DOCSLIB.ORG

Bossuyt2009chap49.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bossuyt2009chap49.Pdf Frogs and toads (Anura) Franky Bossuyt and Kim Roelants of molecular phylogenetic studies is now leading to an Biology Department, Unit of Ecology & Systematics, Amphibian increasingly resolved consensus for the anuran tree. In Evolution Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, this chapter, we review the relationships and divergence Belgium times among 59 anuran families and argue that their *To whom correspondence should be addressed (fbossuyt@vub. evolutionary history is largely congruent with major ac.be) geological and environmental changes in Earth’s history. We mostly implement clade and family names derived Abstract from the taxonomy recently proposed by Frost et al. (3). However, we believe that evolutionary time is an import- Anura (frogs and toads) constitute over 90% of living ant parameter in conveying useful comparative infor- amphibian diversity. Recent timetree constructions have mation in biological classiA cation (4). We therefore treat shown that their diversifi cation was a highly episodic pro- Ascaphidae, Discoglossidae, Nasikabatrachidae, some cess, with establishment of the major clades in three peri- subfamilies in Nobleobatrachia, and all subfamilies of ods: Triassic (251–200 million years ago, Ma), end of Jurassic Microhylidae sensu lato as distinct families. to early Cretaceous (~150–100 Ma), and end of Cretaceous 7 e sequence of early divergences in Anura has been to early Paleogene (~70–50 Ma). The early diversifi cation the subject of major controversy. Most of the debate of anurans predated the initial north–south breakup of focused on the phylogenetic position of archaeobatra- Pangaea, and resulted in distinct assemblages in both hemi- chian families (taxa with primitive or transitional char- spheres. The subsequent radiation of neobatrachian frogs acters, covering ~4% of all extant species) with respect has been largely determined by Gondwanan fragmenta- to neobatrachian families (“advanced” taxa, covering tion and resulted in recurrent patterns of continent-scale endemism. Anura (Fig. 1) (“tail-less amphibians”) represent the lar- gest living order of amphibians, and currently include ~5400 described species (1). Most of them undergo the typical amphibious life history and are dependent on the presence of water for their reproduction and devel- opment. Multiple lineages, however, show an evolution- ary trend toward increased terrestriality in larval or adult frog stages. Despite an evolutionarily conserved body plan, anurans have diversiA ed into a myriad of eco- morphs and have adapted to life in habitats as distinct as rainforest canopies, mangroves, and sand dune burrows. In addition, anurans have attained a subcosmopolitan distribution and are currently only absent in extreme northern latitudes, Antarctica, and most oceanic (non- continental) islands (2). 7 e independent occupation of similar ecological niches by frog taxa in diB erent geo- graphic regions has resulted in extraordinary cases of evolutionary convergence. 7 e consequent high levels of morphological homoplasy have complicated anuran sys- Fig. 1 A tree frog (Rhacophorus lateralis) from India. Credit: tematics for decades. However, a major ongoing upsurge F. Bossuyt. F. Bossuyt and K. Roelants. Frogs and toads (Anura). Pp. 357–364 in e Timetree of Life, S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, Eds. (Oxford University Press, 2009). HHedges.indbedges.indb 335757 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:28:26:28:26 PPMM 358 THE TIMETREE OF LIFE Microhylidae 43 Dyscophidae 37 Asterophryidae 35 Kalophrynidae 46 Cophylidae 44 32 Melanobatrachidae Gastrophrynidae Microhyloidea 31 Scaphiophrynidae 28 Hoplophrynidae 25 Phrynomeridae 17 Arthroleptidae 42 26 Astylosternidae Hyperoliidae 21 Brevicipitidae 38 Afrobatrachia Hemisotidae Mantellidae 41 Neobatrachia Rhacophoridae 36 16 Dicroglossidae 33 39 Ranidae Nyctibatrachidae 29 Micrixalidae 40 Ranixalidae 34 24 Ceratobatrachidae Natatanura 11 Petropedetidae 23 30 Pyxicephalidae 27 Phrynobatrachidae Ptychadenidae Sooglossidae 22 Nasikabatrachidae Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Pg Ng Sooglossoidea MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 250 200 150 