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EXAMINING the COEXISTENCE of REINDEER HERDING, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES and NATURE- BASED TOURISM in NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho

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EXAMINING the COEXISTENCE of REINDEER HERDING, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES and NATURE- BASED TOURISM in NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho B 177 OULU 2020 B 177 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O. Box 8000 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA HUMANIORAB Teresa Komu Teresa Komu University Lecturer Tuomo Glumoff PURSUING THE GOOD LIFE University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen IN THE NORTH Senior research fellow Jari Juuti EXAMINING THE COEXISTENCE OF REINDEER HERDING, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES AND NATURE- BASED TOURISM IN NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen Planning Director Pertti Tikkanen Professor Jari Juga University Lecturer Anu Soikkeli Professor Olli Vuolteenaho UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala ISBN 978-952-62-2501-2 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-2502-9 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 177 TERESA KOMU PURSUING THE GOOD LIFE IN THE NORTH Examining the coexistence of reindeer herding, extractive industries and nature-based tourism in northern Fennoscandia Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Human Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP- Pohjola auditorium (L6), Linnanmaa, on 17 January 2020, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2020 Copyright © 2020 Acta Univ. Oul. B 177, 2020 Supervised by Professor Vesa-Pekka Herva Professor Hannu I. Heikkinen Docent Simo Sarkki Reviewed by Doctor Franz Krause Doctor Nuccio Mazzullo Opponent Professor Florian Stammler ISBN 978-952-62-2501-2 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-2502-9 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2020 Komu, Teresa, Pursuing the good life in the North. Examining the coexistence of reindeer herding, extractive industries and nature-based tourism in northern Fennoscandia University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Humanities, Cultural anthropology Acta Univ. Oul. B 177, 2020 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract This dissertation argues for an understanding of land use negotiations in terms of overlapping projects of striving for the good life in northern Fennoscandia. The dynamics of coexistence between reindeer herding, the extractive industries and nature-based tourism are examined in the Torne River Valley area, of the Swedish-Finnish border region. Here, the collision of competing livelihoods offers a passageway to examine the differing understandings of how to be well and live well in the North. The study is based on ethnographic research methods, mainly semi-structured interviewing and participant observation, and has a long-term perspective on issues around land use. The dissertation first discusses the various ways in which the impacts of mining and reindeer herding on the well-being of local communities can be understood. Then, the study examines the interplay between trying to live well as part of one’s community while struggling to secure the continuity of one’s livelihood in the decision making of a specific livelihood group during local land use negotiations. Finally, the influence of various cultural conceptions, future visions and longstanding cultural dreams concerning mining and the North on current land use disputes over mining in northern Fennoscandia is scrutinised. An approach that takes into consideration the good life and its pursuit is a step towards a holistic understanding of the behaviour and motivations of residents in local communities during land use negotiations and alleviating the current polarisation of the discussions around mining. Keywords: anthropology of the good, extractive industries, Lapland, reindeer herding, resource conflicts, tourism, well-being, wilderness Komu, Teresa, Hyvän elämän tavoittelua pohjoisessa. Tarkastelussa poronhoidon, kaivostoiminnan ja luontomatkailun yhteiselo pohjoisessa Fennoskandiassa Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Humanistinen tiedekunta, Kulttuuriantropologia Acta Univ. Oul. B 177, 2020 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjassa ymmärretään pohjoisen Fennoskandian maankäyttöneuvottelut päällekkäisinä hyvän elämän tavoittelun projekteina. Tutkimuksen kohteena on poronhoidon, kaivosteollisuu- den ja luontomatkailun yhteiselo Tornionjokilaaksossa, Suomen ja Ruotsin raja-alueella. Täällä kilpailevien maankäyttömuotojen yhteentörmäys tarjoaa mahdollisuuden tarkastella erilaisia tapoja tavoitella hyvinvointia ja hyvää elämää pohjoisessa. Tutkimus pohjautuu etnografisiin tut- kimusmenetelmiin, pääasiassa puolistrukturoituun haastatteluun