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110 Mapas De Distribución De Arañas De Importancia

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110 Mapas De Distribución De Arañas De Importancia MAPAS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ARAÑAS DE IMPORTANCIA MÉDICA DEL GÉNERO Latrodectus (ARANEAE: THERIDIIDAE) PARA NORTEAMÉRICA. Rodrigo Monjaraz-Ruedas. Colección Nacional de Arácnidos (CNAN), Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado Postal 70-153, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal, México. E-mail: [email protected]. RESUMEN. Las especies de arañas pertenecientes al género Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 son consideradas de importancia médica, debido a la toxicidad de su veneno, el cual representa un riesgo de salud para el ser humano. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de las localidades en literatura especializada y de material depositado en la Colección Nacional de Arácnidos (CNAN) del Instituto de Biología, UNAM, en la cual han sido registradas las especies con mayor número de registros para Norteamérica: Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775), Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837 y Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841. Las localidades fueron georeferenciadas con la ayuda de GEOlocate y Google Earth, mientras que los mapas de registros para las tres especies se elaboraron con el programa gvSIG. Con la elaboración de estos mapas, se pretende incrementar el conocimiento sobre la distribución de las especies con mayores registros en Norteamérica del género Latrodectus, dicha información podrá ser utilizada por el sector médico de los países norteamericanos. Palabras clave: Latrodectus, distribución, importancia médica, Norteamérica. ABSTRACT. The spiders of the genus Latrodectus Walcknaer, 1805 are considered of medical importance, because the toxicity of their venom represents an important health risk to humans. We performed an exhaustive search of the literature and locations of material deposited in Colección Nacional de Arácnidos (CNAN) of the Instituto de Biología, UNAM, for the species that have the highest number of records for North America: Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775), Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837 and Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841. The localities were georeferenced with the help of GEOlocate and Google Earth, the maps for the three species were made with the program gvSIG. With the elaboration of these maps, I intend to increase the knowledge about the distribution of the species with mayor records in North America of the genus Latrodectus, this information may be used by the medical sector in North American countries. Key words: Latrodectus, distribution, medical importance, North América. Introducción. Las arañas presentan aproximadamente un total de 42,473 especies descritas en el mundo, y es el segundo orden de arácnidos más diverso después del orden Acari con 48,200 especies descritas. Estas especies de arañas se encuentran incluidas dentro de 110 familias y 3,849 géneros (Harvey, 2002; Coddington et al., 2004; Platnick, 2011). La familia Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833b está compuesta por 119 géneros y 2,324 especies, de las cuales 31 corresponden al género Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Platnick, 2011). Para el caso de Norteamérica solo cinco de estas especies han sido registradas: Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775), Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin y Ivie, 1935 y Latrodectus bishopi (Lessert, 1929) (Platnick, 2011). Las arañas del género Latrodectus son las de mayor tamaño dentro de la familia Theridiidae, recibiendo nombres comunes como cintlatahua (=la del trasero rojo) o araña capulina en México, o black widow spider (=araña viuda negra) en los Estados Unidos (Chamberlin y Ivie, 1935). Las arañas de este género se caracterizan por presentar un veneno neurotóxico muy potente y peligroso para el hombre, por lo que han sido consideradas de importancia médica (Chamberlin y Ivie, 1935). Tan solo en los Estados Unidos se han reportado mas de 2,500 casos de mordeduras accidentales por L. mactans (Steven et al., 2011). Como resultado de los múltiples casos médicos de personas mordidas, ejemplares de especies de éste 110 género han sido colectados en muchas partes de todo el mundo, sobre todo en los Estados Unidos (Kaston, 1970). El objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar mapas de registros de distribución geográfica de arañas del género Latrodectus para Norteamérica, encontrados en literatura especializada, así como de colectas históricas y actuales de la Colección Nacional de Arácnidos (CNAN), Instituto de Biología, UNAM, con la finalidad de incrementar el conocimiento en su distribución generando información para el sector médico. Materiales y Método Para la obtención de