scale moisture gradient .... 31 P.O. Box 1222 P.O. Box 385 Nicolás Bonel, Lía C. Solari & Julio Lorda West Falmouth, Massachusetts 02574, U.S.A. Haddonfield, New Jersey 08033, U.S.A. Differences in density, shell allometry and growth between two populations of Lim- [email protected] [email protected] noperna fortunei (Mytilidae) from the Río de la Plata basin, Argentina ..... 43 Mariana L. Adami, Guido Pastorino & J. M. (Lobo) Orensanz Copy Editor Associate Editor Phenotypic differentiation of ecologically significant Brachidontes species co- EUGENE COAN JOHN B.BURCH occurring in intertidal mussel beds from the southwestern Atlantic ........ 59 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History University of Michigan Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. Moncef Rjeibi, Soufia Ezzedine-Najai, Bachra Chemmam & Hechmi Missaoui [email protected] [email protected] Reproductive biology of Eledone cirrhosa (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the northern and eastern Tunisian Sea (western and central Mediterranean) .. -
Liste Rouge Mollusques (Gastéropodes Et Bivalves)
2012 > L’environnement pratique > Listes rouges / Gestion des espèces > Liste rouge Mollusques (gastéropodes et bivalves) Espèces menacées en Suisse, état 2010 > L’environnement pratique > Listes rouges / Gestion des espèces > Liste rouge Mollusques (gastéropodes et bivalves) Espèces menacées en Suisse, état 2010 Publié par l’Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV et par le Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune CSCF Berne, 2012 Valeur juridique de cette publication Impressum Liste rouge de l’OFEV au sens de l’art. 14, al. 3, de l’ordonnance Editeurs du 16 janvier 1991 sur la protection de la nature et du paysage Office fédéral de l’environnement (OFEV) (OPN; RS 451.1), www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/45.html L’OFEV est un office du Département fédéral de l’environnement, des transports, de l’énergie et de la communication (DETEC). La présente publication est une aide à l’exécution de l’OFEV en tant Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF), Neuchâtel. qu’autorité de surveillance. Destinée en premier lieu aux autorités d’exécution, elle concrétise des notions juridiques indéterminées Auteurs provenant de lois et d’ordonnances et favorise ainsi une application Mollusques terrestres: Jörg Rüetschi, Peter Müller et François Claude uniforme de la législation. Elle aide les autorités d’exécution Mollusques aquatiques: Pascal Stucki et Heinrich Vicentini notamment à évaluer si un biotope doit être considéré comme digne avec la collaboration de Simon Capt et Yves Gonseth (CSCF) de protection (art. 14, al. 3, let. d, OPN). Accompagnement à l’OFEV Francis Cordillot, division Espèces, écosystèmes, paysages Référence bibliographique Rüetschi J., Stucki P., Müller P., Vicentini H., Claude F. -
A New Hydrobiid Species (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from Insular Greece
Zoosyst. Evol. 97 (1) 2021, 111–119 | DOI 10.3897/zse.97.60254 A new hydrobiid species (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from insular Greece Canella Radea1, Paraskevi Niki Lampri1,3, Konstantinos Bakolitsas2, Aristeidis Parmakelis1 1 Section of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Panepistimiopolis, Greece 2 High School, Agrinion, 3rd Parodos Kolokotroni 11, 30133 Agrinion, Greece 3 Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km of Athens – Sounio ave., 19013 Anavissos Attica, Greece http://zoobank.org/FE7CB458-9459-409C-B254-DA0A1BA65B86 Corresponding author: Canella Radea ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. von Rintelen ♦ Received 1 November 2020 ♦ Accepted 18 January 2021 ♦ Published 5 February 2021 Abstract Daphniola dione sp. nov., a valvatiform hydrobiid gastropod from Western Greece, is described based on conchological, anatomical and molecular data. D. dione is distinguished from the other species of the Greek endemic genus Daphniola by a unique combination of shell and soft body character states and by a 7–13% COI sequence divergence when compared to congeneric species. The only population of D. dione inhabits a cave spring on Lefkada Island, Ionian Sea. Key Words Freshwater diversity, Lefkada Island, taxonomy, valvatiform Hydrobiidae Introduction been described so far. More than 60% of these genera inhabit the freshwater systems of the Balkan Peninsula The Mediterranean Basin numbers among the first 25 (Radea 2018; Boeters et al. 2019; Delicado et al. 2019). Global Biodiversity Hotspots due to its biological and The Mediterranean Basin, the Balkan, the Iberian and ecological biodiversity and the plethora of threatened bi- the Italian Peninsulas seem to be evolutionary centers of ota (Myers et al. -
Horatia Bourguignat, 1887: Is This Genus Really Phylogenetically Very Close to Radomaniola Szarowska, 2006 (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea)?
