<<

Y yffi i .lei .i`'1 \ ,.t R,.f 1 ..9 .,

RADIOCARBON Editors: RICHARD FOSTER FLINT-J GORDON OLDEN, III-IRVING ROUSE-MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor: RENEE S KRA Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF Editors: JOHN RODGERS, ,JOHN H OSTROM, AND PHILLIP M ORVILLE Published three a , in Winter, Spring, and Summer, at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Subscription rate $45.00 (for institutions), $30.00 (for individuals), available only in whole volumes. All correspondence and manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor, RADIOCARBON, Box 2161, Yale Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts of radiocarbon papers should follow the recommendations in Sugges- tions to Authors, 5th ed.* All copy (including the bibliography) must be typewritten in double space. Manuscripts for vol 18, no. 2 must be submitted in duplicate before October 1, 1975, for vol 18, no. 3 before February 1, 1976. Descriptions of samples, in date lists, should follow as closely as possible the style shown in this volume. Each separate entry (date or series) in a date list should be considered an abstract, prepared in such a way that descriptive material is distinguished from geologic or archaeologic interpretation, but description and interpretation must be both brief and informative, emphasis placed on significant comments. Date lists should therefore not be preceded by abstracts, but abstracts of the more usual form should accompany all papers (eg, geochemical contributions) that are directed to specific problems. r Each description should include the following data, if possible in the order given: 1. Laboratory number, descriptive name (ordinarily that of the locality of collec- tion), and the date expressed in BP (before , ie, before AD 1950) and, for finite dates, in years AD/BC. The standard error following the date should express, within limits of ± lo-, the laboratory's estimate of the accuracy of the radiocarbon measurement, as judged on physicochemical (not geologic or archaeologic) grounds. 2. Substance of which the sample is composed; if a plant or animal , the scientific name if possible; otherwise the popular name; but not both. Also, where pertinent, the name of the person identifying the specimen. 3. Precise geographic location, including latitude-longitude coordinates. 4. Occurrence and stratigraphic position in precise terms; use of metric system exclusively. Stratigraphic sequences should not be included. However, references that contain them can be cited. 5. Reference to relevant publications. Citations within a description should be to author and year, with specific pages wherever appropriate. References to published date lists should cite the sample no., journal (R for Radiocarbon), years, vol, and specific page (eg, M-1832, R, 1968, v 10, p 97). Full bibliographic references are listed alphabetically at the end of the manuscript, in the form recommended in Suggestions to Authors. 6. Date of collection and name of collector. 7. Name of person submitting the sample to the laboratory, and name and address of institution or organization with which submitter is affiliated. 8. Comment, usually comparing the date with other relevant dates, for each of which sample numbers and references must be quoted, as prescribed above. Interpretive material, summarizing the significance and implicity showing that the radiocarbon measurement was worth making, belongs here, as do technical matters, eg, chemical pretreatment, special laboratory difficulties, etc. Illustrations should not be included unless absolutely essential. They should be original drawings, although photographic reproductions of line drawings are sometimes acceptable, and should accompany the manuscript in any case, if the two dimensions exceed 30cm and 23cm. Reprints. Thirty copies of each article, without covers, will be furnished without cost. Additional copies and printed covers can be specially ordered. Back issues. Back issues (vols 1-9) are available at a reduced rate to subscribers at $52.00 a set, including postage; vols 10-14 are $20.00 each for individual subscribers and $30.00 for institutions; vols 15-18 are $30.00 each for individuals and $45.00 for institutions; single back issues $10.00 each; comprehensive index $10.00 each. * Suggestions to authors of the reports of the United States Geological Survey, 5th ed, Washington, DC, 1958 (Government Printing Office, $1.75). NOTICE TO READERS Half life of 14C. In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radio- carbon Dating Conference, Cambridge, 1962, all dates published in this volume ( as in previous volumes ) are based on the Libby value, 5570 ± 30 yr, for the half life. This decision was reaffirmed at the 8th International Conference on , Wellington, New Zealand, 1972. Because of various uncertainties, when 14C measurements are expressed as dates in years BP the accuracy of the dates is limited, and refinements that take some but not all uncertainties into account may be misleading. The mean of three recent determinations of the half life, 5730 ± 40 yr, (Nature, v 195, no. 4845, p 984, 1962), is regarded as the best value presently available. Published dates in years BP, can be converted to this basis by multiplying them by 1.03. AD/BC dates. As agreed at the Cambridge Conference in 1962, AD 1950 is accepted as the standard year of reference for all dates, whether BP or in the AD/BC system. 614C. Meaning of In Volume 3, 1961, we indorsed the notation z (La- mont VIII, 1961) for geochemical measurements of 14C activity, corrected for isotopic fractionation in samples and in the NBS oxalic-acid standard. The value of 614C that entered the calculation of was defined by refer- ence to Lamont VI, 1959, and was corrected for age. This fact has been lost sight of, by editors as well as by authors, and recent papers have used 814C as the observed deviation from the standard. At the New Zealand Radiocarbon Dating Conference it was recommended to use 814C only for age-corrected samples. Without an age correction, the value should then be reported as percent of modern relative to 0.95 NBS oxalic acid. (Proceedings 8th Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Wellington, New Zealand, 1972.) In several fields, however, age corrections are not possible. S14C and 0, uncorrected for age, have been used extensively in oceanography, and are an integral part of models and theories. For the present there- fore we continue the editorial policy of using z notations for samples not corrected for age. Citations. A number of radiocarbon dates appear in publications with- out laboratory citation or reference to published date lists. We ask that laboratories remind submitters and users of radiocarbon dates to include proper citation (laboratory number and date-list citation) in all publica- tions in which radiocarbon dates appear. Radiocarbon Measurements: Comprehensive Index, 1950-1965. This index, covering all published 14C measurements through Volume 7 of RADIOCARBON, and incorporating revisions made by all laboratories, has been published. It is available to all subscribers to RADIOCARBON at $10.00 US per copy. Publication schedule. Beginning with Volume 15, RADIOCARBON is published in three numbers: Winter, Spring, and Summer. The next deadline is October 1, 1975. Contributors who meet our deadlines will be given priority but not guaranteed publication in the following issue. List of laboratories. The comprehensive list of laboratories at the end of each volume now appears in the third number of each volume. Index. All dates appear in index form at the end of the third number of each volume. Volume 17, Number 3 - 1975

RADIOCARBON

Published by

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editors RICHARD FOSTER FLINT - J GORDON OGDEN, III IRVING ROUSE - MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor RENEE S KRA

YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

Vol 17, No. 3 Radiocarbon 1975

CONTENTS

Birm F W Shotton, R E G Williams, and A S Johnson Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX ...... KI H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H Willkomm University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII ...... Q V R Switsur and R G West University of Cambridge Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV .... R M Alessio, F Bella, S Improta, G Belluomini, G Calderoni, C Cortesi, G L Manelli, and A Vigilante University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII ...... S A A Rutherford, J Wittenberg, and K J McCallum University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI ...... SMU Herbert Haas and Vance Haynes Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List II ...... T Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII ...... UCR R E Taylor UCR Radiocarbon Dates II ...... UM K L Eldridge, J J Stipp, J Hattner, and E McDougal University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates IV ...... List of Laboratories ...... 413 Index to Volume 17 ...... 425

[RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 255-275] Radiocarbon 1975 BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY RADIOCARBON DATES IX

F W SHOTTON, R E G WILLIAMS and A S JOHNSON Department of Geological , University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England The following list of dates contains the majority of measurements made during 1974, ie, since our last list (R, 1974, v 16, p 285-303). Age calculations are based on 95% activity of the NBS oxalic acid standard computed from the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 yr. Errors quoted refer only to the standard deviation (1Q) calculated from a sta- tistical analysis of sample, background, and standard count rates. 3C/12C ratios are measured directly on all methane gas samples as previously described (R, 1973, v 15, p 451) and ages are corrected for 81,C deviations. Sample preparation and pretreatment continue as before (R, 1969, v 11, p 263). Where sample size was insufficient for full pretreatment, details of procedure accompany the result. For bone samples, we use the extraction method of Longin (1971) based on the solubility of collagen in slightly acidic hot water. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We particularly wish to thank Lina Salvini for sample preparation and pretreatment. Sample descriptions are based on information provided by submitters and collectors. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. British Isles Cnoc Sligeach series, Isle of Oronsay, Scotland Shells from storm-beach gravel and midden material 30m S of Cnoc Sligeach, I of Oronsay, Inner Hebrides, Argyllshire, Scotland (56° 01' N, 060 12' W, Grid Ref NR 373889). Coll Aug 1973 and subm by W G Jardine, Dept Geol, Univ Glasgow. (a) 5850 ± 140 3900 BC 81.E C = -1.5% (b) 6390 ± 160 Birm-462. 4440 BC r. C = -1.5% Valves of Pafella from hard-packed layer of cobbles and limpets at +10.97m alt assoc with storm-beach formation.

255 256 F W Shotton, R F G W illiams and A S Johnson (a) 8220 ± 170 6270 BC 3130 = -O.17 p (b)7210±130 Birm-463. 5260 BC 313C =-1.2% Valves of Ostrea, Patella, Arctica, and Littorina (?) from layer of cobbles and limpets with charcoal at +11.17m alt assoc with periods of occasional occupation at times of storms. (a)6910±160 4960 BC 313C = +o.2%p (b) 6840 ± 190 Birm-464. 4890 BC 313C = +o.2% Single valve of Arctica islandica from layer of pebbles, charcoal, bone, and large shells at +11.47m alt, assoc with periods of occasional occupation at times of storm. (a)6010±150 4060 BC s13c=-1.3% (b) 5900 ± 150 Birm-465. 3950 BC 31,10 = -2.2% Valves of Pecten from layer ca 0.5m deep, + 11.97m alt, assoc with more permanent occupation period. General Comment: outer fraction discarded, inner (a) and middle (b) fraction dated. Samples from pit within few meters from trench described by Bishop (1914) both with similar . Relationship between beach formation and site occupation of similar shell mound at Caisteal- nan-Gillean discussed in Birm-414 (R, 1974, v 16, p 290-291). Birm-462 appears anomalously young.

