2002: Arquitectura, Ciudad E Ideología Antiurbana

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2002: Arquitectura, Ciudad E Ideología Antiurbana Arquitectura, ciudad e ideología antiurbana Pamplona, 14/15 marzo 2002 ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA ACTAS DEL CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL Arquitectura, ciudad e ideología antiurbana Se celebró en Pamplona los días 14 y 15 de marzo de 2002 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Navarra Comité Científico Juan José Lahuerta Juan Miguel Ochotorena José Manuel Pozo Carlos Sambricio Secretario Carlos Chocarro Coordinación José Manuel Pozo Ignasi López Trueba Maquetación Xevi de los Ángeles Izaskun García Diseño portada Iñaki Bergera Edición T6 Ediciones S.L. Fotomecánica Eurograf navarra, S.L. Impresión Eurograf navarra, S.L. Depósito legal ??????????????? ISBN 84-89713-51-0 T6 Ediciones 2002 Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura. Universidad de Navarra 31080 Pamplona. España. Tel. 948 425600. Fax 948 425629. E-mail: [email protected] ÍNDICE JOSÉ MANUEL POZO Presentación 7 JUAN JOSÉ LAHUERTA Nota previa 11 PONENCIAS PANOS MANTZIARAS Rudolf Schwarz and the concept of “city-landscape” 15 GIORGIO MURATORE Dalla “bonifica” alla “ricostruzione”: nuovi insediamenti in Italia, 1935-1955 37 STANISLAUS VON MOOS Urban form and national identity. On Philadelphia 1950-2000 45 COMUNICACIONES CÉSAR A. AZCÁRATE GÓMEZ Los silos de cereal en España. ¿Arquitectura? industrial en la España rural 55 ANA AZPIRI ALBÍSTEGUI La ideología antiurbana. El singular caso de Fuenterrabía 63 FRANCISCO JAVIER CASPISTEGUI GORASURRETA “Esa maldita ciudad, cuna del centralismo, la burocracia y el liberalismo”: la ciudad como enemigo en el tradicionalismo español 71 EDUARDO DELGADO ORUSCO La experiencia del INC - Una colonización en la modernidad 87 ANA M. ESTEBAN MALUENDA Tradición “versus” tecnología: un debate tibio en las revistas españolas 97 ALBERTO GRIJALBA BENGOETXEA Del campo a la ciudad. Los frenéticos cincuenta 107 SALVADOR GUERRERO Nuevas escuelas rurales. El debate sobre lo popular en la arquitectura española de los años veinte y treinta 115 JOSÉ RAMÓN IGLESIAS VEIGA JESÚS A. SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA Bases ideológicas para la recuperación del pazo gallego en los años 30 123 JOAQUÍN MEDINA WARMBURG La fábrica, la casa, el palacio: Franz Rank y Alfredo Baeschlin, dos “Heimatschützer” en España 133 JORDANA MENDELSON Touring Spain: Four scenes of Literacy and Mapping 139 REGINA MORGIONI La casa dell´uomo ovvero: il paradigma della lumaca 149 FERNANDO PÉREZ RODRÍGUEZ-URRUTIA Las nuevas formas de colonización en la arquitectura de postguerra en la obra de Fernando de Urrutia Usaola: Arquitectura en las regiones devastadas, los poblados hidroeléctricos y ciudades-jardín en la periferia 159 PABLO RABASCO Córdoba negando a Córdoba. La tensión de la acogida en dos ejemplos de Rafael de La-Hoz 169 ASIER SANTAS TORRES 1939-1944: la vivienda antiurbana en la comarca del Nervión. Razón y simulacro en las tipologías al servicio de la producción 179 PAOLO SUSTERSIC Entre América y el Mediterráneo. Arquitecturas de la eficiencia en la Barcelona de los 50 189 EVARISTO ZAS GÓMEZ A terra chá de Lugo, un caso atípico de poblado INC 197 Presentación EL PORQUÉ DE LAS COSAS José Manuel Pozo Tras la celebración de los dos primeros congresos acerca de la arquitectu- ra española de los años cincuenta, en los que, de alguna manera, se pretendió sentar ciertas premisas que permitiesen establecer unas coordenadas útiles para enmarcar y catalogar los hechos que la definieron, y las actitudes de sus protagonistas principales, así como para acotar el campo de investigación, definiendo su espacio propio, en este tercer Congreso el tema elegido repre- senta un intento incipiente para comenzar a exponer y clarificar, desde sus raí- ces, las razones que los motivaron, y el modo en que se llegaron a formular de esa y no de otra manera. De algún modo podemos considerar que los hechos, en su gran mayoría, son ya conocidos. Difícil es que se descubran nuevos ‘parajes inexplorados’ en nuestra reciente historia de la arquitectura, o que se puedan señalar episodios novedosos, como hasta hace poco ha venido sucediendo, bien porque se care- cía de las fuentes adecuadas, bien por no haber conseguido superar la bipola- ridad Bacelona-Madrid, que ha mantenido en el anonimato del olvido a obras ‘provincianas’ que se han tenido que ir redescubriendo poco a poco. Pero aun- que aún haya constancia de la existencia de alguna que otra pieza que todavía está por salir a la luz, esa tarea parece completada en su mayor parte. Sigue pendiente en cambio, y es más difícil de abordar, la justificación de esos hechos, tanto de los muy conocidos como de los descubiertos reciente- mente. Ya que, lo mismo unos que otros, se han explicado con frecuencia recu- rriendo a teorías abarcantes, de carácter general, que cobijan en su generosa sombra la mayoría de los acontecimientos, permitiendo descartar por anorma- les o extraños los que, incluso siendo brillantes, se apartan de lo previsto. Esto es, tenemos ahora