Folia Malacol. 22(1): 31–39 http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.022.003 HORATIA BOURGUIGNAT, 1887: IS THIS GENUS REALLY PHYLOGENETICALLY VERY CLOSE TO RADOMANIOLA SZAROWSKA, 2006 (CAENOGASTROPODA: TRUNCATELLOIDEA)? MAGDALENA SZAROWSKA, ANDRZEJ FALNIOWSKI Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Horatia Bourguignat, 1887 was the first genus established for hydrobiid snails with valvatoid shell, and numerous valvatoid-shelled hydrobioids were classified as Horatia. The genus was the type one for some tribe/family-rank taxa. Thus it is one of the “crucial” hydrobiid genera. Horatia seems to inhabit only Croatia and Macedonia, and its type species: H. klecakiana Bourguignat, 1887, inhabits the springs in the Cetina River Valley. In the present paper the shell, operculum, soft part pigmentation, protoconch SEM microsculpture, female reproductive organs, and penis of H. klecakiana from the spring Studenci, N of Kučiće, in the valley of the Cetina River, Croatia, are described, to confirm the identity of the studied specimens with this species. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences are used to infer phylogenetic relationships of Horatia, especially with Radomaniola and the sequence of Horatia from GenBank. The results suggest close relationships of the genus with Sadleriana, not with Radomaniola. KEY WORDS: Truncatelloidea, COI, 18S rRNA, protoconch, anatomy, molecular phylogeny INTRODUCTION BOURGUIGNAT (1887) described a new genus Species of Horatia were reviewed by SCHÜTT (1961), Horatia, with its type species H. klecakiana Bourguignat, BOETERS (1974, 1998) and BOLE (1993). According 1887, from “sorgente près de Ribaric, dans la vallée to ANGELOV (1967) Horatia is known from Bulgaria de Cetina” in Croatia. -
Anisus Vorticulus (Troschel 1834) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Northeast Germany
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY (2013), VOL.41, NO.3 389 SOME ECOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF ANISUS VORTICULUS (TROSCHEL 1834) (GASTROPODA: PLANORBIDAE) IN NORTHEAST GERMANY MICHAEL L. ZETTLER Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany Abstract During the EU Habitats Directive monitoring between 2008 and 2010 the ecological requirements of the gastropod species Anisus vorticulus (Troschel 1834) were investigated in 24 different waterbodies of northeast Germany. 117 sampling units were analyzed quantitatively. 45 of these units contained living individuals of the target species in abundances between 4 and 616 individuals m-2. More than 25.300 living individuals of accompanying freshwater mollusc species and about 9.400 empty shells were counted and determined to the species level. Altogether 47 species were identified. The benefit of enhanced knowledge on the ecological requirements was gained due to the wide range and high number of sampled habitats with both obviously convenient and inconvenient living conditions for A. vorticulus. In northeast Germany the amphibian zones of sheltered mesotrophic lake shores, swampy (lime) fens and peat holes which are sun exposed and have populations of any Chara species belong to the optimal, continuously and densely colonized biotopes. The cluster analysis emphasized that A. vorticulus was associated with a typical species composition, which can be named as “Anisus-vorticulus-community”. In compliance with that both the frequency of combined occurrence of species and their similarity in relative abundance are important. The following species belong to the “Anisus-vorticulus-community” in northeast Germany: Pisidium obtusale, Pisidium milium, Pisidium pseudosphaerium, Bithynia leachii, Stagnicola palustris, Valvata cristata, Bathyomphalus contortus, Bithynia tentaculata, Anisus vortex, Hippeutis complanatus, Gyraulus crista, Physa fontinalis, Segmentina nitida and Anisus vorticulus. -
