Census of Swedish Mail Until 1940
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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
Down and Out: Founding Elections and Disillusionment with Democracy in Egypt and Tunisia
Down and Out: Founding Elections and Disillusionment with Democracy in Egypt and Tunisia Sharan Grewal and Steve L. Monroe Forthcoming, Comparative Politics Which electoral losers become the most disillusioned with democracy following the first free and fair elections? Exploiting surveys before and after founding elections in post-Arab Spring Egypt and Tunisia, we find that the most disillusioned losers were those residing in areas where the losing parties were strongest. We argue that expectations matter. Losers whose parties are strong locally tend to overestimate their popularity nationally and thus become more disillusioned after the first elections. Beyond these attitudinal results, we find that these areas witnessed a greater increase in support for candidates from former autocratic regimes in subsequent elections. These findings clarify subnational variation in electoral losers’ attitudes towards democracy. They suggest that decentralization may keep otherwise disillusioned losers invested in democracy. 1 “She was in a state of shock and confusion. [...] It was one thing for the [Muslim] Brotherhood to win close to 40 percent, but how could 28 percent of her countrymen vote for ultraconservative Salafi parties? [...] She mourned not only for what she feared Egypt might become, but for a country that she could no longer recognize, a country that was no longer really hers. It raised the question: was [democracy] worth it? For liberals like [her], it apparently wasn’t.”1 How citizens respond to electoral loss is critical to the success of democratic transitions.2 Supporters of losing parties in founding elections must opt to remain within the democratic system for a nascent democracy to take root. -
Basrah Governorate Profile
Basrah Governorate Profile Source map: JAPU Basrah at a Glance Fast Facts Area: 19,070 km2 Capital City: Basrah Average High Temperatures: 17,7°C Average Low Temperatures: 6,8°C (January) to 41,8°C (August) (January) to 27,4°C (July) Population: 2,403,301 Population Distribution Rural-Urban: 20,1%-79,9% Updated December 2015 Geography and Climate Basrah is the most southern governorate of Iraq and borders Iran, Kuwait and Saudi-Arabia. In the south, the governorate is made up of a vast desert plain, intersected by the Shatt Al-Arab waterway which is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at Al-Qurnah and empties into the Persian Gulf. Around Al-Qurnah and Al-Medina a number of lakes can be found, while marshland stretches from the north of the governorate into the neighboring governorates of Thi-Qar and Missan. The governorate is Iraq’s only access to the sea. Similar to the surrounding region, the governorate of Basrah has a hot and arid climate. The temperatures in summer are among the highest recorded in the world. Due to the vicinity of the Persian Gulf, humidity and rainfall are however relatively high. The governorate receives an average amount of 152mm of rainfall a year between the months of October and May. Population and Administrative Division The governorate of Basrah is subdivided into seven districts: Abu Al-Khaseeb, Al-Midaina, Al-Qurna, Al- Zubair, Basrah, Fao, and Shatt Al-Arab. The city of Basrah, the governorate’s capital, is Iraq’s third largest urban center. -
RCS Demographics V2.0 Codebook
Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project Demographics, version 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0) CODE BOOK Davis Brown Non-Resident Fellow Baylor University Institute for Studies of Religion [email protected] Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following persons for their assistance, without which this project could not have been completed. First and foremost, my co-principal investigator, Patrick James. Among faculty and researchers, I thank Brian Bergstrom, Peter W. Brierley, Peter Crossing, Abe Gootzeit, Todd Johnson, Barry Sang, and Sanford Silverburg. I also thank the library staffs of the following institutions: Assembly of God Theological Seminary, Catawba College, Maryville University of St. Louis, St. Louis Community College System, St. Louis Public Library, University of Southern California, United States Air Force Academy, University of Virginia, and Washington University in St. Louis. Last but definitely not least, I thank the following research assistants: Nolan Anderson, Daniel Badock, Rebekah Bates, Matt Breda, Walker Brown, Marie Cormier, George Duarte, Dave Ebner, Eboni “Nola” Haynes, Thomas Herring, and Brian Knafou. - 1 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Citation 3 Updates 3 Territorial and Temporal Coverage 4 Regional Coverage 4 Religions Covered 4 Majority and Supermajority Religions 6 Table of Variables 7 Sources, Methods, and Documentation 22 Appendix A: Territorial Coverage by Country 26 Double-Counted Countries 61 Appendix B: Territorial Coverage by UN Region 62 Appendix C: Taxonomy of Religions 67 References 74 - 2 - Introduction The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset (RCS) was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. -
Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – Was Formed in 1918, One of I
Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – was formed in 1918, one of its most important tasks was to forge a common collective identity. Intellectual elites in the young state with great optimism agreed that education would play a crucial role in this process. It should come as no surprise, then, that a relatively rich tradition of scholarly research into the representation of collective identities in Yugoslav education has originated, precisely to account for the failure of the Yugoslav project in the long term. Recently, a growing body of scholarly research has established textbooks as one of the more rewarding sources for studying collective identity in education, focusing on ‘what knowledge is included and rejected in ... textbooks, and how the transmission of this selected knowledge often attempts to shape a particular form of national memory, national identity and national consciousness’.1 For the Yugoslav case this emerging research field so far has primarily examined textbooks which were used in the period directly preceding, during and following the disintegration of Yugoslavia.2 However, as the present article hopes to illustrate, textbook analysis can also provide the historian with interesting new elements for the study of collective identities in Yugoslavia’s more distant past. With its focus on national identity in Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian textbooks before the First World War, and later also in interwar Yugoslavia, the work of Charles Jelavich still occupies a somewhat -
New and Improved Map Study Guide
Modern African Countries A Simplified Guide with Historical Information Nancy J. Jacobs, Brown University Do you commonly confuse Liberia and Libya, even in the daytime? When called upon to discuss Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, do you hem and haw? Are you guilty of gaffes regarding Malawi and Mali, Mauritania and Mauritius? Does mention of Gabon and Gambia prompt apologies on your part? If so, a “Modern African Countries: A Simplified Guide with Historical Information” is for you! In fact, if you are enrolled in an African history course, it will not just save you from cartographic embarrassment, it may just save your grade! The following list of contemporary territories gives names as of 2012, dates of independence, names changed since independence, a selective list of colonial names, and colonial rulers since the late nineteenth century. It does not list names of all territories that were amalgamated in the early decades of colonial rule. Colonies that were part of the federations of French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa are marked (FWA) or (FEA). A slash under “Date of Independence” denotes that the process of independence from European empires was not accomplished in a single watershed event. A slash in other columns denotes successive names or rulers, while an ampersand conveys that separate colonies of different rulers were amalgamated around the time of independence. Cu Current Name Indepen- Other Names since Former Colonial Name Colonial Rulers dence Independence 1. Morocco, including 1956 Spanish Sahara was Western France & Spain Western Sahara Sahara only 2. Algeria 1962 France 3. Tunisia 1956 France 4. -
The Sophies of Hanover and Royal Prussian Music Abstract
Kulturgeschichte Preuûens - Colloquien 6 (2018) Ellen Exner The Sophies of Hanover and Royal Prussian Music Abstract: The history of royal Prussian music was shaped not only by its kings, but also by its queens. Although there were famously patterns of crisis and prosperity in the kingdom©s eighteenth-century history, strands of continuity provided by Prussia©s early Hanoverian queens often go unobserved and therefore undescribed. The first Prussian queen, Sophie Charlotte of Hanover, set a precedent for sophisticated music cultivation, which is apparent in Corelli©s dedication to her of the Op. 5 violin sonatasÐa collection of chamber pieces. Her legacyÐand that of her homeland, HanoverÐlived on through the private efforts of her daughter-in-law and successor, Sophie Dorothea, whose own legacy is evident in the musical activities of her children. <1> Kings are unquestionably important in the histories of kingdoms but queens also had roles to play in creating a reign©s culture. Early in Prussia©s royal history, two of its queens were the real forces behind music cultivation within the ruling family. Queens Sophie Charlotte (r. 1701 to 1705) and Sophie Dorothea (r. 1713 to 1740) both came originally to Prussia from Hanover and shared more than just their bloodline with the Prussian royal family: they also infused it with a discerning passion for music. Prussia©s first queen, Sophie Charlotte, achieved a very high standard of elite music making, setting an impressive precedent for the royal family. Memory of her musicianship remained alive in her descendants, female as well as male. When Sophie Charlotte©s own son, King Friedrich Wilhelm I (r. -