1970 ± 100 Birm-481. Lawrence Edge Landslip, Derbyshire 20 BC 313C = -28.0% p Wood (Betula), id by D Shimwell, ca 2.5m deep at base of peat layer 2m thick in iron-enriched deposit which passes into a true gley horizon, part of small earthflow derived from slump area of extensive landslip N of Lawrence Edge, Derbyshire (53° 29' N, 01° 52' W, Grid Ref SK 085995). Coll Nov 1973 and subm by R H Johnson, Dept Geog, Univ Manchester. Comment (RHJ): dates termination of major earth move- ment in locality. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 257 11,970 ± 340 Birm-482. Sheldon, Warwickshire 10,020 BC 613C = -26.6% 0 Plant material from 1.83 to 1.88m deep in sandy peat filling hollow in glacial sand near Stirrup Cup Inn, Sheldon, Warwickshire (52° 27' 50" N, 01 ° 46' 15" W, Grid Ref SP 155853). Coll 1966 by C H S Sands; subm by T A Brown, Dept Geol, Univ Birmingham. Comment: 5cm peat over- lying dated sample contains Zone II flora and fauna. Cledlyn Pingo series, Cardiganshire Angered samples from sediment filling collapsed Pingos M and U, 12km W of Lampeter, Cardiganshire (52° 05' 25" N, 04° 14' 20" W, Grid Ref SN 467477). Coll April 1973 and subm by Edward Watson, Dept Geog, Univ Coll Wales, Aberystwyth. Sample (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract. (a) 8980 ± 450 7030 BC 613 C = -24.6%0 (b) 9550 ± 290 Birm-485. 7600 BC 613C = -27.3%;0 Pingo M, W6, Bed 4 from Boreholes A-D. (a) 9760 ± 230 7810 BC 613 C = -25.8% (b) 9420 ± 190 Birm-486. 7470 BC 613C = -27.0%6 Pingo M, W6, Bed 5 from Boreholes A and B. (a) 8760 ± 310 6810 BC 6130 = -25.3% (b) 9470 ± 190 Birm-487. 7520 BC 813C = -28.1%o Pingo M, W6, Bed 5 from Boreholes C and D. (a) 9630 ± 240 7680 BC 813C = -27.1% (b) 10,060 ± 380 Birm-488. 8110 BC 613C =-27.4% Pingo U, W5, Bottom 5cm of Bed 4, Boreholes a and b. 258 F W Shotton, R E G Williams and A S Johnson (a) 10,160 ± 260 8210 BC 13C = -27.8% (b) 10,080 ± 320 Birm-489. 8130 BC 8130 = -28.1 Pingo U, W5, Bottom 5cm of Bed 4, Boreholes c and d. General Comment: small samples and thus standard deviations high. Some inconsistency between ages, probably due to contamination in sam- pling. Dates suggest that organic sedimentation started at Pingo U at about junction of Pollen Zones III and IV and in Pingo M, slightly later. Previous dates from same group of pingos in R, 1973, v 15, p 460-461. For description of these pingos see Watson, 1971, p 382-388, and Watson & Watson, 1972, p 213-217.

Thurmaston series, Leicestershire Vegetable matter from gravel pit at Thurmaston, Leicestershire. Coll 1973 and subm by Andrew Mathieson, Leicester Mus.

4220 ± 130 Birm-499. 2270 BC 8130 =-27.3%0 Unid. wood from ca 3m deep overlain by .8m coarse gravel, .5m mud, sand and gravel and 1.6m brown clay (52° 41' 15" N, 01° 06' 15" W, Grid Ref SK 60501041).

3720 ± 130 Birm-500. 1770 BC 13C = -26.O%o Peat from bed 1.55 to 1.92m deep overlying sand and gravel and un- derlying 1.55m clay (52° 41' 00" N 01° 06' 10" W, Grid Ref SK 60611007). Comment: dates encompass deposition of coarse gravel and antedate formation of highest clay in alluvium of R Soar.

7850 ± 130 Birm-501. Long Eaton, Derbyshire 5900 BC 613C = -25.77(0 Wood (? Salix) from large tree trunk, ca 8.5m long and 4m circum, at 3.05 to 3.35m deep overlying gravel at least 3m thick at gravel quarry on R Trent flood plain SE of Long Eaton, Derbyshire (52° 53' 15" N, 010 14' 40" W, Grid Ref SK 50953301). Coll Jan 1974 and subm by G R Suffield, Ready Mixed Concrete Ltd, Nottingham. Comment: dates allu- viation of one of Britain's major rivers. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 259 Aston Mill series, Worcestershire + 1700 (a) 29,500 -1400 27,550 BC 813C = -24.9%0 Birm-504. Field 3, Silt 9 (b) >18,800 81C =-22.4% Plant material washed from silt pocket on Lias clay, covered by ca 2m bedded limestone gravel and ca lm loam near Aston Mill, Worcester- shire (52° 00' 50" N, 02° 04' 45" W, Grid Ref SO 94533505). Coil Aug 1972 and subm by P F Whitehead, Dept Geol, Univ Birmingham. Sam- ple (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract. + 860 31,900 -780 Birm-505. Field 5, Silt 26 29,950 BC 13C =-23.2% Moss washed from silt at base of ca 5.5m bedded sand and gravel overlain by ca lm loam near Aston Mill, Worcestershire (52° 01' 15" N, 02° 05' 00" W, Grid Ref SO 94153553). Coil Dec 1973 and subm by PFW. General Comment: dates consistent with each other and with Birm-382; 26,000 ± 300 (R, 1974, v 16, p 286) and with Birm-293; 27,650 ± 250 (R, 1973, v 15, p 5) from same terrace at Beckford. Confirms correlation of terrace with Avon No. 2. 4050 ± 140 Birm-526. Wick, Worcestershire 2100 BC 613C = -27.O% Carbonized roots from bed of silty sand, .3m thick, below 4.3m ochreous gravel with flint and Bunter pebbles, and above .4m of similar gravel on Lias clay exposed in pipe trench SE of Wick, Worcestershire (52° 05' 50" N, 02° 02' 05" W, Grid Ref SO 97604450). Coil April 1974 and subm by PFW. Comment (FWS): gravel previously assigned to Avon No. 3 terrace (Ipswichian) by Tomlinson (1925), confirmed by presence of Hip po potam us. Dated material must be Flandrian intrusive roots. 11,380 ± 260 Birm-506. Speeton, Yorkshire 9430 BC 81.30 = -28.O2 Peat with twigs (? Belula and ? Alrrlcs) from 2.59 to 2.64m deep (ca +40.03 to +40.08m alt) from sec in upper part of coastal cliff at Speeton, N Yorkshire (54° 09' 50" N, 00° 15' 00" W, Grid Ref TA 145760). Coil Feb 1974 by C A Edwards; subm by L F Penny, Dept Geol, Univ Hull. ConlineTi: confirms expected Zone II age, similar to Birm-345; 11,260 ± 100 (R, 1973, v 15, p 459) from Grimston Hall, E Yorkshire. 260 F W Shotton, R E G Williams and A S Johnson Silver Flowe series, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland Ombrotrophic peat consisting mainly of Sphagnum, Eriophorum, and Calluna, id by P D Hulme, from pool system of Craigeazle bog, Silver Flowe Nature Reserve, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland (55° 05' N, 04° 23' W, Grid Ref NX 477812). Coll April 1973 and subm by P D Hulme, Dept Pedol, Macaulay Inst Soil Res, Aberdeen. (a) 1360 ± 280 AD 590 8130 = -23.2% (b) 1610 ± 110 Birm-507. Site 1 AD 340 8130 = -26.37a Sample (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract from .70 to .75m deep. Comment (PDH): dates formation of pool system of Area B of Craigeazle bog. (a) 860 ± 130 AD 1090 813C = -23.8% (b) 920 ± 130 Birm-508. Site 3 AD 1030 613C = -24.8% Sample (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract from .70 to .75m deep. Comment (PDH): dates formation of pool system of Area AE of Craigeazle bog. Birm-443: 910 ± 150 (R, 1974, v 16, p 291) dates start of major phase of pool system development. Epping Forest series, Essex Plant material from recent (sub-/sub-) shallow peat bog 100m N of junction of Lodge Rd and All main rd in Epping Forest, Essex (51° 41' N, 00° 04' E, Grid Ref TL 432999). Coll June 1974 by P M Oxford; subm by C A Baker, Dept Geog, King's Coll, London.