A Late Pleistocene Gastropod Fauna from the Northern Caspian Sea with Implications for Pontocaspian Gastropod Taxonomy
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 770: 43–103 (2018)A late Pleistocene gastropod fauna from the northern Caspian Sea... 43 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.770.25365 RESEARCH ARTICLE 4 ZooKeys http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A late Pleistocene gastropod fauna from the northern Caspian Sea with implications for Pontocaspian gastropod taxonomy Thomas A. Neubauer1,2, Sabrina van de Velde2, Tamara Yanina3, Frank P. Wesselingh2 1 Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32 IFZ, 35392 Giessen, Germany 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 3 Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia Corresponding author: Thomas A. Neubauer ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Haase | Received 29 March 2018 | Accepted 20 May 2018 | Published 4 July 2018 http://zoobank.org/4D984FDD-9366-4D8B-8A8E-9D4B3F9B8EFB Citation: Neubauer TA, van de Velde S, Yanina T, Wesselingh FP (2018) A late Pleistocene gastropod fauna from the northern Caspian Sea with implications for Pontocaspian gastropod taxonomy. ZooKeys 770: 43–103. https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.770.25365 Abstract The present paper details a very diverse non-marine gastropod fauna retrieved from Caspian Pleistocene deposits along the Volga River north of Astrakhan (Russia). During time of deposition (early Late Pleis- tocene, late Khazarian regional substage), the area was situated in shallow water of the greatly expanded Caspian Sea. The fauna contains 24 species, of which 16 are endemic to the Pontocaspian region and 15 to the Caspian Sea. -
CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria)
CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria), mit Änderungen CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria) Phylum Mollusca C UVIER 1795 Classis Gastropoda C UVIER 1795 Subclassis Orthogastropoda P ONDER & L INDBERG 1995 Superordo Neritaemorphi K OKEN 1896 Ordo Neritopsina C OX & K NIGHT 1960 Superfamilia Neritoidea L AMARCK 1809 Familia Neritidae L AMARCK 1809 Subfamilia Neritinae L AMARCK 1809 Genus Theodoxus M ONTFORT 1810 Subgenus Theodoxus M ONTFORT 1810 Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) fluviatilis fluviatilis (L INNAEUS 1758) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) transversalis (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) danubialis danubialis (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) danubialis stragulatus (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) prevostianus (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Superordo Caenogastropoda C OX 1960 Ordo Architaenioglossa H ALLER 1890 Superfamilia Cyclophoroidea J. E. G RAY 1847 Familia Cochlostomatidae K OBELT 1902 Genus Cochlostoma J AN 1830 Subgenus Cochlostoma J AN 1830 Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) septemspirale septemspirale (R AZOUMOWSKY 1789) Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) septemspirale heydenianum (C LESSIN 1879) Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) henricae henricae (S TROBEL 1851) - 1 / 36 - CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria), mit Änderungen Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) henricae huettneri (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Subgenus Turritus W ESTERLUND 1883 Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) tergestinum (W ESTERLUND 1878) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) waldemari (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) nanum (W ESTERLUND 1879) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) anomphale B OECKEL 1939 Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) gracile stussineri (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Familia Aciculidae J. E. G RAY 1850 Genus Acicula W. H ARTMANN 1821 Acicula lineata lineata (DRAPARNAUD 1801) Acicula lineolata banki B OETERS , E. G ITTENBERGER & S UBAI 1993 Genus Platyla M OQUIN -TANDON 1856 Platyla polita polita (W. H ARTMANN 1840) Platyla gracilis (C LESSIN 1877) Genus Renea G. -