por delante el apasionante empeño de ir dando razones verdaderas para los hechos que van siendo conocidos. A la vez que, por encima de los análisis formalistas o meramente estéticos de las piezas o episodios arquitectónicos aislados, debemos abrir una puerta a las considera- ciones urbanísticas y de planeamiento, que cobraron cuerpo en España en aquellos años (también en el ámbito docente), como factores determinantes de los cambios. Hay que superar viejos mitos con los que fácilmente se ha justificado el origen de las actitudes y las decisiones de nuestros arquitectos, atribuyéndolas a presuntas intenciones o servidumbres políticas o sociales, con frecuencia tra- tadas e interpretadas apriorísticamente. Poco o nada se sabe a menudo de los cauces y maneras por medio de los cuales se afianzaron, crecieron o desaparecieron, ideas, tendencias o corrientes, José Manuel Pozo que difícilmente se pueden justificar desde la simple consideración de las estrategias políticas y las consignas estético-autárquicas, mediante las que se han pretendido resolver con demasiada frecuencia las incertidumbres e incóg- nitas de unas ecuaciones cuyas soluciones no son ni mucho menos evidentes. En esa línea, parecía interesante plantear la comparación de las orienta- ciones que se pueden percibir en España en dos momentos decisivos de la his- toria del pasado siglo (al término de las dos grandes guerras), en relación con las posturas simultáneas (o precedentes) de Europa y América, intentando plantear el análisis objetivo de la actitud de los arquitectos y promotores espa- ñoles —públicos y privados— en relación con la ciudad, la vivienda y el campo o la arquitectura no urbana. El segundo de esos fenómenos coincide precisamente con el momento en el que se produjo, en la década de los cincuenta, el arranque de la sociedad moderna española y en aquellos años se sentaron las bases, arquitectónicas, industriales y por supuesto sociales, que han dado pie a la sociedad en la que vivimos y a las respuestas arquitectónicas con las que se atienden hoy en día sus requerimientos y necesidades, como bien señalaba Juanjo Lahuerta en la convocatoria del Congreso al decir que "la ciudad parece ser el único escena- rio apropiado para las nuevas relaciones humanas que la vida moderna esta- blece, y también el único lugar en el que pueden expresarse el arte, la arquitectura y el urbanismo de nuestros tiempos". Precisamente por el retraso inicial del que partieron los arquitectos espa- ñoles en aquellos años, yendo a remolque de lo que hacían los maestros norte- americanos y centroeuropeos, parecía especialmente interesante conocer el punto de vista con el que se considera la cuestión desde fuera de España, por encima de estereotipos y complejos; ya que en aquellos años fue casi exclusi- vamente entrante el sentido del flujo de las influencias, que ahora, decenios después, parece haberse invertido, al menos en parte. De ahí que resulte estimulante la visión no española del conflicto campo- ciudad en su concreción española. Golan, Mendelson, Mantziaras, Von Moos y Muratore nos ofrecen sendas visiones de la cuestión, en cierto modo calei- doscópicas, y por ende, interesantísimas. Incluso la cierta distancia y el des- pego con que en ocasiones se refieren a lo que representa el caso español en el conjunto de la dialéctica mundial de aquellos momentos, que sin duda es para ellos una cuestión menor, parece a priori provechoso para situar el debate en términos de mayor objetividad, sin ver demasiado de cerca aspectos menores que pudiesen distorsionar las verdaderas razones, las verdaderas influencias y las motivaciones reales de unas obras, unas tendencias y unas políticas arqui- tectónicas que, por un lado, estuvieron mucho menos dirigidas de lo que se ha dicho y, por otro, tal vez fueron menos rebeldes de lo que se ha tratado de fun- damentar en muchas ocasiones. No es, por tanto, sorprendente que en este Congreso, que tiene a la arqui- tectura española como motivo, las exposiciones se hayan confiado mayorita- riamente a ponentes no españoles; pues como se ha apuntado, ha llegado el momento de descubrir las razones de los hechos, que debemos buscar funda- mentalmente en Norteamérica, en Italia y en los países nórdicos, más que en las propias indecisiones o imposiciones. 8 Presentación Resulta igualmente grato observar cómo, entre las aportaciones al Congreso, figuran contribuciones de investigadores italianos y centroeuro- peos que muestran el interés que despierta actualmente la arquitectura españo- la, pero que, sobre todo, apuntan la posibilidad de lograr un discurso y un ámbito de discusión amplio y aireado, que puede servir para evitar el ensimis- mamiento de las posturas autocomplacientes y satisfechas, y la pérdida de la perspectiva y la proporción al tratar de un tema, a priori tan limitado, por número, volumen e importancia, como es el de la arquitectura surgida en los años cincuenta en España. 9 Nota previa NOTA PREVIA A lo largo del siglo XX la arquitectura y el urbanismo se han identificado esencialmente con la ciudad y, aún más, con la idea metropolitana de ciudad.
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