The Emergence of Health & Welfare Policy in Pre-Bismarckian Prussia
The Price of Unification The Emergence of Health & Welfare Policy in Pre-Bismarckian Prussia Fritz Dross Introduction till the German model of a “welfare state” based on compulsory health insurance is seen as a main achievement in a wider European framework of S health and welfare policies in the late 19th century. In fact, health insurance made medical help affordable for a steadily growing part of population as well as compulsory social insurance became the general model of welfare policy in 20th century Germany. Without doubt, the implementation of the three parts of social insurance as 1) health insurance in 1883; 2) accident insurance in 1884; and 3) invalidity and retirement insurance in 1889 could stand for a turning point not only in German but also in European history of health and welfare policies after the thesis of a German “Sonderweg” has been more and more abandoned.1 On the other hand, recent discussion seems to indicate that this model of welfare policy has overexerted its capacity.2 Economically it is based on insurance companies with compulsory membership. With the beginning of 2004 the unemployment insurance in Germany has drastically shortened its benefits and was substituted by social 1 Young-sun Hong, “Neither singular nor alternative: narratives of modernity and welfare in Germany, 1870–1945”, Social History 30 (2005), pp. 133–153. 2 To quote just one actual statement: “Is it cynically to ask why the better chances of living of the well-off should not express themselves in higher chances of survival? If our society gets along with (social and economical) inequality it should accept (medical) inequality.” H.-O. -
Suki and Tobacco Use Among the Itaukei People of Fiji
Suki and tobacco use among the iTaukei people of Fiji 2019 Suki and tobacco use among the iTaukei people of Fiji Citation: Correspondence to: Centre of Research Excellence: Professor Marewa Glover Indigenous Sovereignty and Smoking. Centre of Research Excellence: (2019). Suki and tobacco use among Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking the iTaukei people of Fiji. New Zealand: Centre of Research Excellence: P.O. Box 89186 Indigenous Sovereignty Torbay, Auckland 0742 & Smoking. New Zealand ISBN: 978-0-473-48538-2 Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-473-48539-9 (online) www.coreiss.com Contents Ngā mihi / Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 9 About Fiji 13 iTaukei Health 17 Suki and Tobacco in Fiji 23 Kava 35 What has been done to stop smoking? 39 Conclusion 43 Endnotes 47 Appendix A: Research Method 53 Ngā mihi / Acknowledgements We would like to thank the many people who shared their time and knowledge with us. We especially want to thank Ms Ana Maria Naimasi and Mr Alusio Setariki. Mr Setariki is an expert in his own right about the history of tobacco use in Fiji and the introduction of suki from India. This report is partly his story. Thanks also to Mr Shivnay Naidu, Head Researcher of the National Research Unit at the Fiji Ministry of Health for insights into the state of the statistics on smoking in Fiji. In New Zealand, we are grateful to Andrew Chappell at the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) for conducting tests on the samples of tobacco we gathered from Fiji and India. We also want to thank the experts that joined our India study group – Atakan Befrits and Samrat Chowdery, and locals who helped guide and translate for us – Bala Gopalan of the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World, Rapper AJ RWB and our Banyan Tour Guides Vasanth Rajan and Rari from Chennai. -
Systems of Settlement Hierarchy
Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Viking and Medieval Norse Studies Systems of Settlement Hierarchy A study of Husby, Central Places, and Settlement in the Mälaren Region from an Archaeological Perspective. Ritgerð til MA-prófs í Viking and Medieval Norse Studies Karl Troxell Kt.: 050994-4229 Leiðbeinandi: Orri Vésteinsson June 2019 Abstract The study of the settlement landscape of Late Iron Age, Viking Age, and Medieval Scandinavia has often focused on questions concerning the development of socio-political organization and its effect on the regional organization of settlement. In the Mälaren region in central Sweden scholars have relied on theoretical models of social and settlement hierarchy developed over nearly a century of discourse. The framework for these models was initially built on sparse literary, historical, and linguistic evidence, with archaeological material only being considered more systematically in recent decades, and then only in a secondary capacity. These considerations only being made to shed light on the existing theoretical framework. No general examination of the archaeological material has taken place to corroborate these models of settlement hierarchy based purely on an archaeological perspective. This thesis reviews the models of settlement hierarchy and social organization proposed for the Mälaren region in the Late Iron Age through Medieval Period and examines how they hold up in the face of the available archaeological evidence. It finds that while much more systematic archaeological research is necessary, the available evidence calls for a serious restructuring of these theoretical frameworks. i Ágrip Rannsóknir á landsháttum síðari hluta járnaldar, víkingaaldar og miðalda á Norðurlöndum hafa að stórum hluta miðað að því að varpa ljósi á álitamál um þróun valdakerfa og um áhrif þeirra á skipulag byggðar. -
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SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Volume V, May 22th -23th, 2020. 795-807 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWN-SHIELDS’ PLANNING IN BISHOPRICS OF LIVONIA DURING THE 13TH–14TH CENTURIES Silvija Ozola Riga Technical University, Latvia Abstract. Traditions of the Christianity centres’ formation can be found in Jerusalem’s oldest part where instead of domestic inhabitants’ dwellings the second king of Israel (around 1005 BC–965 BC) David built his residence on a top of the Temple Mount surrounded by deep valleys. His fortress – the City of David protected from the north side by inhabitants’ stone buildings on a slope was an unassailable public and spiritual centre that northwards extended up to the Ophel used for the governance. David’s son, king of Israel (around 970–931 BC) Solomon extended the fortified urban area where Templum Solomonis was built. In Livonia, Bishop Albrecht obtained spacious areas, where he established bishoprics and towns. At foothills, residential building of inhabitants like shields guarded Bishop’s residence. The town- shield was the Dorpat Bishopric’s centre Dorpat and the Ösel–Wiek Bishopric’s centre Haapsalu. The town of Hasenpoth in the Bishopric of Courland (1234–1583) was established at subjugated lands inhabited by the Cours: each of bishopric's urban structures intended to Bishop and the Canonical Chapter was placed separately in their own village. The main subject of research: the town-shields’ planning in Livonia. Research problem: the development of town-shields’ planning at bishoprics in Livonia during the 13th and 14th century have been studied insufficiently. Historians in Latvia often do not take into account studies of urban planning specialists on historical urban planning. -
Searching for Balance: Swedish Ethnic Policy Model Today1 © Ekaterina S
Arctic and North. 2016. N 25 76 UDC 323.11+ 325.1 DOI: 10.17238/issn2221-2698.2016.25.87 Searching for balance: Swedish ethnic policy model today1 © Ekaterina S. Kotlova, historian, Bachelor of Circumpolar studies, Master in Philosophy in Indigenous studies, Art editor of “Arctic and North” journal. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel.: +7 900 916 77 26 Abstract. The article is devoted to ethnic policy models in Sweden regarding indigenous population, national minorities and migrants. It seems most important to analize the ethnic policy models (acculturation, assimilation, segregation and integration policy) and circumstances which caused changes in state policy, as well as the efficiency in conditions of the modern crisis situation. Keywords: ethnic policy models, indigenous people, migration, Sweden, integration, nationalism In the second half of the XX century Sweden managed to survive in the conditions of the intensive migration with the absence of any manifestations of xenophobia. The success was in balanced migration policy and integrated activities aimed at increasing of the level of tolerance of the Swedish society. At the same time, the state authorities paid a lot of attention to the indigenous population of the country, its cultural and political autonomy. Migration crisis in Europe in 2015 reminded that there are some problems in Sweden. Growth in number of migrants in the country is stable and continues. Sweden remains the second country after Germany in the percentage of migrants to the local population. In recent decades, the rate of unemployment among migrants has remains high [1, Bevelander P., Irastorza N.], and many of them are involved in criminal activities.