Species Distinction and Speciation in Hydrobioid Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)
Andrzej Falniowski, Archiv Zool Stud 2018, 1: 003 DOI: 10.24966/AZS-7779/100003 HSOA Archives of Zoological Studies Review inhabit brackish water habitats, some other rivers and lakes, but vast Species Distinction and majority are stygobiont, inhabiting springs, caves and interstitial hab- itats. Nearly nothing is known about the biology and ecology of those Speciation in Hydrobioid stygobionts. Much more than 1,000 nominal species have been de- Mollusca: Caeno- scribed (Figure 1). However, the real number of species is not known, Gastropods ( in fact. Not only because of many species to be discovered in the fu- gastropoda ture, but mostly since there are no reliable criteria, how to distinguish : Truncatelloidea) a species within the group. Andrzej Falniowski* Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Poland Abstract Hydrobioids, known earlier as the family Hydrobiidae, represent a set of truncatelloidean families whose members are minute, world- wide distributed snails inhabiting mostly springs and interstitial wa- ters. More than 1,000 nominal species bear simple plesiomorphic shells, whose variability is high and overlapping between the taxa, and the soft part morphology and anatomy of the group is simplified because of miniaturization, and unified, as a result of necessary ad- aptations to the life in freshwater habitats (osmoregulation, internal fertilization and eggs rich in yolk and within the capsules). The ad- aptations arose parallel, thus represent homoplasies. All the above facts make it necessary to use molecular markers in species dis- crimination, although this should be done carefully, considering ge- netic distances calibrated at low taxonomic level. There is common Figure 1: Shells of some of the European representatives of Truncatelloidea: A believe in crucial place of isolation as a factor shaping speciation in - Ecrobia, B - Pyrgula, C-D - Dianella, E - Adrioinsulana, F - Pseudamnicola, G long-lasting completely isolated habitats. -
Folia Malacologica
FOLIA Folia Malacol. 23(4): 263–271 MALACOLOGICA ISSN 1506-7629 The Association of Polish Malacologists Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe Poznań, December 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.023.022 TANOUSIA ZRMANJAE (BRUSINA, 1866) (CAENOGASTROPODA: TRUNCATELLOIDEA: HYDROBIIDAE): A LIVING FOSSIL Luboš BERAN1, SEBASTIAN HOFMAN2, ANDRZEJ FALNIOWSKI3* 1Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Regional Office Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj Protected Landscape Area Administration, Česká 149, CZ 276 01 Mělník, Czech Republic 2Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30- 387 Cracow, Poland 3Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) * corresponding author ABSTRACT: A living population of Tanousia zrmanjae (Brusina, 1866) was found in the mid section of the Zrmanja River in Croatia. The species, found only in the freshwater part of the river, had been regarded as possibly extinct. A few collected specimens were used for this study. Morphological data confirm the previous descriptions and drawings while molecular data place Tanousia within the family Hydrobiidae, subfamily Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006. Two different sister-clade relationships were inferred from two molecular markers. Fossil Tanousia, represented probably by several species, are known from interglacial deposits of the late Early Pleistocene to the early Middle Pleistocene -
