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REFOR TRESUMES ED 015 610 EM 003 448 INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION RESEARCH REPORTS. NAVAL TRAINING DEVICE CTRJ, ORLANDO,FLA. PUB DATE 1 JUN 56 . REPORT NUMBER R-20-TV-4 EDRS PRICE MF-$1.75 HC-$16.40 408P. DESCRIPTORS- *INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION,LEARNING, RETENTION, FILMS, COSTS, *MILITARY PERSONNEL, KINESCOPERECORDINGS, *EXPERIMENTS, *SURVEYS SIX EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND ONESURVEY IN INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION ARE COMBINED AND SUMMARIZED TO SHOWAREAS FOR SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF TELEVISION TO THETRAINING OF MILITARY PERSONNEL, AND AREAS REQUIRING FURTHERRESEARCH. A SUMMARY OF RESULTS SHOWS TELEVISION TO BEAS EFFECTIVE Ok MORE SO THAN REGULAR INSTRUCTION. HOWEVER,HIGH INITIAL COSTS, LARGE PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS, DIFFICULTOPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS, AND COMPLICATED PROGRAMINGHAVE RESTRICTED ITS USE. IT IS RECOMMENDED THATTELEVISION BE USED WHEN ITS UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS MAKE ITSUSE CLEARLY ADVISABLE, REGARDLESS OF COSTS AND OPERATIONALPROBLEMS. (MS) INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION RESEARCH AEPORTS -414 Hum,n Engineering Report NAVTRADFVCEN 20-TV-4 r-4 C.) :3 Under Cont:n.ct LLJ U. S. N_,v-1 L:,,ining Device Center Human Engineering Department 1 June 1956 Sponsored Jointly by Department of the Army ,nd Department of the Navy Approved: Army Participation Group For the U. S. Naval Training Device Center L. W. Adams, Colonel, USA C. H. S. Murphy, Capt in, U N Associate Director (Army) Commanding Officer and Director Distribution: Human Engineering General and Instructional Film Research Distribution Lists U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION 3NDP&PO THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. U. S. NAVAL TRAINING DEVICE CENTER Human Engineering Department Introduction The introduction and acceptance of 'television has -timulated the need to discover by objective means how television can be used in military installadons. The desirability of obtaining experimental evidence of the value of television for training was recognized by the U. S. Naval Training Device Center severalyears ago. Now a series of reports have been completed. This volume combines and summarizes these reportsto show areas for successful application of television to training and areas requiring further research. The following blue pages give a concise summary of the results. The numbers in parentheses refer to the report from which the information was derived. Reference to the specific details of the experiment will indicate the extent to which the findingsare appli- cable. Summa of results 1. Television has proved to be as effectiveor more effective than regular instruction. 2. The high initial costs, large personnel requirements, diffi- cult operation and maintenance requirements and complicatedprogram- ming have restricted its use. Recommendation Since television is a good instructional lasaait is important to dis- cover whether it can be made acceptable ac cor,pete erfectivelyliith other instrucional neeaa, This can he done by considering its cost, effec +tveness, personnel requirements, programming requirements and its acceptance by all persons involved. Television systems employing a minimum of equipment and personnel should mo, nearly meet these requirements. Television should be used in those other instances where the unique characteristics of television make itsuse clearly advisable regardless of costs and operational problems. Loran C. Twyford, Jr., Ph. D. Acting Head, Communication Psychology Division Clifford P. Seitz, Ph.% Head, Human Engineering Department 't% SUMMARY OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISIONRESEARCH REPO 'fa A. LIVE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION FOR THE CLASSROOM 1. EffectivenessA televisionprogram can be at least as effectiveas compa- rable means of instruction (476-02-S2, 476-02-S3). 2. AcceptanceTelevision instruction iswell liked (476-02-S2) 530-01-1). Well preparedprograms were highly acceptable afteran eight week period of television training (476-02-S3). 3. Mass TrainingTelevision is a feasible and effectivemeans for instruct- ing widely separatedgroups (476-02-S2, 476-02-S3). 4. Principal Problems (476-02-52) a. Procurement and training of personnelfor planning and producing television lessons. b. Procurement of television eqUipmentand personnel to maintain it. 5. Retention of Learnin Most learned materialwas retained over a six week period476-02-S3' 6. Level of Instruction All grades ofpersonnel learned from television programs ,476.02 -S3 Y. 7. Novelty EffectIn 1950 trainees said that thetelevision instruction they received was more effective than theaverage training film. This instruc- tion was carefully-prepared, skillfullypresented and the trainees tried to learn (476-02-S3). 