(a) 4250 ± 120 2300 BC 613C = -26.8% (b) 4290 ± 100 Birm-525. 2340 BC 613C = -26.8% Peat with wood from Borehole B4, 150 to 170cm deep. (a) and (b) are independent determinations of the same sample gas in different counters at different filling pressures. 1110 ± 160 Birm-582. AD 840 613C = -26.4% Plant material washed from detritus clay-mud containing Juncus Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 261 and wood fragments from Borehole B4, 95 to 115cm deep. Comment: dates T ilia clearance and expansion of Fagus-Carpinus. General Comment: samples secured by multiple shots with Hiller auger. Sufficient material for Birm-582 only obtained by washing large quantity of sediment from 20cm band, 10cm either side of Tilia decline level. 2990 ± 120 Birm-527. Easington, E Yorkshire 1040 BC 8130 = -20.2% Collagen from antler of Cervus elaphus, id by B Latham, Hull Mus, from within Scrobicularia clay at -.61m alt directly overlying till at Easington, E Yorkshire (530 38' 15" N, 000 07' 00" E, Grid Ref TA 411182). Coll Nov 1973 and subm by J F D Bridger, Coll Educ, Hull. Comment (JFDB): antler shows unmistakable evidence of working by Man. Surface of cut portion indicates use of a metal implement verified by Bronze age date. Sample was almost completely enclosed by clay; pre- vious bone finds in area recorded from peat (Bisat, 1952). 5720 ± 190 Birm-528. Barmston, Yorkshire 3770 BC 8130 = -24.0%0 Plant material washed from organic rich silt ca 1.lOm below cliff top at Barmston, E Yorkshire (54° 00' 40" N, 000 12' 40" W, Grid Ref TA 174584). Coll Nov 1973 and subm by JFDB. Comment (JFDB & FWS): sample from contorted lens of silt in stony head, overlying Drab Till. Assuming head to be late Devensian, probably Zone III, sample was ex- pected to be Zone II (ca 11,000). Assoc insect fauna confirms this age. Sample, therefore, must be grossly contaminated. 4340 ± 120 Birm-529. Catcott Burtle, Somerset 2390 BC 8130 = -23.8% Wood, Qeer cus, from base of brown clay with stones, foraminifera and occasional mollusks at 1.50m deep, underlying .7m sand and over- lying weathered Lias clay at Hill Farm, Catcott Burtle, Somerset (51° 10' 55" N, 02° 51' 38" W, Grid Ref ST 399430). Coll April 1974 and subm by F W Shotton. Comment (FWS): sequence thought to be inter- glacial Burtle Beds until determination of date of 4280 ± 70 (HAR-463, unpub) on ? Corylus log at 1.50m in earlier excavation (Kidson et al, 1974). New date confirms Flandrian age of sand and clay and requires Flandrian estuarine transgression against hill of Burtle Beds. Topsham series, Devonshire Wood (? Quercus) from excavation of coffer dam on narrow strip of partially reclaimed land on E edge of tidal R Exe at Topsham, Devon- shire (50° 30' 30" N, 000 05' 10" W, Grid Ref SX 962880). Coll April 1974 by R A Cullingford; subm by Allan Straw, Dept Geog, Univ Exeter. 262 F W Shotton, R F G W illiams and A S Johnson 3910 ± 130 Birm-533. W2 1960 BC 8130 = -24.6%, Outermost part of horizontal log, at least 2m long and 20 X 15cm at thickest point, with bark intact, at ca -3.66m alt on gravel bed and en- closed by undisturbed water-laid sediments. 3300 ± 120 Birm-534. W3 1350 BC 6'C = -26.7%0 Part of large piece of wood, ca 15 X 18cm, from clayey grit layer 6cm thick containing much brashy wood, 60cm above Birm-533. General Comment: if sediment is correctly interpreted as non-marine, sea level is unexpectedly low at these dates. 2070 ± 100 Birm-546. Cahersiveen, County Kerry, Ireland 120 BC 6130 = -25.9%a Peat from ca lm deep underlying fairly rounded pebbles in sandy matrix from sand pit at Coonanna Sta E of Cahersiveen, Iveragh Penin- sula, Co Kerry, Ireland (51° 58' N, 10° 31' W, Irish Grid Ref V 4881). Coll Aug 1973 and subm by Irene Benner, Dept Geog, Univ Coll Dublin. Comment: white rootlets within sample were impossible to remove com- pletely. Acid pretreatment only. Llyn Penis series, Caernarvonshire Wood and peat coil by shell and auger boring from Llyn Penis peninsula, Caernarvonshire. Coil March/April 1974 by H Tinsley; subm by E Derbyshire, Dept Geog, Univ Keele. 9400 ± 220 Birm-554. Ep 14.32 7450 BC 8130 = -23.8% Peat from 32.08 to 32.15m deep, overlying varved clay at SE end of Llyn Penis peninsula, Caernarvonshire (53° 06' 22" N, 04° 05' 23" W, Grid Ref SH 601587). Sample from base of peat 20m thick overlain by ca 12m gravel. Comment (ED): pollen analysis shows Zone VI/V assem- blage. 11,260 ± 220 Birm-555. Ph 6.44 9310 BC C = -25.7% Peat from lens 50cm thick at 18.20 to 18.70m deep lying on laminated silt and overlain by gravel from alluvial fan at NW end of Llyn Penis peninsula, Caernarvonshire (53° 07' 00" N, 04° 06' 50" W, Grid Ref SH 583598. Comment (ED): pollen analysis shows Zone III assemblage. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 263 1750 ± 100 Birm-556. Ep 11.12 AD 200 6'3C = -24.0% Wood extracted from peat, 12.05 to 12.25m deep, underlying ca 12m gravel at SE end of Llyn Penis peninsula, Caernarvonshire (53° 06' 22" N, 04° 05' 25" W, Grid Ref SH 601587). Comment (ED): pollen analysis shows Zone VIIb assemblage. General Comment: dates refer to of sedimentation following deglaciation. 10,600 ± 240 Birm-590. Farmoor, Oxfordshire 8650 BC 13C 6 = -25.3; Sticks washed from organic silt ca 1.83m deep in gravel ca 3m thick, overlying Oxford Clay at Farmoor, Oxfordshire (51° 45' N, 01° 21' W, Grid Ref SP 452059). Coll Aug 1974 by C W Berg; subm by G R Coope, Dept Geol, Univ Birmingham. Comment (GRC): organic deposit con- tains suite of Coleoptera characteristic of Pollen Zone III of which 2 are now exclusively E Siberian species. B. Other Countries (a) 81'C = + 63.1 ± 51.5% Modern 1.3C = -19.5% Birm-490. lies Crozet, French (b) 290 ± 100 Sub-Antarctic Territories AD 1660 613C = -23.2cc Organic silt ca 30cm thick with rootlets overlain by ca 2.2m coarse gravel with large stones (ca 15cm long) in small valley .5km S of Port Alfred Base, Ile de la Possession, Iles Crozet, French Sub-Antarctic Terri- tories (46° 26' S, 51° 52' E). Coil Jan 1973 and subm by Lewis Davies, Dept Zool, Univ Durham. Comment: rootlets (a) picked out and treated with acid only, remaining soil treated with 0.5% NaOH and solution precipitated with HC1, (b). Silt from same bed contains high Lycopod pollen. Date indicates recent origin. Okstindan series, Organic material from Neoglacial end moraines of Okstindan gla- ciers, Norway. Coil Aug - Sept 1973 and subm by N J Griffey, Dept Geol, Univ Reading. 2000 ± 110 Birin-492. 50 BC 81.3C =-25.4; Peat from 3.3m deep in outer end moraine of N lobe of Austre Okstindbreen glacier ca lOm S of outwash river (66° 02' 30" N, 14° 23' 00" E). 264 F W Shotton, R E G Williams and A S Johnson 4790 ± 120 Birm-493. 2840 BC 8130 = -24.6/ Peat from 1.75m deep in inner end moraine of E lobe of Austre Okstindbreen glacier immediately S of outwash river (66° 02' 30" N, 14° 23' 00" E). (a) 8030 ± 170 6080 BC 8130 = -25.8% (b) 8480 ± 170 Birm-494. 6530 BC 613 C = -26.1% Peat (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract from 1.55m deep 80m outside Steikvassdalen outer moraine (65° 58' 00" N, 14° 19' 00" E). Comment: peat formed shortly after deglaciation of region. (a) 2090 ± 110 140 BC 8130 25.2% (b)1780±110 Birm-495. AD 170 8130 = -26.5%0 Peat (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract from 1.35m deep on E side of outermost end moraine of N lobe of Austre Okstind- breen (66° 03' 00" N, 14° 21' 00" E). (a) 1600 ± 120 AD 350 813C = -23.3% (b)1500±120 Birm-496. AD 450 8130 = -23.1% Peat (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract from 1.80m deep in end moraine of Corneliussensbreen glacier on outside of S moraine ridge sequence (66° 00' 30" N, 14° 24' 00" E). 240 ± 100 Birm-497. AD 1710 8130 = -26.0%0 NaOH soluble fraction of Af_1, horizon of podsol from 1.09m deep in inner end moraine of Steikvassbreen glacier at base of valley (65° 58' 00" N, 14° 19' 00" E). 3170 ± 120 Birm-498. 1220 BC 8130 = -26.2%0 NaOH soluble fraction of A1_,, horizon of podsol from 1.30m deep in outer end moraine of Steikvassbreen glacier at base of valley (65° 58' 00" N, 14° 19' 00" E). Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 265 General Comment: Birm-492, -493, -495, and -496 antedate formation of end moraines. Birm-497 and-498 dates are maximum of 2 end moraines. Other dates from same area in Okstindan Research Proj, Rept 5 (Alex- ander & Worsley, 1973). Birm-522. Three Creeks, W Minnesota >46,900 13C = -24.8% Unid, wood near base of clay/loam layer 17.98 to 25.9m deep at Three Creeks, Red Lake Falls, 1.93km W and 1.13km N of courthouse at cutback on S side of Red Lake R, W Minnesota (47° 53' N, 96° 18' W). Coll July 1973 by S R Moran; subm by A C Ashworth, Dept Geol, North Dakota State Univ. Comment: date is minimum for coleopterous assem- blage within same horizon as sample, cf I-5317: >39,900, and GSC-1666: >39,000 (unpub) from similar horizon. 8960 ± 140 Birm-523. Arthur's Pass, S Island, New Zealand 7010 BC 813C = -27.3% Pliyllocladus wood peat from basal 12cm of 3.5m sequence of or- ganic peat and silt overlying inorganic silt and sand of glaciofluvial (?) provenance in bog W of Arthur's Pass on W side of Rd 73 at +914m alt in S I, New Zealand (42° 54' 30" S, 171° 33' 30" E). Coil Jan 1974 and subm by M R Kelly, Dept Environmental Sci, Univ Lancaster. Comment (MRK): site lies immediately behind major moraine loop which is part of important sequence of late glaciation and neoglacial moraines of S Alps. Date is minimum for glacial event. Maktak Fjord series, Baffin Island 1\Toss peat from bed 1.07m thick in terminal moraine of Maktak ° Glacier, Baffin I (67 30' N, 63° 20' E). Coil 1972 and subm by G S Boulton, Dept Environmental Studies, Univ E Anglia. 1970 ± 200 Birm-535. Horizon B 20 BC 813C = -24.5% From 24 to 26cm below top of peat bed. 2240 ± 190 Birm-536. Horizon C 290 BC 613C = -24.1% From 51 to 53cm below top of peat bed. General Comment: samples from same sec as Birm-370: 1480 ± 160 at 0 to 5cm below top of peat bed and Birm-380: 2500 ± 170 at 88 to 100cm (R, 1973, v 15, p 463). Papua series, New Guinea Lake mud obtained using Mackereth mini-corer from W and S Highlands of Papua, New Guinea. Coll July 1973 and subm by F Old- field, School of Independent Studies, Univ Lancaster. 266 F W Shotton, R E G Williams and A S Johnson 1220 ± 150 Birm-587. Lake Ipea, Sirunki, W Highlands AD 730 81.10 = -23.3% Core 3, 52 to 56cm (05° 25' S, 143° 30' E). 5140 ± 110 Birm-588. Lake Ipea, Sirunki, W Highlands 3190 BC 813C = -17.9% Core 3, 78 to 82cm (05° 25' S, 143° 30' E). 1850 ± 100 Birm-589. Lake Egari, S Highlands AD 100 613C = -24.6%0 Core 4, 90 to 94cm (06° 12' S, 143° 40' E). General Comment: acid pretreatment only.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. British Isles Iron Age hill fort series, Surrey Charcoal from neighbouring Iron age hill forts in Surrey. Coil and subm by F H Thompson, Soc Antiquaries, Burlington House, London. 2380 ± 120 Birm-468. Anstiebury 430 BC 613C = -26.5%0 Sample from post hole in greensand ca 4.27m S of N butt end of main ditch at NE entrance of fort at Anstiebury, near Dorking, Surrey (51° 11' N, 00° 21' W, Grid Ref TQ 155440). Coil July 1973. 2260 } 100 Birm-591. Holmbury Hill 310 BC 8110 = -21.8% Sample assoc with sherds of Iron age pottery from .9m diam hearth of reddened stone set in small pit 30m E inside main rampart at Holm- bury Hill, Surrey (51 ° 10' N, 00° 25' W, Grid Ref TQ 104430). Coil Aug 1974. Comment: area 2.4 X 2.4m excavated to check anomaly located during fluxgate gradiometer survey of interior of hill fort. Previous evidence (Wimbolt, 1930, p 156) indicated Early Iron age occupation of La Tene III period. General Comment: pre-Roman Iron age dates. Skara Brae series, Orkney Islands, NE Scotland Collagen from bone samples (Bos longi frows) of site on S edge of Bay of Skaill at Skara Brae, Orkney Is off NE Scotland (59° 02' 50" N, 03° 20' 40" W, Grid Ref HY 231187). Coil July-Aug 1973 and subm by D V Clarke, Natl Mus Antiquaries, Edinburgh, Scotland. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 267 3950 ± 100 Birm-477. Trench 2, Sec B, S13A 2000 BC 6130 = -33.6% From ca 2.83 to 2.96m deep. Comment: anomalously low 13C con- centration possibly due to incomplete conversion to methane or contami- nation by N90. 3850 ± 140 Birm478. Trench 2, Sec B, S13B 1900 BC 6130 = -22.8% From ca 2.83 to 2.96m deep. Comment (DVC): both Birm-477 and -478 from earliest phase of main activity on site. Dates commencement of construction. 4320 ± 100 Birm-480. Trench 2, Sec B, S18B 2370 BC 813C = -21.30 From ca 3.53 to 3.66m deep. Comment (DVC): assoc with earliest human activity on site. Possibly represents preparations for construction. General Comment: previous dates from this site are Birm-433 to -438 (R, 1974, v 16, p 300-301). Early excavations including numerous animal re- mains described by Stewart (1914). 1000 ± 110 Birm-491. Moyeraig, Antrim, Northern Ireland AD 950 613C = -25.7% 'Wood (? Qtercus) from horizontal wheel assembly of mill from Moy- craig, Antrim, N Ireland (550 10' 15" N, 06° 24' 40" W, Irish Grid Ref D 015365). Originally coll 1850 (MacAdam, 1856) subsequently coil Dec 1973 from Ulster Mus and subm by P A Rahtz, Hist School, Univ Bir- mingham. Comment: only horizontal wheel assembly in NW Europe; age is important in the history of milling. Fisherwick series, Staffordshire Charcoal from archaeologic excavation at Fisherwick, Staffordshire (01° 44' 10" N, 52° 40' 10" W, Grid Ref SK 17880826). Coll Sept 1973 and subm by Christopher Smith, Dept Archaeol, Univ Nottingham. 2800 ± 140 Birm-502. F12 850 BC 813C = -219% Coin men1: dates assoc pottery. 3120 ± 140 Birm-503. F53 1170 BC