The Middle Miocene Freshwater Mollusk Fauna of Lake Gacko (SE Bosnia and Herzegovina): Taxonomic Revision and Paleoenvironmental Analysis
Supplementary online material The Middle Miocene freshwater mollusk fauna of Lake Gacko (SE Bosnia and Herzegovina): taxonomic revision and paleoenvironmental analysis Thomas A. Neubauer*, Oleg Mandic and Mathias Harzhauser Department of Geology & Paleontology, The Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, Austria; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] *corresponding author Systematic paleontology Type material of Neumayr (1869, 1880) and Brusina (1870, 1872, 1874, 1876, 1882, 1884, 1897, 1902, 1904) stored in the Natural History Museum Zagreb (NHMZ), the Natural History Museum Sarajevo (NHMS) and the Geological Survey Vienna (GBA), and material from the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW) have been studied. Material from the present study is stored in the NHMW under the prefix 2011/0138. For further synonyms see Brusina (1907), Wenz (1923–1930) and Milan et al. (1974). Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Subclass Caenogastropoda Cox, 1959 Order Cerithiimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975 Superfamily Cerithioidea Fleming, 1822 Family Melanopsidae H. & A. Adams, 1854 Melanopsis Férussac, 1807 Type species. Buccinum praemorsum Linnaeus, 1758, Recent, Spain. Diagnosis. Ovate to conical shell, highly variable in outline. Protoconch smooth, comprising a little more than one whorl, not demarcated from the teleoconch. Acute oval aperture with siphonal canal and usually with prominent callus pad. Axial or spiral sculpture might be present. No umbilicus developed (modified after Bandel 2000). Melanopsis lyrata Neumayr, 1869 Figures 5A–G 1869 Melanopsis (Canthidomus) lyrata Neumayr, p. 358, pl. 11, fig. 8. 2011 Melanopsis lyrata. – Mandic et al., figs 5.1–4. 1 2011 Melanopsis lyrata. -
Turritella Communis (Risso, 1826)
ΣΧΟΛΗ ΘΕΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΓΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΑΣ ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΔΥΝΑΜΙΚΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΑΣ ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ ΩΚΕΑΝΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ ΜΙΚΡΟΠΑΛΑΙΟΝΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΕΙΣ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΩΝ ΙΖΗΜΑΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΑΜΒΡΑΚΙΚΟΥ ΚΟΛΠΟΥ Μεταπτυχιακή Φοιτήτρια Αρκαδιανού Μαρία Επιβλέπουσα Καθηγήτρια: Γεραγά Μαρία Τριμελής Επιτροπή: Γεραγά Μαρία Παπαθεοδώρου Γεώργιος Ηλιόπουλος Γεώργιος 0 Πάτρα, 2019 Αφιερώνεται στην οικογένειά μου που με στηρίζει σε κάθε νέο ξεκίνημα σε κάθε απόφαση… Ευχαριστίες… Θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω τους καθηγητές Γεραγά Μαρία και Παπαθεοδώρου Γεώργιο που μου έδωσαν τη δυνατότητα να εκπονήσω τη διπλωματική μου εργασία στον τομέα της Περιβαλλοντικής Ωκεανογραφίας δείχνοντάς μου εμπιστοσύνη και προσφέροντάς μου πολύτιμη βοήθεια. Τον καθηγητή μου Ηλιόπουλο Γεώργιο και την Δρ. Παπαδοπούλου Πηνελόπη για την πολύτιμη βοήθεια τους, την καθοδήγηση, τις χρήσιμες συμβουλές και τη στήριξη. Την Υποψήφια Διδάκτορα Τσώνη Μαρία για τις συμβουλές της στο χειρισμό ορισμένων λογισμικών. Την Υποψήφια Διδάκτορα Πρανδέκου Αμαλία για τις συμβουλές της. Τον φίλο μου Ανδρέα για τη στήριξη και την υπομονή του. Τέλος, θέλω να εκφράσω ένα μεγάλο ευχαριστώ στην οικογένειά μου που με στήριξε με κάθε τρόπο σε όλη τη διάρκεια των σπουδών μου και υπήρξαν σημαντικοί αρωγοί όλα αυτά τα χρόνια. 1 Ευχαριστίες……………………………………………………………………………………………………….....................1 ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Σκοπός…………………………………………………………………………………………………..................3 1. ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΣ………………………………………………………………………………………………3 1.1Γενικά …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3