100 50 0 Million years ago Fig. 2 Continues the remaining 96% of extant species). Morphological (Archaeobatrachia) as the closest relatives of Neo- studies have supported diverse paraphyletic arrange- batrachia (11–13). Recent phylogenetic studies, imple- ments of archaeobatrachian families (5–10). Although menting expanded taxon sampling, nuclear and Neobatrachia have traditionally been considered to con- mitochondria l protein-coding DNA sequences, and mod- stitute a single-nested clade, analyses of combined lar- el-based reconstruction methods, have provided robust val and adult characters have recently questioned their support for a paraphyletic arrangement of four major monophyly (9, 10). archaeobatrachian lineages: (i) Amphicoela: Ascaphidae Early analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences clus- + Leiopelmatidae, (ii) Costata (previously known as tered the archaeobatrachian families in a single clade Discoglossoidea), (iii) Xenoanura (Pipoidea), and (iv) HHedges.indbedges.indb 335858 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:28:30:28:30 PPMM Eukaryota; Metazoa; Vertebrata; Lissamphibia; Anura 359 (continued from previous page) Pelodryadidae 56 Phyllomedusidae 52 Brachycephalidae Craugastoridae 10 55 51 Eleutherodactylidae Strabomantidae 49 Hylidae 54 Ceratophryidae Telmatobiidae 47 Nobleobatrachia Bufonidae 53 Dendrobatidae 9 45 48 Leptodactylidae 50 Centrolenidae Rhinodermatidae 13 Neobatrachia Limnodynastidae 20 Rheobatrachidae 19 4 15 Myobatrachidae Calyptocephalellidae Myobatrachoidea Heleophrynidae Pelobatidae 3 18 14 Megophryidae 8 Pelodytidae Scaphiopodidae Anomocoela 2 Pipidae 7 Rhinophrynidae Alytidae Xenoanura 12 1 6 Discoglossidae Bombinatoridae Costata Ascaphidae 5 Leiopelmatidae Amphicoela Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Pg Ng MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 250 200 150 100 50 0 Million years ago Fig. 2 A timetree of frogs and toads (Anura). Divergence times are shown in Table 1 Ng (Neogene), Pg (Paleogene), and Tr (Triassic).. Anomocoela (Pelobatoidea) (3, 14–18). Consistent with (14), of an Anomocoela + Neobatrachia clade (16–18), most morphological evidence, they supported the basal and of a Costata + Anomocoela + Neobatrachia clade divergence of Amphicoela, and identiA ed Anomocoela as (3, 15). the closest relative of Neobatrachia. A remaining point 7 e monophyly of Neobatrachia has always received of ambiguity is the phylogenetic position of Xenoanura. strong support from molecular data ( 3, 12–22). Vari- Molecular studies have variously resolved Xenoanura as ous arrangements of the following four well-supported the closest relative of Costata (17, 19), of Neobatrachia lineages have been published: (i) Heleophrynidae, HHedges.indbedges.indb 335959 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:28:31:28:31 PPMM 360 THE TIMETREE OF LIFE Table 1. Divergence times (Ma) and their 95% confi dence/credibility intervals (CI) among anurans. Timetree Estimates Node Time Ref. (15) Ref. (18) Ref. (26) Ref. (30) Ref. (37) (Fig. 2) (Ma) Time CI Time CI Time Time CI Time 1 243 262 304–223 243 264–217 – – – – 2 234 245 288–204 234 258–210 183 – – – 3229––229253–204–––– 4 222 216 260–176 222 247–197 – – – – 5 203 237 281–193 203 227–177 172 – – – 6 203 199 244–155 203 228–180 132 – – – 7193––193218–170–––– 8 167 164 208–121 167 191–146 127 – – – 9 167 162 199–128 167 186–149 125 – – – 10 161 150 186–117 161 180–143 – – – – 11 159 131 167–99 159 178–141 110 – – – 12 152 152 199–105 152 179–129 – – – – 13 146 138 172–108 146 164–129 106 – – – 14 143 142 187–101 143 166–121 112 – – – 15 129 120 154–91 129 147–113 94.4 – – – 16 119 99 132–70 119 131–106 – 133 154–115 – 17 117 – – 117 129–104 – 127 148–110 – 18 115 118 162–77 115 136–93 93.3 – – – 19107––107123–89–––– 20102––102118–85–––– 21 102 – – 102 115–90 – 107 126–89 – 22101––101121–83–––– 23 94.4 – – 82.5 95–71 – 94.4 113–78 – 2489.7–––––89.7108–74– 25 88 – – 75.6 83–70 – 88 102–77 – 26 87.7 – – 87.7 100–75 – 96 117–78 – 2786.3–––––86.3104–71– 2883.9–––––83.997–74– 2982.9–––––82.9100–68– 30 81.1 – – 72.6 85–62 – 81.1 99–66 – 3180.5–––––80.593–72– 3279–––––7991–70– 3378.1–––––78.195–64– 3477.6–––––77.695–63– 35 76.8 – – 73.0 79–68 – 76.8 89–69 – 36 74.4 – – 70.3 81–60 – 74.4 91–61 – 37 73.6 – – 70.2 76–66 – 73.6 85–67 – 38 72.1 – – 72.1 85–59 – 74.6 94–58 – 3971.7–––––71.788–58– 40 71.2 – – – – – 71.2 89–56 – HHedges.indbedges.indb 336060 11/28/2009/28/2009 11:28:31:28:31 PPMM Eukaryota; Metazoa; Vertebrata; Lissamphibia; Anura 361 Table 1. Continued Timetree Estimates Node Time Ref. (15) Ref. (18) Ref. (26) Ref. (30) Ref. (37) (Fig. 2) (Ma) Time CI Time CI Time Time CI Time 41 69.7 – – 62.8 74–53 – 69.7 86–56 – 42 69.1 – – 69.1 81–57 – – – – 43 68.7 – – 67.1 71–66 – 68.7 78–65 – 4466.8–––––66.880–56– 4563––6377–53–––– 4661.8–––––61.876–49– 4761.1––61.176–51–––– 4859.7––59.774–50–––– 4958.4––58.472–49–––– 5057.9––57.972–49–––– 5156.7––56.770–47–––– 5255––5568–46–––– 5354.6––54.668–45–––– 5453.2––53.266–44–––– 5546.5–––––––46.5 56 43.2 – – 43.2 55–36 – – – – Note: Node times in the timetree are based on refs. (18) and (30) for Natatanura and Microhyloidea, because the use of time estimates averaged across all studies would be incompatible with the depicted topology. (ii) Sooglossoidea: Nasikabatrachidae + Sooglossidae, Calyptocephalella (= Caudiverbera) and Telmatobufo (iii) Nobleobatrachia (the “Hyloidea” of 14, 15, 21) + Myo- (both now Calyptocephalellidae) of Chile as the closest batrachoidea + Calyptocephalellidae, and (iv) Ranoides: relatives of the Australo-Papuan Myobatrachoidea (3, 15, Afrobatrachia + Microhyloidea + Natatanura. Most 18, 24). 7 e same analyses recovered this previously studies of the past few years have converged on a basal unrecognized clade (Australobatrachia) as the clos- split between the South African endemic Heleophry- est relatives of Nobleobatrachia. Several controversies nidae and the remaining neobatrachians (3, 14–18). An however remain in nobleobatrachian phylogeny: A rst, important addition to the amphibian tree resulted from Leptodactylidae as deA ned here was not found mono- the discovery of a new frog lineage (Nasikabatrachidae) phyletic in a recent molecular study (25), although this in the Western Ghats of India (21).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amphibians in Zootaxa: 20 Years Documenting the Global Diversity of Frogs, Salamanders, and Caecilians
    Zootaxa 4979 (1): 057–069 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Review ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.9 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:972DCE44-4345-42E8-A3BC-9B8FD7F61E88 Amphibians in Zootaxa: 20 years documenting the global diversity of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians MAURICIO RIVERA-CORREA1*+, DIEGO BALDO2*+, FLORENCIA VERA CANDIOTI3, VICTOR GOYANNES DILL ORRICO4, DAVID C. BLACKBURN5, SANTIAGO CASTROVIEJO-FISHER6, KIN ONN CHAN7, PRISCILLA GAMBALE8, DAVID J. GOWER9, EVAN S.H. QUAH10, JODI J. L. ROWLEY11, EVAN TWOMEY12 & MIGUEL VENCES13 1Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia - GHA and Semillero de Investigación en Biodiversidad - BIO, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-5480 2Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-0872 3Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina [email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-9951 4Laboratório de Herpetologia Tropical, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Rodovia Jorge Amado Km 16 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-4006 5Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1810-9886 6Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Patterns of Ranavirus Detections
    NOTE Global patterns of ranavirus detections Jesse L. Brunnera*, Deanna H. Olsonb, Matthew J. Grayc, Debra L. Millerd, and Amanda L.J. Duffuse aSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA; bUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331-8550, USA; cDepartment of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996-4563, USA; dCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996-4563, USA; eDepartment of Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA *[email protected] Abstract Ranaviruses are emerging pathogens of poikilothermic vertebrates. In 2015 the Global Ranavirus Reporting System (GRRS) was established as a centralized, open access, online database for reports of the presence (and absence) of ranavirus around the globe. The GRRS has multiple data layers (e.g., location, date, host(s) species, and methods of detection) of use to those