81 == -26.2% c. Commmient: dates assoc timber structure. 268 F W Shotton, R E G W illiams and A S Johnson 570 ± 100 Birm-524. Tamworth, Staffordshire AD 1380 813C = -24.5% Wood, unid., 2.lm deep, from timber structure consisting of an up- right and horizontal member apparently supporting platform 30m from present N bank of river at Ankerside, Tamworth, Staffordshire (52° 37' 50" N, 010 41' 30" W, Grid Ref SK 20890392). Coll Feb 1974 by K Sheridan; subm by P A Rahtz. Comment: dates structure. Horn cores together with one fragment of medieval pottery and one medieval shoe sole found assoc with structure. Wrekin hill fort series, Shropshire Charcoal and carbonized grain from latest but post holes of late Bronze or Iron age hill fort, Wrekin, Shropshire (52° 40' N, 02° 33' W, Grid Ref SJ 631083). Coil May 1973 and subm by S C Stanford, Dept Extramural Studies, Univ Birmingham. 2290 ± 100 Birm-530. F35a S34 340 Bc 613C = -23.8% Wood charcoal, probably part of post, from final post socket of Hut 1. 2470 ± 180 Birm-531. F30 S13 520 BC 613C = -21.2% Carbonized grain from final post socket of Hut 1. 1960 ± 90 Birm-532. F16 S11 10 BC 613C = -22.2% Carbonized grain from final post socket on but Terrace F8. General Comment: samples from pre-Roman capital of British tribe of Cornovii prior to transfer to legionary camp at Virconium on R Severn ca 8km SE of Shrewsbury. Dates could indicate at least 2 periods or a single continuous period of occupation of outer camp. City of London series Samples from ? Saxon contexts within City of London. Subm by Brian Hobley, Guildhall Mus, London. 1480 ± 100 Birm-547. AD 470 8130 = -22.7% Charcoal from infill of but pit from Bread St, London. Coil Dec 1973 by M Guttares. Comment: dates rare pottery from but pit of the "Dark Ages" of British . Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 269 1190 ± 100 Birm-548. AD 760 613C = -26.3% Wood, silver birch, from stakes embedded in silt of ? Saxon water- front S of Lower Thames St, Billingsgate, London (51 ° 30' 30" N, 00° 05' 10" W, Grid Ref TQ 32958066). Coil April 1974 by G B Clewley. Com- ment: dates construction of riverside structure. Birm-551. Irthlingborough gravel pit, 430 ± 330 Northamptonshire Al) 1520 813C = -20.6% Wood 1.83m deep underlying river alluvium from part of stake, one of many delimiting stone causeway across valley of R Nene at Irthling- borough gravel pit, Northamptonshire (52° 18' 30" N, 00° 36' 26" W, Grid Ref SP 949687). Coil Oct 1965 and subm by D N Hall, Northamp- ton Mus. Comment (DNH): unexpectedly late but agrees with other re- cent evidence for late accumulation of alluvium due to soil wash follow- ing opening up of field system in Medieval times. Large standard devia- tion as sample was very small. 710 ± 100 Birm-552. Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire AD 1240 613C = -23.9% Charcoal underlying modern plough soil containing iron slag at Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire (52° 11' 51" N, 00° 41' 20" W, Grid Ref SP 895563). Coil April 1974 and subm by DNH. Comment (DNH): dates final clearance in Medieval times of woodland on high ground between R Nene and R Ouse, preceding development of open field sys- tem. 2310 ± 300 Birm-553. Caynham Camp, Ludlow, Shropshire 360 BC 8130 = -21.O% Charcoal 2.45m deep in fill of early ditch of clay and burnt lime- stone fragments, assoc with timber-laced rampart, replaced by a dump rampart at Caynham Camp 3.22km SE of Ludlow, Shropshire (52° 21' 25" N, 02° 39' 50" W, Grid Ref SO 545737). Coil June 1974 and subm by Simon Hillson, Dept Geol, Univ Birmingham. Comment: dates tim- ber-laced rampart. Four different constructional stages of rampart have been observed (Gelling, 1959; 1960; 1961). Large standard deviation due to small sample size. C f other dates on Iron age camp in Welsh Marches at 1fidsummer Camp, Eastnor, near Ledbury, Herefordshire Birm-142: 2370 ± 190 and Birm-143: 2000 ± 200 (R, 1970, v 12, p 396) and the Wrekin series (above). B. Other countries Monte Covolo series, Italy Charcoal from adjacent stratified layers in deposit covering end of 270 F W Shotton, R F G Williams and A S Johnson Neolithic period and beginning of Early Bronze age at 111onte Covolo, Brescia, N Italy (450 40' N, 100 38' E). Coil Aug 1973 and subm by L H Barfield, Dept Ancient Hist & Archaeol, Univ Birmingham. 3840 ± 210 Birm-469. Level4 1890 BC 8130 = -21.5% From Early Bronze age layer, .50m deep. 3810 ± 210 Birm-470. Level6 1860 BC 813C = -22.5% From Upper Bell Beaker layer, .75m deep. 3950 ± 320 Birm-471. Layer 8 2000 BC 8130 = -20.9% From Lower Bell Beaker layer, .75m deep. 4240 ± 190 Birm-472. Layer 13 2290 BC 8130 = _22.50 From Upper Lagozza and Neolithic layer, 1.50m deep. 4790 ± 210 Birm-473. Layer 20 2840 BC 6130 =-21.4% From Lower Lagozza and Neolithic layer, 1.70m deep. General Comment (LHB): chronologic order of dates corresponds with sequence of stratified deposits. Birm-473 agrees with dates from other Lagozza sites, eg, Pi-34: 4794 ± 90 (R, 1961, v 3, p 102) and R-337: 4805 ± 50 (R, 1968, v 10, p 357). Birm-472 is later than estimated age for Lagozza culture but verifies suggestion of Barfield and Fasani (1972) that Lagozza culture survived alongside Copper age Remdello tradition until late in 3rd millennium. Birm-469-471 are within range of available dates for Bell Beaker culture elsewhere in Europe. Unfortunately large stand- ard deviation on these dates does not solve important problem as to whether Bell Beaker phase at Monte Covolo belongs to an early or late of development. Peruvian coastal series Samples from prehistoric sites on coast of Peru, S of Lima. Coil 1973 and subm by Frederic Engel, Inst Anthropol Agric Precolumbina, Lima, Peru. 440 ± 100 Birm-509. (W 1700) Boca Rio Ica AD 1510 81°C = -24.4% Wood (mimosa) from post sustaining wattle and daub house walls in village on high sand dune on S bank near mouth of R Ica (14° 47' S, 75° 33' W) at ±80m alt. Coiiiincnt: village contains late Ica pottery. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 271 (a) 5330 ± 120 3380 BC 6130 = -O.2 0 (b) 5470 ± 100 Birm-510. (V 3414) Pampa de los Perros 3520 BC 81.EC = Marine shells sorted from ashes and food remains from small en- campment in dry canyon in "lomas" region of central coast of Peru at Pampa de los Perros, Chillon Basin (11° 54' 20" S, 76° 06' 44" W) at +250m alt. Comment: (a) inner and (b) middle fraction of shells from Layer 200. 7520 ± 300 Birm-511. (V 3398) Boca Rio lea 5570 BC 8131 = -19.5% Plant remains from large "spots" of refuse including marine shells, bits of cord and feces from Layer 200 under wind blown sand 850m E of coast and 50m N of river bed on terrace +35m alt at Boca Rio Ica (14° 52' S, 75° 34' W). Comment: dates early occupation at mouth of R Ica. 2500 ± 110 Birm-512. (V 3417) Carhuas 550 BC 6130 = -8.7% Small corn cobs from plant and animal remains in refuse of Level 200 at fishing village on cliff of Carhuas beach (14° 12' S, 76° 10' W) at +20m alt. Comment: dates S-most Chavin village. Site yielded poly- chromic painted cotton garments to treasure hunters. Sample falls into category of plants with high 613C value -6 to -190 (Smith & Epstein, 1971), with 6130 of -14.0% given for Zea mays L. 5430 ± 140. Birm-513. (V 3395) Mouth of River lea 3480 BC 8130 19.6 Reeds and canes from medium-sized village on terrace of N bank of R Ica near its mouth at +35m alt and ca 1.7km from coast (14° 52' S, 75° 34' W). Comment: village yielded beans but not cotton. Obsidian flakes were found within refuse and fine points on surface. Similar village found by submitter 18km S at mouth of R Nazca (Engel, 1966). Dates advent of bean planters along Peruvian coast. (a) 600 ± 100 AD 1350 811C = (b) 420 ± 120 Birm-514. (V 3386) Bahia Independeneia AD 1530 8130 = Marine shells broken by Man covering large area on emerged terrace from +40m to +80m alt at Bahia Independencia (14° 08' S, 76° 17' W). 272 F W Shotton, R E G W illiams and A S Johnson Comment: wind erosion removed all organic material. (a) inner and (b) middle fraction. 4900 ± 130 Birm-515. (V 3385) Loma de Paloma 2950 BC 613C = -18.7% Fish meal from 1st refuse layer below wind blown sand, Layer 200, from very large village (30 huts and 85 graves in single cut of 500sq m) at Paloma, Chilca Basin (12° 25' 55" S, 76° 45' 05" W) at +200m alt. Com- ment: lichens removed by diluted acid before dating. Village belongs to late pre-farming period. 6410 140 Birm-516. (V 3368) Loma de Paloma 4460 BC 13C = -1.8%0 Charcoal from hearth inside House XXII whose floor is formed by sterile ground at village of Paloma, Chilca basin (12° 25' 55" S, 76° 45' 05" W). Comment: dates pre-farming settlers who built Village 613. (a)6810±140 4860 BC 813C=-1.1% (b)715O±140 Birm-517. (V 3416) Pampa de los Perros 5200 BC 813C = -2.O% Shells from Level 200 covered by caliche at Pampa de los Perros, Chillon Basin (11° 54' 20" S, 76° 06' 44" W) at +250m alt. Comment: (a) inner and (b) middle fraction. 6080 ± 130 Birm-518. (V 3413) Pampa de los Perros 4130 BC 613C = -17.9% Charcoal from Layer 200, a large refuse mound of ashes and charred wood lying beneath Layer 100 of earth at Pampa de los Perros, Chillon Basin (11° 55' 20" S, 76 ° 07' 00" W) at +160m alt. General Comment: other samples for Arid land program of Natl Agrarian Univ Peru dated by Pennsylvania (R, 1974, v 16, p 231- 232) and Nancy Labs (R, 1974, v 16, p 123). Parpallo series, Spain Collagen from antler of Cervus elaphus from cave deposit at Par- pallo, Valencia, Spain (39° 00' N, 00° 20' W). Coil 1929 by L Pericot Garcia and stored in Valencia Mus; subm by Ian Davidson, Dept Prehist and Archaeol, Univ New England, NSW. 13,800 ± 380 Birm-519. 30545 11,850 BC 613C = -18.5% From 1.50 to 1.70m deep within Magdalenian III layer at .80 to Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 273 2.50m deep. C f GrN-1913: 14,160 ± 80 (R, 1963, v 5, p 169) and M-828: 13,900 ± 700 (R, 1960, v 2, p 46). 20,170 ± 380 Birm-520. A 18,220 BC 8130 = From 2 grouped spits, 6.25 to 6.50m deep and 7.25 to 7.75m deep, which are from tops of different archaeologic groups. Layer 6.25 to 7.25m described as Lower Solutrean and cultural remains below as Gravettian +900 (Pericot Garcia, 1942). C f BM-859: 20,490 ( unpub), considered un- expectedly old for Lower Solutrean. 17,900 ± 340 Birm-521. 30550 15,950 BC 8130 = -19.0%0 From 6 to 6.25m deep within Middle Solutrean layer at 5.25 to 6.25m deep. Comment: 1st date on Solutrean-Gravettian industry. General Comment: series suggests that Solutrean culture lingered longer in Spain than in France (Davidson, 1974).

