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Tecophilaeaceae): a Multidisciplinary Approach

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Tecophilaeaceae): a Multidisciplinary Approach See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260942965 Taxonomy of Cyanastroideae (Tecophilaeaceae): A Multidisciplinary Approach Article in Kew Bulletin · January 1998 DOI: 10.2307/4118869 CITATIONS READS 20 285 6 authors, including: Hannah I Banks Keith Jones Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 56 PUBLICATIONS 1,120 CITATIONS 44 PUBLICATIONS 1,039 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Mark Chase Paula J. Rudall Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 894 PUBLICATIONS 59,660 CITATIONS 363 PUBLICATIONS 14,456 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Palm hydraulics linking biodiversity and functioning of tropical forests under climate change View project Grass Pollen View project All content following this page was uploaded by Paula J. Rudall on 20 March 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Taxonomy of Cyanastroideae ( Tecophilaeaceae): a multidisciplinary approach R. K. BRU~IMITT~,HANNAH BANKS', MARGARET A.T. JOHN SON^, KATHARINEA. DOCHERTY"~ITHJONES~, MARK W. CHASE^ & PAULA J. RUDALL~ Summary. Cyanastrum has previously been considered to include four species, all from the African continent. One of these, C. hostifolium from eastern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, is now transferred to a new genus, Kabuyea (K. hostifolia). This differs from Cyanastrum in several respects: vegetative morphology, perianth colour, anther dehiscence, pollen grain morphology, seed structure, chromosome number and karyotype. Karyotype analysis indicates that the individuals examined of the new genus are triploids. Analysis of rbrL DNA sequences for Cyanastraceae and Trcophilaeaceae places K. hostifolia as sister to C. cordifolium, but the level of sequence divergence between these two species is similar to that between genera in Trcophilaeaceae. The presence of a 'chalazosperm' in seeds of Cyanastrum was the primary reason for former recognition of the monogeneric family Cyanastraceae, but this structure is absent from seeds of Kabujea. Relationships of Cjanastrum and Kabuyea with other Tecophilaeaceaeare discussed. General introduction ......................................... 769 Formal taxonomy (R. K. Brummitt) ............................... 770 Leaf anatomy (PaulaJ. Rudall) ................................... 781 Pollen morphology (Hannah Banks) .............................. 783 Cytology (Margaret A. T. Johnson, Katharine A. Docherty & Keith Jones) . - 785 Seed structure (Paula J. Rudall) .................................. 791 Molecular data (Mark W. Chase) .................................795 General discussion ........................................... 798 Acknowledgements ........................................... 799 References ................................................. 800 Cyanastrum Oliv. has been considered to consist of four species from tropical Africa since the revision by Carter (1962). Her species concept differed from that of Clausen (1940) who had earlier recognised seven species. Although Cornu (1896), apparently unaware of Oliver's description of Cyanastrum six years earlier, published the name Schoenlandia for the same genus and species, nobody has hitherto suggested that the species currently referred to Cyanastrum should be placed in more than one genus. Accepted for publication May- 1998. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, W93hB, U.K. jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, U.K. 769 770 KEW BULLETIK VOL. 53(4) One of us (R. K. B.) selected Cjanastraceae as a small (monogeneric) family to write up as a sample treatment for the Species Plantarum Project, aiming to bring together all the taxonomic information down to species level and below on a world basis. This coincided with a current research program at Kew on Lilianae (e.g. Chase et al. 1995, Rudall & Cutler 1995, Rudall & Chase 1996, Chase et al. 1996,Johnson et al. 1996, Rudall et al. 1997, 1998). In writing the account, R. K. B. found that one species (C. hostifolium) was so different from the other three that it appeared that it could not be retained in the same genus. Further investigations soon confirmed that this species differs from Cyanastrum not only in gross morphology but in other respects as well. This paper provides a description of the new genus Kabuyea, together with a review of the characters supporting its separation. As previous papers have indicated (e.g. Chase et al. 1995, Rudall et al. 1997, Simpson & Rudall 1998), particularly on the basis of molecular data from rbcL, Cyanastrum is embedded within Tecophilaeaceae,with which it shares many characters, such as apical anther dehiscence (see General Discussion). Cyanastrum and the new genus Kabuyea are sister taxa within Tecophilaeaceae. The main aim of this paper is to assess species and genus-level systematics. A further publication is planned on the systematics of Tecophilaeaceaeusing a combined morphological and molecular analysis. FORMALTAXONOMY The species concepts of Carter (1962) are retained here, and material in major herbaria is unlikely to be misidentified at species level. In the specimen citations below, and in preparation of the distribution maps, data have been included from the Brussels (BR), Nairobi (EA) and Lisbon (LISC) herbaria according to information kindly supplied (see Acknowledgements below) without the material having been seen by me. Subfam. Cyanastroideae Engl. in A. Engler & K. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1 zu I - IV: 70 (1897), sub Pontederiaceae. Type: Cyanastrum Oliv. Perennial herbs with up to 5 superposed discoid to shortly cylindric corms up to 2.5 cm diameter; up to 50 cm high; glabrous. Corms without a membranous or fibrous tunic, producing on their upper surface sheathing scarious cataphylls (referred to subsequently as just 'cataphylls') which envelope the emerging aerial parts; cataphyll-like bracts also sometimes present on the scape and intergrading upwards into inflorescence bracts. Leaves basal, longitudinally rolled in bud, entire, linear-lanceolate to heart-shaped, more or less petiolate. Scape either in the middle of the leaf rosette or borne separately from the leaves; inflorescence a simple raceme or the flowers rarely paired at the nodes, bracteate or not; flowers pedicellate; bracteole sometimes present. Receptacle funnel-shaped, persistent after flowering. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, trimerous. Tepals 3+3, petaloid, shortly connate at the base into a short tube constricted above, white or blue. Stamens 3+3; filaments linear, inserted at the top of the perianth tube; anthers basifixed, dithecal, thecae oblong to linear, yellow, dehiscing by a terminal pore or a subapical clavate introrse slit. Pollen spheroidal, monosulcate, inaperturate, with perforate or rugulose to granular sculpturing. Ovary semi-inferior in the funnel of the receptacle, the 3 carpels evident as shallow lobes on the surface when young, these swelling above the receptacle after flowering so that the ovary later becomes deeply lobed; ovules 2 in each loculus; style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, filiform, exceeding the stamens; stigma not clearly demarcated. Fruit a capsule, often with only 1- 3 seeds; seeds ovoid to spherical, with or without endosperm, with or without a pitted chalazosperm which may comprise up to half the seed. 2 genera, 4 species, in tropical Africa. KEYTO GENERA 1. Foliage leaves c. 4 per corm, forming a rosette closely enfolding the base of the scape, attenuate to a relatively indistinctly defined petiole; perianth white; anthers dehiscing by a short clavate introrse slit near their apex . .I. Kabuyea 1. Foliage leaves usually solitary on each corm, not enfolding the base of the scape, cordate or at least abruptly constricted at the base and distinctly petiolate; perianth blue; anthers dehiscing by an apical pore . - . 2. Cyanastrurn The difference between the two genera in the arrangement of their leaves and scapes as they arise from the upper surface of the corm may be clearly appreciated by comparison of the excellent illustrations provided by Engler (1900) which are reproduced here as our Figs 1 & 2, his Taf. IX, figs. A & H showing the scape emerging from the middle of the leaf rosette in Kabuyea (our Fig. 1) in contrast with that of Cyanastrum in Taf. X, fig. A (our Fig. 2) in which the bare scape emerges alongside the solitary foliage leaf in C. goetzeanum. 1. Kabuyea Brummitt gen. nov. A Cyanastro foliis scapum amplectentibus vix abrupte petiolatis, perianthio albo, thecis antherarum apicem versus rima brevi introrsum dehiscentibus, et seminibus chalazospermum deficientibus differt. Typus: K. hostifolia (Engl.) Brummitt (Cyanastrum hostifolium Engl.) . The genus is named after Christine H. S. Kabuye, who retired as Botanist-in- Charge of the East African Herbarium, Nairobi, in 1995, in appreciation of her services to African botany over many years. Corms usually shortly cylindric or bucket-shaped and as broad as deep, or sometimes discoid. Foliage leaves and inflorescence emerging from the same cataphyll on the corm; foliage leaves c. 4 per corm, closely enfolding the base of the scape, the inner cataphyll up to 9 cm, sometimes also with shorter outer ones; scape not bearing cataphyll-like sheathing bracts. Foliage leaves attenuate at the base into an indistinctly defined petiole usually shorter than the lamina. Scape occasionally with a solitary sterile bract.
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