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Varumärket För Meänkieli Varumärket för meänkieli – användningen av h i efterstavelsen i skrift Harriet Kuoppa Institutionen för språkstudier Umeå 2015 ii © 2015 Harriet Kuoppa Licentiatuppsats, Institutionen för språkstudier, Umeå universitet. iii Acceptans, tolerans och öppenhet – tre viktiga nyckelord för mig på min väg i livet iv Innehållsförteckning Innehållsförteckning v Tabell­ och figurförteckning vii Förord xiii 1. Inledning 1 1.1 Bakgrund till licentiatuppsatsen och studiens intentioner 1 1.2 L icentiatuppsatsens syfte och uppläggning 3 1.3 h i efterstavelsen i tidigare forskning och teoretiska utgångspunkter 5 1.3.1 Den historiska utvecklingen för h i efterstavelsen 5 1.3.2 Den lingvistiska beskrivningen av h­metatesen 10 1.3.3 Skriftspråkets relation till talspråkets variation och förändringar 15 2. Meänkieli förr och nu, studiens metodbeskrivning och dess meänkieliska korpus 18 2.1 Från dialekt till språk – om meänkielis utveckling till minoritetsspråk 18 2.2 Språklig variation i meänkieli 19 2.3 Metodval, korpusbearbetning i praktiken, och korpusens omfattning och innehåll 21 3. Meta t etisk h i meänkieliskriftspråket – tre decennier 28 3.1 h‐metatesen i litteraturen från 1980‐talet 28 3.1.1 h­metatesen i position 1 29 3.1.2 h­metatesen i position 2 31 3.1.3 h­metatesen i position 3 35 3.1.4 h­metatesen i position 4 38 3.1.5 h­metatesen i position 5 41 3.1.6 h­metatesen i position 6 44 3.1.7 Sammanfattning av position 1–6 för 1980­talet 46 3.2 h‐metatesen i litteraturen från 1990‐talet 48 3.2.1 h­metatesen i position 1 48 3.2.2 h­metatesen i position 2 51 3.2.3 h­metatesen i position 3 54 3.2.4 h­metatesen i position 4 58 3.2.5 h­metatesen i position 5 61 3.2.6 h­metatesen i position 6 63 3.2.7 Sammanfattning av position 1–6 för 1990­talet 65 3.3 h‐metatesen i litteraturen från 2000‐talet 66 3.3.1 h­metatesen i position 1 66 3.3.2 h­metatesen i position 2 70 3.3.3 h­metatesen i position 3 73 3.3.4 h­metatesen i position 4 75 3.3.5 h­metatesen i position 5 78 3.3.6 h­metatesen i position 6 80 3.3.7 Sammanfattning av position 1–6 för 2000­talet 82 v 4. Författarspecifika lösningar till användningen av h­metatesen – en inzoomning 83 4.1 Malte Wiss 83 4.2 Kerstin Johansson 86 4.3 Bengt Kostenius 90 4.4 Bengt Pohjanen 94 4.5 Författarspecifika lösningar – en sammanfattning 98 4.5 Författarspecifika lösningar – en sammanfattning 98 5. En helhetsbild av användningen av h­metatesen i litteraturen skriven på meänkieli 99 6. Epilog 106 Tiivistelmä 109 Käll­ och litteraturförteckning 112 Bilagor 123 vi Tabell­ och figurförteckning Tabell 1. Antal ord per decennium i korpus Tabell 2. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 1 av 6 Tabell 3. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 2 av 6 Tabell 4. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 3 av 6 Tabell 5. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 4 av 6 Tabell 6. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 5 av 6 Tabell 7. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 6 av 6 Tabell 8. Korpusen för 1980‐talet. Sammanfattning av h‐metatesen i position 1–6 Tabell 9. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 1 av 6 Tabell 10. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 2 av 6 Tabell 11. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 3 av 6 Tabell 12. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 4 av 6 Tabell 13. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 5 av 6 Tabell 14. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 6 av 6 Tabell 15. Korpusen för 1990‐talet. Sammanfattning h‐metatesen i position 1–6 Tabell 16. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 1 av 6 Tabell 17. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 2 av 6 Tabell 18. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 3 av 6 Tabell 19. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 4 av 6. Tabell 20. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 5 av 6 Tabell 21. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. h‐metatesen i position 6 av 6 Tabell 22. Korpusen för 2000‐talet. Sammanfattning h‐metatesen i position 1–6 Tabell 23. Variationen av h‐metatesen hos Malte Wiss Tabell 24. Variationen av h‐metatesen hos Kerstin Johansson (inkluderat Johansson & Kenttä 2004) Tabell 25. Variationen av h‐metatesen hos Bengt Kostenius (1986, 1997 och 2008) Tabell 26. Variationen av h‐metatesen under 1980‐talet hos Bengt Pohjanen Tabell 27. Variationen av h‐metatesen under 1990‐talet hos Bengt Pohjanen Tabell 28. Variationen av h‐metatesen under 2000‐talet hos Bengt Pohjanen Tabell 29. Korpusen för 1980‐talet vii Tabell 30. Korpusen för 1990‐talet Tabell 31. Korpusen för 2000‐talet Tabell 32. h‐metatesen för samtliga 3 decennier Tabell 33. h‐metates för 1980‐talet jämfört med tidigare