III. GROUND WATER SAMPLES Warwick/Stratford series Radiocarbon concentrations of dissolved carbonate species in sub- surface waters from Keuper Sandstone aquifers in Warwick/Stratford- upon-Avon region are reported as % of modern without correction for limestone dilution. 813C contents are based on Craig PDB limestone equal to 0.00%. Carbonate species extraction was by precipitation with BaCh (IAEA, 1968, p 11). Samples coll July 1974 and subm by J W Lloyd, Dept Geol, Univ Birmingham. 14C 8130 (% of (%o) 11'Iodern) Birm-559. Moreton Morel! -12.3 1.7 0.3 (52° 11,40" N, 01° 33' 20" W, Grid Ref SP 303553) Birm-560. Thelsford Pumping Sta -12.4 1.1 0.3 (52° 13' 10" N, 01° 36' 00" W, Grid Ref SP 273580) Birm-561. Wellsbourne Pumping Sta -13.2 2.8 0.4 (52° 11' 15" N, 01° 36' 15" W, Grid Ref SP 271543) Birm-562. Alveston Hill Pumping Sta -13.7 3.2 0.3 (52° 11'20" N, 01° 40' 15" W, Grid Ref SP 226544) Birm-563. Flowers Borehole -12.2 0.01 0.04 (52° 11' 45" N, 01° 42' 30" W, Grid Ref SP 198557) 274 F W Shotton, R E G Williams and A S Johnson 14C 613C (`/o of (U/co) Modern) Birm-564. Heath End Pumping Sta -19.5 2.5 ± 0.3 (52° 14' 40" N, 01° 39' 30" W, Grid Ref SP 233608) Birm-565. Budbrooke Pumping Sta -12.0 1.0 ± 0.4 (52° 16' 45" N, 010 37' 35" W, Grid Ref SP 254648) Birm-566. Shrewley Pumping Sta -12.0 3.5 ± 0.5 (52 ° 18' 15" N, 01° 40' 20" W, Grid Ref SP 222676) Birm-567. Rowington Pumping Sta -12.3 2.2 ± 0.4 (52° 18' 45" N, 010 41' 30" W, Grid Ref SP 209687) Birm-568. Lillington Pumping Sta -14.6 64.7 ± 0.8 (52° 18' 15" N, 01° 31' 20" W, Grid Ref SP 326673) Burton-on-Trent series Samples from Triassic Sandstone aquifer at Burton-on-Trent brewery (52° 48' 30" N, 01° 38' 00" W, Grid Ref SK246232). Coil Dec 1973 and subm by JWL. Birm-483. -12.2 0.4 Birm-484. -12.2 0.5±0.4 Bath, Somerset Sample from Melting Spring in treatment baths near Beau St, Bath, Somerset (51° 22' 50" N, 02° 21' 45" W, Grid Ref ST 749647). Coil July 1974 and subm by Isla McTaggart, Dept Geol, Univ Birmingham. Birm-557. -0.65 20.9 ± 0.9 General Comment: samples are part of continuing study of ground water dating. Without attempting interpretation of these figures, it is clear that most pumping stations cited above lack appreciable modern recharge.