8. Effective Presentations Items that were explicitlycovered were well learned. Sketchily treated itemswere not learned (476-02-S3). 9. Dramatic or FactualLearning occurred when specificinformation was pre- sented. Little learning occurred from dramaticor situational presen- tations (476-02-S3). 10. Introductions Speechet by high-rankingofficials were with few exceptions too long, quite boring, poorly reproducedand detracted from the instruc- tional value of the programs (476-02-S3). 11. Screen SizeTwelve to twenty inch televisionscreens were said to be adequate by trainees (476-02-S3). 12. Applicabilitz A criteria check list hasbeen developed to determinecourses of instruction which are suited fortelevision instruction (530-01-1). 13. Single Camera One televisioncamera will fulfill most military training needs but for reliability and flexibility,two cameras are more desirable (530-01-1). 14. Instructors Qualified instructorocan be trained to teach by tel:,:vic:Irm in a relatively short time (530-01-1). 15. MinizmintiEquirjjelezig.on Lxperience hasridicated that a minimum of equipment gives the greatest trainingper dollar exponded for televising (530-01-1). 16. 'Courses effective television training hasbeen carried out in large number of subject areas (530-01-1). 17. Films Films are effective on television (530-01-1, 476-02-S2, 476-02-S3). 18. Television Recordings (kinesco es) Film recordings of televisionprograms are a valuable by-product 30 -01 -1, 20-TV-11 476-02-S2). 19. Mobile TelevisionA. mobile television studio and,associated equipment can be used to present and record televisionprograms. B. FILK RECORDINGS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS 1. EffectivenessFilm recordings of televisionprograms (kinescopes) are very satisfactory for military training even though picture qualitymay be poor (20-TV-1, 476-02-S2). 2. UseKinescope recordingswere recommended for training instructors, dupli- cating lessons, disseminatingnew developments and as a substitute for instructional films (530-01-1). 3. ColorColor, unless it is essential to the subjectbeing taught, does not increase the effectiveness of television training (20-TV-1). C. SPECIALIZED TELEVISION APPLICATIONS 1. Training Device ViewingTraining devices may be televised toa larger group than can normally see them (530-01-1).Thirty-one principles for improving visibility have been discovered (20-TV-2). 2. Security Applications Television signals containing classifiedinformation can be transmitted to the classroom over a closed circuit cable (476-02-S3). 3. Critical Factors Television expense and laborcan be more easily justified when the training situation is dangerousor mass training is essential (530-01-1). D. INCIDENTIAL TELEVISION INSTRUCTION (Audiencemay or may not watch) 1. DramatizationsDramatic treatments brought about less learningthan other :types of treatment (476-02-S2). 2. Attitudes Polls have shown a definite acceptance by civiliansof programs dealing with book reviews, social problems, history, lectures,etc. (530-01-1). TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF REPORTS I. Experimental Studies SDC 476-02-S2 The Effectiveness Of Television Instuction In Training Naval Air Reservists SDC 476-02-S3 A Study of Learning and Retention From Television Instruction Transmitted to Army Field Force Reservists SDC 20-TV-1 Learning From Kinescopes and Films SDC 269-7-42 Relative Effectiveness of Verbal Introductionsto Kinescope Recordings and Training Films SDC 20-TV-2 Visual Principles for Training by Television SDC 269-7-38 Evaluation of Two Kinescopes II. Surveys SDC 530-01-1 Survey of Television Utilization in Army Training Fundamentals of Training by Television TECHNICAL REPORT-SDC 476-02-S2 THE EFFECTIVENESS UCTION III N t I A (Rapid Mass Learning) Fordham University Project Designation NR 781-007 Television Evaluation Project Contract N7onr-47602 April 1951 SDC Human Engineering Project 20-E-5a FINAL PROJECT REPORT Prepared by Robert T. Rock, Jr. James S. Duva John E. Murray TELEVISION EVALUATION PROJECT Department of Psychology Fordham University Graduate School New York 58, New York Directed by Robert T. Rock, Jr., Ph.D. FOR THE SPECIAL DEVICES CENTER: Reviewed for Human EngineeringSubmitted: Division: e'(1,/racereeiv C.P. Seitzh.D., Project Engr. C.S. Rhoads Head, Research Branch Technical Director Approved: L. S. Beals, Jr. P.J. Burr, in, USN CDR (MC) USN, Di ector Commandi ficer and Director Human Engineering Division STAFF OF THE TELEVISION EVALUATION PROJECT Department of Psychology, Fordham University Graduate School during the phase of the project concerned with Television Training of Naval Air Reserves Robert T. Rock, Jr. Project Director and Professor of Psychology James S. Duva Assistant Project Director John E. Murray