los registros del género Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 en Norteamérica, Se buscó la composición total del género en el catálogo en línea de arañas del mundo (Platnick, 2011). Posteriormente, se realizó una búsqueda de literatura especializada, con la cual se consiguieron todos los registros existentes para Norteamérica, estos fueron ingresados a una base de datos donde se georeferenciaron. Las localidades se georreferenciaron con los programas computacionales GEOLocate versión 2 y Google Earth versión 6.1.0.5001, para el sistema operativo Mac OS X (10.6.8). Los mapas fueron realizados con el programa gvSIG, version 1.11-RC1. El trabajo dentro de la colección, requirió en primera instancia de la búsqueda y separación de los ejemplares pertenecientes al género, seguido por la debida identificación con ayuda de literatura especializada (Levi, 1959; Chamberlin y Ivie, 1935). Una vez identificados, se ingresaron a la base de datos BiotaAppPent 160 (Colwell, 1996). Posteriormente las localidades que carecían de coordenadas fueron georeferenciadas de la misma forma y se elaboraron los mapas. Resultados Con la revisión exhaustiva del material depositado en la Colección Nacional de Arácnidos (CNAN) y el material reportado en la literatura, obtuvieron tres mapas que muestran las diferentes colectas realizadas para este género. Solo cinco de las 31 especies descritas del género Latrodectus se distribuyen en Norteamérica, lo cual representa tan solo el 16.1% de las especies. En los mapas, se puede ver que L. mactans (Fig. 1) es una de las especies con el mayor número de registros, seguido por L. variolus (Fig. 2) y finalmente están L. geometricus, L. bishopi y L. hesperus (Fig. 3). Discusión y Conclusiones. Los mapas confirman la amplia distribución del género Latrodectus mencionada por Levi (1959) en Norteamérica. El gran número de registros en L. mactans, se debe en parte a la importancia médica de la especie, debido a que existe bastante información respecto a la toxicidad de esta, por consiguiente existen registros de gente, que a pesar de no ser biólogos o investigadores, recolectan ejemplares de esta especie. La distribución de las cinco especies registradas para Norteamérica del género Latrodectus no es bien conocida, sin embargo todas las especies tienden a tener distribuciones bastante amplias, a excepción de L. bishopi, la cual es endémica de la Florida, Estados Unidos. Con la información anterior, se pretende en un futuro con ayuda del programa Maxent version 3.3.3k, generar mapas de distribución potencial, en base a las condiciones ambientales de las especies y los registros obtenidos en todo Norteamérica. 111 Figura 1. Registros para Norteamérica de Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775). Figura 2. Registros para Norteamérica de Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837. 112 Figura 3. Registros para Norteamérica de Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin y Ivie, 1935 y Latrodectus bishopi (Lessert, 1929). Como conclusión, la finalidad de encontrar zonas de posibles distribuciones de arañas del género Latrodectus nos permite vislumbrar las zonas que ponen en riesgo a la población en Norteamérica e indirectamente, realizar un aporte médico con el cual se podría reducir la muerte de personas por encuentros accidentales con estas especies de arañas. Por último, un buen trabajo de campo y recolecta de especímenes, así como una revisión más exhaustiva en colecciones biológicas internacionales, sería un buen paso para ayudar al progreso de la araneología, no solo en Norteamérica, si no en todo el Mundo. Agradecimientos Al Dr. Oscar F. Francke, M. en C. Alejandro Valdez Mondragón y al Biólogo Jesús A. Cruz López por su ayuda en la revisión de este manuscrito, así como al Instituto Bioclon y Laboratorio Silanes por el apoyo económico para la realización del actual trabajo. Literatura Citada Chamberlin R. V., and W. Ivie. 1935. The Black Widow Spider and it Varities in the United States. Bulletin of the University of Utha. 25(8). Coddington, J. A., G., Giribet, M. S. Harvey, L. Prendini, and D. E. Walter. 2004. Arachnida. In: J. Cracraft y M. Donoghue (eds.) Assembling the tree of life. Pp. 296-318. Oxford University Press. New York, USA. Colwell, R. K. 1996. Biota: The Biodiversity Database Manager. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. 113 Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders?. Journal of Arachnology. 30(2): 357-372. Levi H. W. 1959. The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Transaction of the American Microscopical Society. 78 7-43. Platnick, N. I. 2011. The world spider catalog, version 12.0. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog. DOI: 10.5531/db.iz.0001. Steven R. O., G. P. Daubert, and R. F. Clark. 2011. The Treatment of Black Widow Spider Envenomation with Antivenin Latrodectus Mactans: A Case Series. The Permanente Journal. 15(3) 76-81. 114 .
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