REFERENCES Alexander, M and Worsley, P, 1973, Stratigraphy of a neoglacial end moraine in Nor- way: Boreas, v 2, no. 3, p 117-142. Barfield, L H and Fasani, L, 1972, Bemerkungen zum spaten Neolithikum and zurn Beginn der Bronzezeit in Norditalien: Musaica [Bratislava], v 23, p 45-63. Bisat, W S, 1952, Post-glacial peat and Scrobicularia clay near Easington, Yorkshire: Leeds Geol Assoc Trans, v 6, pt 4, p 210-214. Bishop, W H, 1914, An Oronsay shell mound-a Scottish pre-Neolithic site: Anti- quaries Soc Scotland Proc, v 48, p 52-108. Davidson, Ian, 1974, Radiocarbon dates for the Spanish Solutrean: Antiquity, v 48, p 63-65. Engel, Frederic, 1966, Le complexe preceramique d'El Paraiso, Perou: Soc Americanistes Jour [Paris], v 55, p 43-96. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates IX 275 Gelling, P S, 1959, Excavations at Caynham Camp, near Ludlow; First Interim Report: Shropshire Archaeol Soc Trans, v 56, p 145-148. 1960, Excavations at Caynham Camp, near Ludlow; Second Interim Report: Shropshire Archaeol Soc Trans, v 56, p 218-227. 1961, Excavations at Caynham Camp, near Ludlow; Final Report: Shrop- shire Archaeol Soc Trans, v 57, p 91-100. International Atomic Energy Agency, 1968, Guidebook on nuclear techniques in hydrol- ogy: Tech rept ser Ilo. 91, Vienna. Kidson, C, Haynes, J R, and Heyworth, A, 1974, The Burtle Beds of Somerset-Glacial or Marine? Nature, v 251, no 5472, p 211-213. Longin, Robert, 1971, New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating: Nature, v 230, p 241-242. MacAdam, Robert, 1856, Ancient water-mills: Ulster Archaeol Jour, v 4, p 6-15. Pericot Garcia, D L, 1942, La Cueva del Parpallo: Madrid. Smith, B N and Epstein, S, 1971, Two categories of 13C/1.C ratios for higher plants: Plant Physiol, v 47, p 380-384. Stewart, Balfour W, 1914, Notes on a further excavation of ancient dwellings at Skara, in the parish of Sandwick, Orkney: Antiquaries Soc Scotland Proc, v 12, p 344-355. Tomlinson, M E, 1925, River-terraces of the Lower Valley of the Warwickshire Avon: Quart Jour Geol Soc [London], v 81, p 137-163. Watson, Edward, 1971, Remains of pingos in Wales and in the Isle of Man: Geol Jour, v 7, p 381-392. Watson, E and Watson, S, 1972, Investigations of some pingo basins near Aberystwyth, Wales: 24th internatl geol cong, Montreal, sec 12, p 221-223. Wimbolt, S E, 1930, Excavations at Holmbury Camp, Surrey: Surrey Archaeol colln, v 38, p 156-170. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 276-300] UNIVERSITY OF KIEL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VIII' H ERLENKEUSER, H METZNER, and H WILLKOMM 14C Laboratory of the Institut fur Reine and Angewandte Kernphysik, University of Kiel The measurements presented in this list are part of the joint research program "Sonderforschungsbereich 95" of Kiel University for interdisci- plinary research on problems of "Interaction Sea-Sea Bottom", sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. They are directed 1) to the study of the path of 14C from the atmosphere into argillaceous sediments, and 2) to date stratigraphic records within sediment. Associated prob- lems are to identify sources of different 14C activity that contribute to recent deposits, and to learn about effects of morphologic and hydro- graphic factors, especially of bottom currents, on sedimentation sequence. Even short term processes can be successfully studied by analyses of bomb produced radiocarbon in the marine environment. Results show that biogenic carbon, in the organic part as well as in the carbonate, is in isotopic equilibrium with water environment, which is valid even for benthic communities of muddy sediments in the deeper parts of Kiel Bight. Though most of the organic fraction in the sediments is of autochthonous origin a noticeable amount of carbon with different 14C activity is supplied from other sources. Anthropogenic effects are par- ticularly prevalent in the top layers of the sediment. Reduced sedimenta- tion rates and erosional events are recognized in the sediments of the Kiel Bight channels. According to the recommendations of the latest 14C conference (Rafter & Grant-Taylor, 1972), ages are calculated with the Libby half- life, and refer to 95% of the NBS oxalic acid activity. 14C activities figures listed for modern samples refer to that same standard activity. Data are not corrected for isotopic effects. Errors correspond to 1 standard devia- tion of the net counting rate including statistics of background and ref- erence standard. 8130 values with suffix S refer to an internal standard of Solnhofen limestone, which is not yet connected to the PDB scale. They may be converted approximately by adding a correction term of -l/Co. Pretreatment procedures and CO2 purification techniques are the same as reported in Willkomm & Erlenkeuser (1970). However, wet oxi- dation by means of potassium bichromate and sulfuric acid according to 3 C + 2 K2Cr207 + 8 H2504 - 3 CO2 + 2 Cr2(S04)3 + 2 K2SO4 + 8 H2O resulted in markedly lower gas impurities, especially with sediment sam- ples. The conversion yield was studied on different materials (coal, graphite, charcoal, wood, sediments), and quantitative conversion (better than 97%) was found in all cases. The programs for the evaluation of 14C-count rates (Erlenkeuser & Willkomm, 1972, 1973a) were modified for * Contribution No. 11 of the Sonderforschungsbereich 95 "Interaction Sea-Sea Bottom", University of Kiel. 276 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W illkomm 277 a PDP 10 timesharing computer, for greater efficiency in processing the 14C measurements.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to many colleagues of the Geologisch-Palaontol- ogisches Inst, Universitat Kiel and of the Inst f Meereskunde, Universitat Kiel for helpful discussions and assistance in collecting samples, especial- ly E Suess, Chr Samtleben, H J Black, and R R Dries. We particularly wish to thank F Werner for supplying sediment cores from Kiel Bight, G Unsold for collecting mud samples from Nordstrand I., and W Richter for exposing floating plates. We thank V Lohr for processing the Cyprina series. Investigations were financially supported by the Deutsche For- schungsgemeinschaft within the Sonderforschungsbereich 95. The data processing in 14C measurements was performed at the Computer Center of the University of Kiel. A. Sea water samples Kiel Bight series, 1972.1974 Water samples were coll, in monthly intervals, mainly from Vejsnas channel, N Kiel Bight, and from Boknis channel, W Kiel Bight. 50L samples were taken from the water column at 5 to 7m intervals with a submergible pump and coil in 25L plastic bottles. Bacterial activity was ended by adding I2-KI-solution (hook, 1970). CO2 was released at pH = 2 at room temperature, flushed by a stream of nitrogen bubbled through sample for ca 8 hr at 0.6L NTP/min, dried in concentric sulfuric acid and trapped at -194°C while carrier gas was fed back to sample. Results appear in Table 1. General Comment: Kiel Bight is characterized by brackish water with strong variations of hydrographic parameters. High salinity water origi- nating from the Kattegat Sea in the N enters Kiel Bight through Great Belt channel and is distributed at the base via Vejsnas and Boknis chan- nel into W and SW Kiel Bight (Wattenberg, 1949). The surface layer, however, is affected by outflow of low salinity water from the Central Baltic, Most of the year, Kiel Bight water shows pronounced saline strati- fication with salinity ca 22% (seasonal range: 14 to 3O%c) in the basal layer below 20m water depth, and ca 15% (seasonal range: 9 to 2O%) in the surface layer above lOm (for details, see Wattenberg, 1949; Seibold et al, 1971). 14C activity is high in the Baltic Sea (see Bornholm series) due to CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, while it is kept low in the Kattegat Sea indicating combined influence of the Norwegian and North Seas (for 14C 14C level, see Gulliksen Sc Nydal, 1972). level in Kiel Bight water is intermediate and is correlated with salinity. With strong bottom water inflow, eg, July, 1972, however, 14C activity is lower than calculated from a 2-box mixing model. This might indicate a stronger supply of low ac- tivity waters from the Norwegian Sea via the deep channels in the Kat- tegat area. 00 TABLE I Kiel Bight water 1912 to 1914 Colln date 14C activity mo daYYr Sample ,o of modern 0 Location water depth Lab no. depth -1Q 0o o flat KI-585 6m 0.9 Stoller Grund 4/5/72 o 540 31.4' N, 100 8.3' E 15m Vejsnas-Rinne (channel) 4/12/72 KI-588 4m 0.7 540 51' N, 100 25' E 30m 5m 0.9 Boknis-Rinne 4/25/72 KI-596.02 N N, 100 6' E 25m 1C1-596.01 0.7 540 33' N Boknis-Rinne 5/18/72 KI-611 0.9 54° 32' N, 100 2' E 27m K1-612 0.9 Stoller Grund 6/23/72 KI-614 1.0 54° 32' N, 100 10' E 18m Vejsnas-Rinne 7/19/72 KI-632 0.7 540 39' N, 100 39' E 35m KI-631 1.1 Boknis-Rinne 8/2172 KI-641 1.0 0 54° 32' N, 100 2' E 27m KI-640 0.7 Boknis-Rinne 9/18/72 KI-649 1.0 540 31 N, 100 2' E 27m KI-650 0.7 Boknis-Rinne 12/15/72 KI-668 0.8 540 32' N, 100 2' E 30m 1(1-669 0.7 -3.4 Boknis-Rinne 116/73 KI-673 1.1 54° 32' 1V, 10° 3' E 26m KI-674 1.1 KI-675 lOm 135.5 -!- 1.5 KI-676 15m 136.6 ± 1.1 KI-677 20m 134.6 ± 0.9 KI-6 i 8.01 26m 137.0 ± 12 I3oknis-Rimle 3/14/73 12 54° 32' N, 10° 3' E 27m 1(I-690 15m 136.8 ± 12 -1.2 ., KI-689 20m 137.2 ± 1.0 Boknis-Rinne 4/1073 KI-701 12 54° 32' N, 10° 3' E 27m KI-702 0.9 KI-703 15m 136.5 ± 12 KI-704 12 p Boknis-Rinne 6/19/73 KI - 724 5 m - 1.3 54° 32' N, 10° 2' E 27m KI-725 lOm 137.9 ± 12 -{-1.1 1(I-726 15m 136.3 ± 12 KI-727 20m 136.9 ± 0.9 Q KI-728 25m 135.0 ± 12 Fsoknis-Rinne 821/73 KI-739 0.9 ° N, 54 31' 10° 1' E 27m 1(I-740 Om 0.9 KI-741 15m 131.9 ± 1.3 KI-742 20m 136.4 ± 1.3 1(1-743 26m 137.9 ± 1.4 i\tittelgriincl 8/21/73 KI-744 1.4 54° 30' N, 10° 4' E 21m TABLE 1 continued 0Oo Colln date 14C activity mo day Samplele °1 of modern yr % 813C Location water depth Lab no. depth activity _ lu s o 0 Boknis-Rinne 9/11/73 KI-752 5m 140.0 ± 1.1 x-2.6 ± 540 31' N, 10° 1' E 27m KI-753 lOm 141.4 1.0 x-2.7 KI-754 15m 137.7 ± 1.2 -I-2.5 KI-755 20m 135.5 -±- 0.9 -1.0 KI-756 26m 132.5 ± 1.1 -1.5 -x-1.0 Vejsnas-Rinne 10/11/73 KI-760 %m 139.7 ± 1.3 54° 39' N, 10° 39' E 31m KI-761 14m 140.4 ± 1.1 +0.9 KI-762 21m 136.5 ± 1.0 +1.7 -}-0.9 1(I-763 28m 139.7 ± 0.9 Boknis-Rinne 11/15/73 KI-783 5m 138.8 ± 1.1 -1.1 540 32' N, 10° 2' E 27m KI-784 lOm 137.9 ± 1.2 +02 1(I-785 15m 136.5 ± 1.0 +0.5 KI-786 20m 137.4 ± 1.0 -12 KI-787 25m 137.0 ± 1.1 -2.2 12/11/73 KI-788 5m 137.3 ± 1.1 -02 27m KI-789 lOm 138.4 ± 1.1 -0.0 KI-790 15m 137.7 -±- 1.1 +1.4 KI-791 20m 137.4 ± 0.9 -0.7 KI-792 25m 140.6 ± 12 -0.3 Vejsnas-Rinne 1/17/74 KI-815 5m 143.3 ± 1.1 +2.0 30m KI-816 lOm 143.0 ± 1.3 +1.1 KI-817 15m 143.5 ± 1.0 +1.4 KI-818 20m 140.5 ± 12 +1.5 ICI-819 25m 137.5 ± 1.2 +1.8 Vejsnas-Rinne 214/74 KI-828 12 540 42' N, 100 19' E 30m KI-829 1.1 KI-830 15m 138.5 1.0 KI-831 20m 137.8 0.8 KI-832 28m 133.3 1.1 Vejsnas-Rinne 3/14/74 KI-835 1.2 540 42' N, 10° 21' E 27m KI-836 1.1 KI-837 5m 138.5 1.2 KI-838 lOm 141.1 1.1 KI-839 15m 1412 1.1 KI-840 20m 139.0 1.1 KI-841 28m 139.9 1.1 Boknis-Rinne 4/17/74 KI-854 1.0 54° 31' N, 10° 2' E 28m KI-855 12 KI-856 21m 139.8 12 KI-857 26m 138.6 1.1 Boknis-Rinne 5/13/74 KI-868 1.1 27m KI-869 5m 1.0 KI-870 lOm 139.4 0.9 KI-8 i 1 15m 140.9 12 KI-872 20m 1412 12 KI-873 25m 139.1 1.4 Boknis-Rinne 618/74 KI-881 1.1 27m KI-882 lOm 1.1 KI-883 15m 135.6 1.0 KI-884 20m 1352 1.1 KI-885 26m 134.6 1.1 +0.7 282 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W iiikomm For comparison, some samples from terrestrial biosphere, Baltic Sea, and North Sea were measured. 143.1 ± 0.7% KI.778. Modern leaves, Summer 1973 813Cs 26.6%0 Leaves (Mains domesticus) coil Oct 1973 near Kiel (54° 18' 27" N, 10° 4' 13" E). Baltic Sea series Surface water coil in open sea. 148.0 ± 0.8% KI.696.02. Bornholm 1 b13Cs = _4'0%0 25km W of Bornholm I. (55° 11.5' N, 14° 15.5' E). Coil and subm March 1973 by H J Black, Inst Meereskunde, Kiel. 150.5 ± 0.9% KI.862. Bornholm 2 S13Cs = 20km NE of Bornholm I. (55° 19.0' N, 15° 14.0' E). KI-862-865 coil and subm April 1974 by Erwin Suess, Geol-Palaontol Inst, Univ Kiel. 146.9 ± 1.3% KI.863. Bornholm 3 S13Cs = 5km SE of Schonen, S Sweden (55° 24.5' N,14° 21.3' E). 149.5 ± 1.1% KI-864. Bornholm 4 813Cs = 100km NE of Bornholm I. (55° 43.1' W, 16° 20.0' E). 146.0 ± 1.5% KI.865. Mecklenburg Bight 1 61302 = +1.4%0 30km E of Fehmarn I. (54° 24.3' N, 11 ° 50.0' E). General Comment: after isotopic correction KI-696.02, -862, and -864 show same activity as modern terrestrial biosphere. This high 14C level probably results from CO., exchange with atmosphere. Response of the Baltic as to atmospheric 14C variations seems to be ca 10 yr, but too little is known for more comprehensive analysis. Activities are higher than in Kiel Bight. KI-865, Mecklenburg Bight, is clearly affected by Kattegat water, c f Kiel Bight series. KI-863 may represent water from 1'lecklenburg Bight drifting to the N or may reflect hard water effect of river discharge affecting coastal waters off Sweden. Bornholm benthos series Algae and mussels coll March 1973 by H J Black, 200m off shore of Bornholm I. (55° 16.3' N, 14° 49.0' E) at 2 to 4m water depth. Comment: correction for isotopic effects gives same activity as water sample, KI- 696.02. 146.5 ± 0.7% KI.697. Bornholm, Fucus serratus 613Cs = -16.6%0 University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 283 144.7 ± 0.6% KI-698.01. Bornholm, Furcellaria 813Cs = -21.4%0 Furcellaria f astigiata, plant. 143.3 ± 0.7% KI.698.02. Bornholm, Furcellaria 613Cq = -23.7% Furcellaria f astigiata, roots. 143.7 ± 0.8% KI.699. Bornholm, Ceramium 813Cs = -21.7%0 152.0 ± 0.7% KI.700.001. Bornholm, Mytilus 81305 = Shells (Mytilus edulis). Water depth 5m. Kattegat benthos series 126.8 ± 0.7% KI.733. Kattegat, Algae 1 613Cs = -19.5%0 Algae coil July 1973 by R R Dries, Inst Meereskunde, Univ Kiel, 18km SE of Skagen (57° 38.7' N, 10° 51.5' E). Water depth 19m, dredge sample. 126.9 ± 0.6% KI.764. Kattegat, Algae 2 81305 = -16.2 Algae coil Oct 1973 by R R Dries, 25km W of Tjorn (57° 59' N, 11° 7.5' E). Water depth 110m. Different kinds of algae, 2 or more yr old. 126.2 ± 0.7% KI-765. Kattegat, Algae 3 81105 = -29.4%0 Algae coil Oct 1973 by R R Dries in N entrance of Great Belt chan- nel (55° 53.4' N, 10° 54.5' E). Water depth 14m. Annual algae, grown Spring 1973. 105.2 ± 0.5% KI.734.001. Kattegat, Modiolus 813Cs = +1.8%0 Shells (Modiolus), 65 to 90mm length; coil July 1973 by R R Dries in central Kattegat (56° 10.2' N, 11 ° 46.0' E). Water depth 40m. Com- ment: small atomic bomb effect is comparable to that of Cyprina islandica (see below). B. Benthic samples from Kiel Bight Algae, sponges, starfish Organic part of specimens coil in SW part of Kiel Bight during 1972 (c f Table 2). Comment: after correction for isotopic effects, activity cor- responds to' C content of water environment (see Table 1). Kiel Bight mussels (except Cyprina I.) * Flesh and shells of living specimens, coil by 14C Lab, in SW and medium part of Kiel Bight, 1972 to 1974. * In KI-nos, usually the 3rd decimal describes the kind of sample: 0 or no digit means organic component, 1 refers to carbonates. Exception: water samples have no subdivision though referring to inorganic CO2. TABLE 2 Organic fraction of benthic samPles Kiel Bight 14C activit y Colln date in o of modern -f- 0 Lab no. Sample Location mo daYYr activity Iv 13sC o0