studying the epidemiol- ogy, ecology, and evolution of this group of viruses. Here we summarize the temporal, spatial, diag- nostic, and host-taxonomic patterns of ranavirus reports in the GRRS. The number, distribution, and host diversity of ranavirus reports have increased dramatically since the mid 1990s, presumably in response to increased interest in ranaviruses and the conservation of their hosts, and also the availability of molecular diagnostics. Yet there are clear geographic and taxonomic biases among the OPEN ACCESS reports. We encourage ranavirus researchers to add their studies to the portal because such collation can provide collaborative opportunities and unique insights to our developing knowledge of this For personal use only.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and Annotated Species List, Distribution, and Conservation 1,2César L
    Mannophryne vulcano, Male carrying tadpoles. El Ávila (Parque Nacional Guairarepano), Distrito Federal. Photo: Jose Vieira. We want to dedicate this work to some outstanding individuals who encouraged us, directly or indirectly, and are no longer with us. They were colleagues and close friends, and their friendship will remain for years to come. César Molina Rodríguez (1960–2015) Erik Arrieta Márquez (1978–2008) Jose Ayarzagüena Sanz (1952–2011) Saúl Gutiérrez Eljuri (1960–2012) Juan Rivero (1923–2014) Luis Scott (1948–2011) Marco Natera Mumaw (1972–2010) Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 13(1) [Special Section]: 1–198 (e180). Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation 1,2César L. Barrio-Amorós, 3,4Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, and 5J. Celsa Señaris 1Fundación AndígenA, Apartado Postal 210, Mérida, VENEZUELA 2Current address: Doc Frog Expeditions, Uvita de Osa, COSTA RICA 3Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Apartado Postal 1930, Caracas 1010-A, VENEZUELA 4Current address: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Río Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619–900, BRAZIL 5Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, apartado 20632, Caracas 1020, VENEZUELA Abstract.—Presented is an annotated checklist of the amphibians of Venezuela, current as of December 2018. The last comprehensive list (Barrio-Amorós 2009c) included a total of 333 species, while the current catalogue lists 387 species (370 anurans, 10 caecilians, and seven salamanders), including 28 species not yet described or properly identified. Fifty species and four genera are added to the previous list, 25 species are deleted, and 47 experienced nomenclatural changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecol 483/583 – Herpetology Lab 3: Amphibian Diversity 2: Anura Spring 2010
    Ecol 483/583 – Herpetology Lab 3: Amphibian Diversity 2: Anura Spring 2010 P.J. Bergmann & S. Foldi (Modified from Bonine & Foldi 2008) Lab objectives The objectives of today’s lab are to: 1. Familiarize yourself with Anuran diversity. 2. Learn to identify local frogs and toads. 3. Learn to use a taxonomic key. Today’s lab is the second in which you will learn about amphibian diversity. We will cover the Anura, or frogs and toads, the third and final clade of Lissamphibia. Tips for learning the material Continue what you have been doing in previous weeks. Examine all of the specimens on display, taking notes, drawings and photos of what you see. Attempt to identify the local species to species and the others to their higher clades. Quiz each other to see which taxa are easy for you and which ones give you troubles, and then revisit the difficult ones. Although the Anura has a conserved body plan – all are rather short and rigid bodied, with well- developed limbs, there is an incredible amount of diversity. Pay close attention to some of the special external anatomical traits that characterize the groups of frogs you see today. You will also learn to use a taxonomic key today. This is an important tool for correctly identifying species, especially when they are very difficult to distinguish from other species. 1 Ecol 483/583 – Lab 3: Anura 2010 Exercise 1: Anura diversity General Information Frogs are a monophyletic group comprising the order Anura. Salientia includes both extant and extinct frogs. Frogs have been around since the Triassic (~230 ma).