forskning: Mantila (1992) och Vaattovaara (2009) Tabell 34. h‐metates för 1990‐talet jämfört med tidigare forskning: Mantila (1992) och Vaattovaara (2009) Tabell 35. h‐metates för 2000‐talet jämfört med tidigare forskning: Mantila (1992) och Vaattovaara (2009) Tabell 36. h‐metates för samtliga tre decennier jämfört med tidigare forskning: Mantila (1992) och Vaattovaara (2009) Figur Figur 1. h‐metates i position 1–6, inträffade förekomster angivet i % hos Bengt Kostenius (1986, 1997, 2008) viii Abstract This study deals with variation in written Meänkieli, focusing on the variation of one specific feature, h in non‐initial syllables (e.g. saunhaan, sauhnaan 'into sauna') which has been found to be rich in variation in spoken language according to earlier research (e.g. Mantila 1992, 2010; Vaattovaara 2009). The aim of this study is to investigate if, and to what extent, the variation patterns found in the spoken variety correspond to literature written in Meänkieli. The study is motivated by the fact that Meänkieli is currently undergoing standardization process. The variation of h in non‐initial syllables forms a complex system in spoken language which, as a folk belief, is “difficult to describe”. However, earlier research has indicated that in the spoken language the use of the h is linguistically quite systematically structured and the variation patterns have developed in certain direction across time. In the interest of the present study is to investigate if the pattern is similar in the written form in the chosen corpus, that is, if the individual authors are implementing a similar system in their literary work. The principal aim of this study is not to deal with language planning and principles of language standardization but to form an overall picture of linguistic variation in the use of h in written language. The data consist of 43 books from 18 authors, and from three decades (1980– 2000). From each publication, the first 5250 words are extracted into analysis, if the word count exceeds this number (children’s books, 18 included in the corpus, typically do not). The main interest of the current work lies in the question whether or not there is remarkable variation found between the different authors, and what kind of variation may appear within the texts authored by each individual author or across time. The aim of the study is to reveal if the variation patterns possibly scatter, or if the patterns indicate agreement between the individual authors. According to sociolinguistic theories of linguistic change, the so called real time investigation across the decades should indicate if there is an ongoing change. The hypothesis of the research (mainly on the basis of Mantila 2010) is that the variation pattern similar to spoken language is being adopted also in written forms. Since the h in non‐initial syllables is both from the point of view of historical development as well as morphological and phonological conditions a very rich feature, this study focuses only on the six linguistic environments concerning the metathetic h variant (e.g. 1. Stockholmhiin > Stockholhmiin 'to Stockholm', 2. koulhuun > kouhluun 'to school', 3. korjaamhaan > korjaahmaan 'to clean', 4. Pajalhaan > Pajahlaan 'to Pajala', 5. istumhaan > istuhmaan ' to sit', 6. ymmärtänheet > ymmärtähneet 'have understood'), which always involves a voiced consonant. Earlier research has regarded this particular variant as “the trademark of Torne Valley” which has, on the present Finnish and Swedish side of the area, shown a clear pattern of variation. In this study, the variation of the metathetic h in Meänkieli literature is mirrored against earlier findings from the Torne Valley spoken data. ix Bengt Pohjanen (with the largest number of publications) together with three other authors have been investigated in more detail. An interesting finding is that there is relatively much variation among authors from one municipality, Pajala. Against the traditional sociolinguistic expectations, the origins of the authors is not a governing factor in linguistic choices. The main outcome of the whole analysis is that during the three decades investigated, individual books have indicated unexpected variation in the 1980s and 1990s, but by the 2000’s the same variation pattern found in spoken language has been more systematically and strongly adopted also into written Meänkieli by more or less all of the authors: in the phonotactic positions 1–4 the metathesis is systematic (85–98 %) while in the positions 5–6 only 0,8 to 1,4 %. Keywords: Meänkieli, non‐initial syllables, metathesis, variation, sociolinguistics, linguistic change, Torne Valley x Abstrakt Denna studie handlar om variation i skriven meänkieli med fokus på variation i ett specifikt drag, h i efterstavelsen (t.ex.
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