KI-471 Starfish Coastal area at Boknis Eck 136.3 ± 0.7 -17.1 o KI-472 Sponges red algae (540 32.6' N, 10° 2.5' E) 134.7 ± 1.6 -23.7

KI-595 Brown algae Stoller Grund flat 4/25/72 127.1 ± 0.7 -31.0 KI-598 Starfish (540 32' N, 10° 11' E) 4/25/72 139.1 ± 1.0 -17.1

KI-616 small Stoller Grund flat 6/23/72 133.5 ± 0.5 -18.4 Q Starfish- R. KI-617 large (54° 31.5' N, 10° 10.0' E) 6/23/72 134.1 ± 0.8 -18.5 W KI-652 Seaweed 9/18/72 137.7 ± 0.8 -12.3 KI-655 Grass weed 9/18/72 136.0 ± 0.8 -12.0 KI-657 Grass weed Inner Eckernforde Bay 9/18/72 140.0 ± 0.7 -10.4 KI-658.01 Red algae (54° 28.8' N, 9° 54.0' E) 9/18/72 133.9 ± 0.5 -20.8 KI-658.02 Grass weed 9/18/72 135.8 ± 0.5 -21.6 University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 285 128.4 ± 1.1% KI.474. Boknis Eck, 7106 01 613Cs = -21.1% Living Astarte borealis from shoreline at Boknis Eck (54° 32.6 N, 10° 2.5' E), SW Kiel Bight, l lm water depth. Samples were buried by 5cm coarse sand. Coil June 1971 by divers of Kiel Univ, subm by H Kudrass, Geol-Palaeontol Inst, Univ Kiel. Mussels were washed, killed in hot water, shells and flesh were separated and dried; only flesh was studied. 134.0 ±0.7% KI.597.001. Stoller Grund, 72 0425-3 813Cs = +0.6% Mya arenaria, coil April 1972 on Stoller Grund flat (54° 32' N, 10° 11' E) at -6 to -8m on sand substrat; carbonate fraction. Comment: ac- tivity is lower than in present surface water. This may indicate shell age of ca 5 to 10 yr (see KI-833 f). 132.0 ± 0.7% KI.599.001. Stoller Grund, 72 0425-5 813Cs = +0.3% Shells (A bra alba), coil April 1972 W of Stoller Grund flat (54° 32.1' N, 10° 10.3' E) at - 18m with van Veen grab sampler. Comment: life span is known to be only 1 to 2 yr. Activity agrees well with that of water depth in Spring 1972. KI.613. Boknis Eck, 72 0518.3a Astarte borealis from shoreline at Boknis Eck (54° 31.5' N, 10° 5.0' E) W Kiel Bight, coil May 1972, at - 18 to - lOm with van Veen grab. Silt and sand fraction of grab samples were flushed on a .5mm mesh, residue was washed and dried; intact specimens were picked out. 104.8 ± 0.6% KI.613.011. 613Cs = Shells ca 20mm diam, carbonate fraction. 136.6 ± 0.5% KI.613.021. 613Cs = +0.8% Shells, 7 to 17mm diam (mean llmm). General Comment: low activity of KI-613.011 is probably due to high mussel life span; considerable part of shell carbonate was secreted before bomb produced 14C entered the water environment since 1963. Activity figure points to mussel age of 10 to 15 yr, whereas group of small speci- mens (KI-613.021) is not older than 5 to 6 yr (cf Cyprina series, below). KI.615. Mytilus, Stoller Grund, 72 06 23 Mytilus edulis, W of Stoller Grund flat (54° 31.5 N, 10° 10.0' E), coil June 1972 at - 18m; dredge sample. Mussels washed, killed in hot water, flesh and shells separated and dried. 140.5 ± 0.8% KI.615.011. 613Cs ca Shells, 63 to 84mm (mean 71.7mm) length, carbonate fraction. 286 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W illkomm 132.4 ± 0.6% KI.615.010 813Cs ca -22%a Flesh from KI-615.011. 139.1 ± 0.8% KI.615.021 61305 ca 07co Shells, 16 to 30mm (mean 22.2mm), carbonate fraction. General Comment: carbonate activities agree well with present surface water activity. Mussels are probably shifted from Stoller Grund flat to greater depths by wave action (Samtleben, 1973). Age of larger specimens (KI-615.011) should be ca 5 yr, and water activity seems to have been es- sentially the same within that time. Central Kiel Bight mussels Benthic faunae and coarse grain fractions from surface layer of mud- dy sediments S of entrance of Great Belt channel into Kiel Bight (54° 36.6' N, 10° 37.9' E), - 18m. Coll July 1972 with van Veen grab sampler. Same treatment as 1(I-613. 111.1 ± 0.7% KI.630.011. 613C5 = Astarte borealis, 15 to 25mm diam, carbonate fraction. Comment: c f KI-613. 108.2 ± 0.5% KI.633.021. 813C5 = -0.5%0 Undefined shells and shell fragments, 1.8 to 2.5mm linear dimension. 124.2 ± 1.1% KI.633.031. 61305 = Undefined shells and shell fragments, smaller than 1.8mm. General Comment: foraminifera studies yield evidence that carbonates are readily dissolved in muddy sediments of Kiel Bight (Seibold et al, 1971). KI-633 indicates that a major fraction of coarse shell fragments still present in sediment was formed in the pre-bomb . Part of these carbonates will be probably supplied from the high biomass of long liv- ing Cyprina islandica and different Astarte species (Arntz, 1971). 111.5 ± 0.7% KI-633.051. 81305 = -1.6%0 Astarte montagui, 2 to 4mm diam. 113.0 ± 1.1% KI.633.061. 61305 = +0.8 Astarte elli ptica, up to 25mm diam. General Comment: as seen from Cyprina islandica series, low 14C activity must be attributed to long life span of mussels that should markedly ex- ceed 10 yr in this case. University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 287 KI.651.001. Benno 72 09 18.1 140.6 ± 0.7% Shells (Mytilus edulis), coil Sept 1972 in interior Eckernforde Bay (54° 28.8' N, 9° 54.0' E), SW Kiel Bight. 140.0 ± 0.7% KI.656.001. Benno 7209 18-7 813Cs = Small fragments of mussel shells sieved from surface sediment, coil with KI-651.001. 140.7 ± 0.8% KI.852.001. 613Cs = -0.7%0 Shells (Mytilus edulis) coil Feb 1971 by C Samtleben, Geol Inst Univ Kiel, in Gelting Bay (54° 47.0' N, 9° 53.7' E). Floating substrata series Semiramis experiment (Sarnthein & Richter, 1974). Different substrata (sand, gravel, clay) of ca 1m2 surface were exposed in definite heights above ground in the "Hausgarten" ("dooryard") of the SFB 95 near the shore of Boknis Eck (54° 33' N, 10° 3' E). The virginal substrata were populated by larvae and specimens that grew definitely during time of exposure. Activities (Table 3) compare well with average water activities at corresponding depth during that time. Floating plates, Summer 1973 Plates of several dm2 surface (KI-776 to 771, Table 3) were exposed from June to Oct 1973 by W Richter at same position as Semiramis experiment. 138.7 ± 0.7% KI.853.001. 6'3C2 = 0.0%0 Shells (Mytilus edulis) coil alive March 1974 by C Samtleben, Geol Palaeontol Inst Univ Kiel on Stoller Grund flat (54° 31' 53" N, 10° 10' 26" E) SW Kiel Bight at 9m water depth. 900 ± 29 KI.866.001. AD 1050 s13cs = +o.8% Shells (Cardium edule), .8m below floor, from farm land at coast of Gelting Bay (54° 46' N, 9° 53' E), NW Kiel Bight. Coil and subm by C Samtleben. Shells were found in situ in medium-grained sand layer below clayey fine sand and recent top soil humus layers. Comment: area was diked at AD 1829. Sample indicates higher water level at AD 1000 (Voss, 1970). Cyprina islandica series Shell carbonate and flesh of Cyprina islandica toll alive at different sites in Kiel Bight, W Baltic Sea. Adult specimens had far lower activities than present bottom water bicarbonate (Erlenkeuser & Willkomm, 1973b). This might be due to long life span of mussel or might indicate partial 288 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H Willkomm uptake of pre-bomb carbon from sediment, either as carbonate or organic carbon. KI.586. Gabelsflach 4/72 Samples, 40 to 60mm diam, from muddy sediment N of Gabelsflach flat (540 37.0' N, 100 21.8' E) medium Kiel Bight, 21m water depth. Coil April 1972 with van Veen grab. 127.4 ± 0.5% KI.586.000. Flesh 6LC8=-20.7% 108.7 ± 0.7% KI.586.001. Shell carbonate 813Cs = +0.9%0 KI.618. Dorschgrund 6/72 Cyprinae, 40 to 60mm, from clayey mud in Dorschgrund basin (54° 37' N, 10° 20' E) medium Kiel Bight, 21m water depth. Coll June 1972 with van Veen grab. 813C not measured. KI.618.000. Flesh 131.5 0.8% KI.618.001. Shell carbonate 109.2 0.6%