ja osallistuvaan havainnointiin, ja maankäyttöön liittyviä kysymyksiä tarkastellaan pitkän aikavälin näkökulmasta. Ensiksi väitöskirjassa käsitellään erilaisia tapoja ymmärtää kaivostoiminnan ja poronhoidon vaikutukset paikallisyhteisöjen hyvinvointiin. Seuraavaksi tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, kuinka yksittäisen elinkeinoryhmän toiminta paikallisten maankäyttöneuvotteluiden aikana muotoutuu elinkeinon edustajien pyrkiessä samaan aikaan elämään hyvin osana laajempaa yhteisöään sekä turvaamaan oman elinkeinonsa jatkuvuuden. Lopuksi tarkastellaan kuinka erilaiset kulttuuriset käsitykset, tulevaisuuden visiot ja pitkäaikaiset kulttuuriset unelmat liittyen kaivostoimintaan ja pohjoisuuteen vaikuttavat nykyisten pohjoisen Fennoskandian kaivoskiistojen takana. Hyvään elämään ja sen tavoitteluun liittyvien kysymysten huomioiminen maankäyttöneuvotteluiden tut- kimuksessa on askel kohti paikallisyhteisöjen jäsenten toiminnan ja motiivien kokonaisvaltaista ymmärtämistä ja kaivosten ympärillä käytyjen keskustelujen kärjistymisen lieventämistä. Asiasanat: erämaa, hyvinvointi, hyvän elämän antropologia, kaivosteollisuus, Lappi, luonnonvarat, matkailu, poronhoito To all the night owls who sleep late and get things done 8 Acknowledgements I am most grateful to my supervisors Vesa-Pekka Herva, who helped me to find my own voice as a researcher, Hannu I. Heikkinen, who has been patiently supervising my work since the beginning of my Master’s thesis, and Simo Sarkki. This research was made possible by the funding from the Academy of Finland’s Arctic Academy Programme project “Understanding the cultural impacts”, the Norwegian Research Council project “Primary industries and transformational change”, and the University of Oulu Graduate School. I wish to thank all the co-authors of the articles published as part of this thesis, in particular Élise Lépy who I have yet to mention. Thank you to Sami Lakomäki and Roger Norum for your valuable comments and helping to check my grammar, to Magdalena Naum for our insightful discussions on early modern mining and to Petteri Pietikäinen for your book recommendations. I also wish to thank everyone who attended the research seminars on cultural anthropology as well as the lovely ladies from our “Varjoseminaari” for your insights and peer support. I am also thankful to Eve- Riina Hyrkäs for our delightful conversations at the university. Thank you Janne Ikäheimo for drawing the map for me. I give thanks to the pre-examiners of my thesis Franz Krause and Nuccio Mazzullo, and to the anonymous reviewers of the articles who all helped me to improve my work. My sincerest gratitude belongs to all the people I interviewed for this study. Without you this truly wouldn’t have been possible. Finally, I wish to say thank you to the most amazing man who has been supporting me all along this eventful journey, Mikko. Our road together continues from here. November, 2019 Teresa Komu 9 10 List of original publications This thesis is based on the following publications, which are referred to throughout the text by their Roman numerals: I Lépy, É., Heikkinen, H. I., Komu, T., & Sarkki, S. (2018). Participatory meaning making of environmental and cultural changes in reindeer herding in the northernmost border area of Sweden and Finland. Int. J. Business and Globalisation, 20(2), 203–221. doi:10.1504/IJBG.2018.089868 II Heikkinen, H. I., Lépy, É., Sarkki, S., & Komu, T. 2016 (2013). Challenges in acquiring a social license to mine in the globalizing Arctic. Polar Record, 52(4), 399–411. doi:10.1017/S0032247413000843 III Komu, T. (2019). Manoeuvring conflict: Industrial land use projects and “refusal to resist” among reindeer herding communities in northern Fennoscandia. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, doi:10.1080/00141844.2019.1580304 IV Komu, T. (2019). Dreams of treasures and dreams of wilderness: Engaging with the beyond-the-rational in extractive industries in northern Fennoscandia. The Polar Journal, 9(1), 113–132. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2019.1618556 11 12 Table of contents Abstract Tiivistelmä Acknowledgements 9 List of original publications 11 Table of contents 13 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Positioning the research: Studying well-being in the context of land use ................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Objective and research questions ............................................................ 24 1.3 Co-operation with research projects ........................................................ 25 1.4 Original publications ............................................................................... 27 2 Studying coexisting dreams of a good life 33 2.1 The anthropology of the good ................................................................. 33 2.1.1 (The lack of) Anthropological research on well-being ................. 33 2.1.2 Study
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