    [Show full text]
  • Fauna of Australia 2A
    FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 9. FAMILY MICROHYLIDAE Thomas C. Burton 1 9. FAMILY MICROHYLIDAE Pl 1.3. Cophixalus ornatus (Microhylidae): usually found in leaf litter, this tiny frog is endemic to the wet tropics of northern Queensland. [H. Cogger] 2 9. FAMILY MICROHYLIDAE DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Microhylidae is a family of firmisternal frogs, which have broad sacral diapophyses, one or more transverse folds on the surface of the roof of the mouth, and a unique slip to the abdominal musculature, the m. rectus abdominis pars anteroflecta (Burton 1980). All but one of the Australian microhylids are small (snout to vent length less than 35 mm), and all have procoelous vertebrae, are toothless and smooth-bodied, with transverse grooves on the tips of their variously expanded digits. The terminal phalanges of fingers and toes of all Australian microhylids are T-shaped or Y-shaped (Pl. 1.3) with transverse grooves. The Microhylidae consists of eight subfamilies, of which two, the Asterophryinae and Genyophryninae, occur in the Australopapuan region. Only the Genyophryninae occurs in Australia, represented by Cophixalus (11 species) and Sphenophryne (five species). Two newly discovered species of Cophixalus await description (Tyler 1989a). As both genera are also represented in New Guinea, information available from New Guinean species is included in this chapter to remedy deficiencies in knowledge of the Australian fauna. HISTORY OF DISCOVERY The Australian microhylids generally are small, cryptic and tropical, and so it was not until 100 years after European settlement that the first species, Cophixalus ornatus, was collected, in 1888 (Fry 1912). As the microhylids are much more prominent and diverse in New Guinea than in Australia, Australian specimens have been referred to New Guinean species from the time of the early descriptions by Fry (1915), whilst revisions by Parker (1934) and Loveridge (1935) minimised the extent of endemism in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometric Study on Tadpoles of Bombina Variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura; Bombinatoridae)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Firenze University Press: E-Journals Acta Herpetologica 5(2): 223-231, 2010 Morphometric study on tadpoles of Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura; Bombinatoridae) Anna Rita Di Cerbo*, Carlo M. Biancardi Centro Studi Faunistica dei Vertebrati, Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, C.so Venezia 55, I-20121, Milano, Italy. *Correspondig author. E.mail: [email protected] Submitted on: 2009, 23th November; revised on 2010, 10th October; accepted on 2010, 12th November. Abstract. The tadpoles of Yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) can be easily rec- ognized from other Italian anuran species, except those of B. pachypus (though the two congeneric species are allopatric). In this paper we report morphometric data on B. variegata tadpoles from a Lombard population living near a torrent at 450 m a.s.l. On a sample of 264 tadpoles (stages 19-44, according to Gosner, 1960) we meas- ured the following five variables: snout-vent length, tail length, maximum tail height, total length and weight. We found a slight allometric relationship between snout-vent length and tail length, while, as expected, the weight is nearly proportional to the cube of linear measures. According to literature data, our results point to highly constant proportions during the development phases up to prometamorphic stages. The ratio between snout-vent length and tail length was about 0.75 during the whole growing phase, while from stage 42 the proportion increases as the resorption of the tail starts. Keywords. Tadpole morphology, Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata.
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
    (This is a sample cover image for this issue. The actual cover is not yet available at this time.) This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Toxicon 60 (2012) 967–981 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Antimicrobial peptides and alytesin are co-secreted from the venom of the Midwife toad, Alytes maurus (Alytidae, Anura): Implications for the evolution of frog skin defensive secretions Enrico König a,*, Mei Zhou b, Lei Wang b, Tianbao Chen b, Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emonds a, Chris Shaw b a AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU – Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany b Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Center, Queen’s University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK article info abstract Article history: The skin secretions of frogs and toads (Anura) have long been a known source of a vast Received 23 March 2012 abundance of bioactive substances.
    [Show full text]
  • FROGS in an EFFLUENT SOCIETY Risks, Remedies and Responsibilities by Dr Sara Broomhall First Published in June 2004 by WWF Australia © WWF Australia 2004
    FROGS IN AN EFFLUENT SOCIETY Risks, Remedies and Responsibilities by Dr Sara Broomhall First published in June 2004 by WWF Australia © WWF Australia 2004. All Rights Reserved. ISBN: 1 875941 67 3 Author: Dr Sara Broomhall WWF Australia GPO Box 528 Sydney NSW Australia Tel: +612 9281 5515 Fax: +612 9281 1060 www.wwf.org.au For copies of this booklet or a full list of WWF Australia publications on a wide range of conservation issues, please contact us on [email protected] or call 1800 032 551. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of WWF. Special thanks to Craig Cleeland for supplying the photographs for this booklet. CONTENTS FROGS AS ENVIRONMENTAL BAROMETERS The aim of this booklet is to help What is a pollutant? 2 you understand: Australian frogs 2 How do frogs interact with their environment? 3 What pollutants are – Life stages 3 – Habitat requirements 3 How frogs interact with their environment – Ecological position 3 – Frogs and pollutants in the food chain 3 Why water pollution affects frogs Why is environmental pollution a frog issue? 3 – Are frogs more sensitive to environmental pollutants than other species? 3 Where pollutants come from and how they enter the environment WHAT WE DO AND DON’T KNOW Why don’t we have all the answers? 4 How you may be polluting water – How relevant are these toxicity tests to real world situations anyway? 4 Categories of pollutants (such as pesticides) Where do pollutants come from? 4 How many chemicals do we use here in Australia?
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Unexpected Patterns in the Evolution of Reproductive Modes in Frogs
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01715.x PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES REVEAL UNEXPECTED PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN FROGS Ivan Gomez-Mestre,1,2 Robert Alexander Pyron,3 and John J. Wiens4 1Estacion´ Biologica´ de Donana,˜ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas,´ Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052 4Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794–5245 Received November 2, 2011 Accepted June 2, 2012 Understanding phenotypic diversity requires not only identification of selective factors that favor origins of derived states, but also factors that favor retention of primitive states. Anurans (frogs and toads) exhibit a remarkable diversity of reproductive modes that is unique among terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we analyze the evolution of these modes, using comparative methods on a phylogeny and matched life-history database of 720 species, including most families and modes. As expected, modes with terrestrial eggs and aquatic larvae often precede direct development (terrestrial egg, no tadpole stage), but surprisingly, direct development evolves directly from aquatic breeding nearly as often. Modes with primitive exotrophic larvae (feeding outside the egg) frequently give rise to direct developers, whereas those with nonfeeding larvae (endotrophic) do not. Similarly, modes with eggs and larvae placed in locations protected from aquatic predators evolve frequently but rarely give rise to direct developers. Thus, frogs frequently bypass many seemingly intermediate stages in the evolution of direct development. We also find significant associations between terrestrial reproduction and reduced clutch size, larger egg size, reduced adult size, parental care, and occurrence in wetter and warmer regions.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overdue Review and Reclassification of the Australasian
    AustralasianAustralasian JournalJournal ofof HerpetologyHerpetology ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online) Hoser, R. T. 2020. For the first time ever! An overdue review and reclassification of Australasian Tree Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Pelodryadidae), including formal descriptions of 12 tribes, 11 subtribes, 34 genera, 26 subgenera, 62 species and 12 subspecies new to science. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 44-46:1-192. ISSUE 46, PUBLISHED 5 JUNE 2020 Hoser, R. T. 2020. For the first time ever! An overdue review and reclassification of Australasian Tree Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Pelodryadidae), including formal descriptions of 12 tribes, 11 subtribes, 34 genera, 26 130 Australasiansubgenera, 62 species Journal and 12 subspecies of Herpetologynew to science. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 44-46:1-192. ... Continued from AJH Issue 45 ... zone of apparently unsuitable habitat of significant geological antiquity and are therefore reproductively Underside of thighs have irregular darker patches and isolated and therefore evolving in separate directions. hind isde of thigh has irregular fine creamish coloured They are also morphologically divergent, warranting stripes. Skin is leathery and with numerous scattered identification of the unnamed population at least to tubercles which may or not be arranged in well-defined subspecies level as done herein. longitudinal rows, including sometimes some of medium to large size and a prominent one on the eyelid. Belly is The zone dividing known populations of each species is smooth except for some granular skin on the lower belly only about 30 km in a straight line. and thighs. Vomerine teeth present, but weakly P. longirostris tozerensis subsp. nov. is separated from P.
    [Show full text]
  • Anura: Calyptocephalellidae)
    Phyllomedusa 19(1):99–106, 2020 © 2020 Universidade de São Paulo - ESALQ ISSN 1519-1397 (print) / ISSN 2316-9079 (online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i1p99-106 Chondrocranial and hyobranchial structure in two South American suctorial tadpoles of the genus Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae) J. Ramón Formas1 and César C. Cuevas1,2 ¹ Laboratorio de Sistemática, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]. ² Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Temuco. Chile. E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Chondrocranial and hyobranchial structure in two South American suctorial tadpoles of the genus Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae). The chondrocranium, hyobranchium, rectus abdominis muscle, and epaxial musculature of Telmatobufo australis and T. ignotus are described. In addition, these structures were compared wih those of the non-suctorial Calyptocephalella gayi, the sister group of Telmatobufo. Keywords: Evolution, larval morphology, southern Chile, suctorial tadpoles. Resumen Estructura del condrocráneo y aparato hiobranquial de dos renacuajos suctores sudamericanos del género Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephallidae). Se describen los condrocráneos, aparatos hiobranquiales, músculo recto abdominal, y la musculatura epaxial de Telmabufo australis y T. ignotus. En adición, los renacuajos de Telmatobufo se comparan con los de Calyptocephalella gayi, el grupo hermano de Telmatobufo. Palabras claves: evolución, morfología larvaria, renacuajos suctores, sur de Chile. Resumo Estrutura do condrocrânio e do aparelho hiobranquial de dois girinos suctoriais sulamericanos do gênero Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae). Descrevemos aqui o condrocrânio, o aparelho hiobranquial, o músculo reto-abdominal e a musculatura epiaxial de Telmabufo australis e T. ignotus. Além disso, comparamos os girinos de Telmatobufo aos de Calyptocephalella gayi, o grupo-irmão de Telmatobufo.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleontological Discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina
    Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 21(2): 217-293, 2019 ISSN 1514-5158 (impresa) ISSN 1853-0400 (en línea) Paleontological discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina Fernando. E. NOVAS1,2, Federico. L. AGNOLIN1,2,3, Sebastián ROZADILLA1,2, Alexis M. ARANCIAGA-ROLANDO1,2, Federico BRISSON-EGLI1,2, Matias J. MOTTA1,2, Mauricio CERRONI1,2, Martín D. EZCURRA2,5, Agustín G. MARTINELLI2,5, Julia S. D´ANGELO1,2, Gerardo ALVAREZ-HERRERA1, Adriel R. GENTIL1,2, Sergio BOGAN3, Nicolás R. CHIMENTO1,2, Jordi A. GARCÍA-MARSÀ1,2, Gastón LO COCO1,2, Sergio E. MIQUEL2,4, Fátima F. BRITO4, Ezequiel I. VERA2,6, 7, Valeria S. PEREZ LOINAZE2,6 , Mariela S. FERNÁNDEZ8 & Leonardo SALGADO2,9 1 Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina - fernovas@yahoo. com.ar. 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. 3 Fundación de Historia Natural “Felix de Azara”, Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BDB Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 Laboratorio de Malacología terrestre. División Invertebrados Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 5 Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 6 División Paleobotánica. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 7 Área de Paleontología. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina. 8 Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (CONICET-INIBIOMA), Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
    [Show full text]