TABLE 3 Floating substrata series activity, Depth % of modern Lab no. Sample of plate activity ± l Semiramis experiment KI-680.021 Mytilus edulis, lOm 0.9 24-31mm long KI-680.031 Balanus 0.9 KI-680.051 Mytilus & Balanus lOm 0.6 small samples KI-679.021 Mytilus edulis 0.6 larger samples 18-23mm long KI-679.031 Balanus 0.7 Floating plates, Summer 1973 KI-766.001 Mytilus edulis 4m 0.7 KI-767.001 7m 139.7 0.6 KI-768.001 lOm 138.6 0.6 KI-769.001 14m 139.1 0.7 KI-770.001 Balanus 16m 0.7 KI-771.001 18m 137.9 0.6 +1.1 University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 289 KI.629. Millionenviertel7/72 Samples 50 to 70mm diam from muddy sand substrate of Millionen- viertel (54° 36.6' N, 10° 37.9' E). Coil July 1972 with van Veen grab. 110.4 ± 0.7% KI.629.011. Shell carbonate 613Cs = +1.4 120.5 ± 0.6% KI-629.020. Flesh 813C5 = -20.0%0 128.8 ± 0.7% KI.629.021. Shell carbonate 61305 = +0.5% Outer rim, ca 10mm wide, of different shells. Comment: note higher 14C activity in more recent parts of shells (c f KI-833, -843). 133.1 ± 0.7% KI.633.081. Millionenviertel, 7/72 61305 = +0.7% Shell carbonate of smaller samples, 0.5 to 3.4mm from muddy sand of Millionenviertel area, S of Great Belt channel entrance into Kiel Bight (54° 36.6' N, 10° 37.9' E), 18m water depth. Coil July 1972 with van Veen grab. Comment: activity is markedly higher than for large Cyprina specimens (KI-586, -618, -629). KI.833. Dorschgrund 2/74 Cy prinae dredged along transect in Dorschgrund area, a shallow basin with muddy sediments in medium Kiel Bight (54° 36.5' N, 10° 19.3' E to 54° 37.4' N, 10° 19.6' E), 21m water depth. Coil Feb 1974. Shells of 50 to 70mm diam were picked out and each cut into sector segments parallel to growth lines proceeding from outer rim towards hinge. Ring width is 5mm, measured on a sec at greatest distance between hinge and rim. Corresponding segments of the different shells were combined; car- bonate fraction studied. 133.8 ± 0.6% KI.833.011. 1st segment -0.7%0 0 to 5mm from r i m. 111.9 ± 0.6% KI.833.021. 2nd segment 813Cs = -O.7%o 6 to 10mm from rim. 102.6 ± 0.6% 813 KI.833.031. 3rd segment CS = 11 to 15mm from rim. KI.833.041. 4th segment 16 t o 20 mm f rom r im 100.3 ± 0.8% KI.833.051. 5th segment 813C5 +1.1 o 21 to 25mm from rim. 290 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W illkomm 105.1 ± 0.8% 61305 KI.833.061. 6th segment = +0.77 0 26 to 30mm from rim. 104.9 ± 0.7% 813G2 KI.833.071. Remnant hinge parts = -0.1 %o Smaller 25mm. 105.1 ± 0.6% KI.833.081. Remnant hinge parts 61305 = +0.7%0 26 to 36mm. KI.843. Cyprina islandica, same position and treatment as KI-833. Coil March 1974. 82 shells, diam within 49 to 51mm, selected and cut as before. 137.2 ± 0.7% KI-843.011. 1st segment 813Cs = 0 to 5mm from rim. 116.6 ± 0.7% 81305 KI.843.021. 2nd segment = +1.1% o 6 to 10mm from rim. 102.5 ± 0.6% KI.843.031. 3rd segment 813C,s = +0.5% 11 to 15mm from rim. 103.0 ± 0.5% KI.843.041. 4th segment 613Cs = +0.5% 16 to 20mm from rim. 102.9 ± 0.6% KI.843.051. 5th segment 813Cs = +1.6%0 21 to 25mm from rim. 104.9 ± 0.6% KI.843.061. 6th segment 813Cs = +1.O% 26 to 3 Omm from rim. 106.7 ± 0.7% KI-843.071. 81305 = +1.5%0 Hinge plates, without hinge bands, 30 to 45mm from rim. 108.8 ± 0.6% KI-843.081. Hinge bands 81305 = +D.5% KI.843.09 Smaller samples of 1(I-843, 11 to 30mm diam (mean diam weighted by shell weight: 25.5mm). 133.5 ± 0.7% KI.843.090. Flesh 813Cs = -20.6% 135.8 ± 0.7% KI.843.091. Shell carbonate 813Cs = +0.3% University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 291 KI.851.001. Vejsnas flat 12/71 135.7 ± 0.7% Cyprina islandica from Vejsnas flat (54° 47' N, 10° 28' E) N Kiel Bight. Coil Dec 1971 by C Samtleben and subm April 1974 by Samtleben and Lohr, 14C Lab, Kiel, Mussels were toll alive with van Veen grab. Samples smaller than 31mm were selected for analysis of shell carbonate. General Comment: "C variations of shell carbonate reflect increase of 14C level in marine environment since ca 1960. Outer parts of ca 15mm width (KI-629, -833, -843) as well as small samples (1(I-843.09, -851, -633.08) grew during last decade. Growth rate of samples up to 30 to 40mm diam is ca 3mm/yr (Kuhlmorgen-Hi11e, 1962) so that total mussel age is ca 20 yr. Increasing 14C activity towards hinge indicates gradual thickening during recent growth period. Medium parts of shells estimate pre-bomb 14C level in Kiel Bight bottom water. A more detailed analysis is being conducted based on biometrical studies. High activity of KI- 843.090 indicates most food originates from plankton from surface water. Older organic constituents with 1.4C level lower than 100% found in up- permost layer of sediment (Erlenkeuser et al, 1974) do not seem nutri- tions. Flesh activity of adult samples (KI-586, -618, -629) is generally higher than carbonate activity, due to incorporation of high 14C food by mussel. C. Sediment pretreatment studies Kiel Bight sediments contain organic constituents of different age (Erlenkeuser et al, 1974) at possibly different stage of diagenesis. Pre- liminary studies were performed to check effect of chemical pretreatment on 14C age. 93.4 ± 0.5% KI.600. Stoller Grund, 720425-6 S13Cs = -22.4% Organic component of muddy surface sediment toll April 1972 at Stoller Grund (54° 32.0' N, 10° 10.0' E). Water depth 18m. 139.6 ± 1.0% KI.604.001. Stoller Grund, 720425.7 813C2 = -1.2% Surface sediment like KI-600. Small-sized fraction was flushed and grain size class greater .lmm was coil; carbonate studied. KI.610. Aeroe SW, GPI 11777.1 Muddy sediment from NW Kiel Bight (54° 46.2' N, 10° 11.6' E), W Baltic Sea. Coil and subm March 1971 by F Werner, Geol-Palaeontol Inst Univ Kiel, H Erlenkeuser, and H Willkomm. Box core from surface sedi- ment, at -26m, from same location as KI-483 (Erlenkeuser & Willkomm, 1973). Upper half (ca 20cm) of core was thoroughly mixed to provide sufficient material for applying different pretreatment procedures and divided in several samples. Samples were prepared differently to study influence of HCl boiling on organic component. Results below account for water content of sample material. KI-483 (c f Erlenkeuser & Willkomm, 292 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H Willkomm 1973), a core coil .2km W, indicates that activity of organic component comprises range of 82 to 94% of standard activity. 87.5 ± 0.7% KI.610.01. lhr,1% HCl 61305 - -23.27 1000g wet sediment (ca 300g by dry weight), boiled for lhr in 1000m1 1% HC1(sample water included), centrifuged and decanted; stirred twice with 800m1 water, centrifuged, decanted, stirred again with water and dialyzed for 6 hr until pH = 6. Afterwards, residual traces of Cl- are negligible. 86.1 ± 0.8% KI.610.02. 2hr,1% HCl 613C8 = -21.47c0 1000g wet sediment, boiled for 2hr in 1000m1 1% HC1, centrifuged, decanted, stirred up with 450ml water; no washing, dialysis for 6 days. 88.5 ± 0.9% KI.610.03. 4.5hr,1% HCl 613C5 = -22.9% 1000g wet sediment, boiled for 4.5hr in 1% HC1, centrifuged, de- canted, washed by repeated centrifuging and decanting (5 times with a total of 1.6L water). Washing procedure did not remove Cl- sufficiently; therefore, this time consuming procedure was replaced by dialysis; sam- ple dialyzed for 6 days. 86.5 ± 0.6% 613C8 KI.610.08. lhr, 0.9% HCl = -21.37 0 1000g wet sediment, boiled for lhr in .9% HC1, not centrifuged but directly dialyzed for 6 days. General Comment: CO2 yield by oxidation seems to be correlated to in- tensity of washing: it was 2.5, 1.9, 1.1, and 1.0 (arbitrary units) for KI- 610.08, -610.02, -610.01 and -610.3, respectively. However, no statistically significant trend is seen from the 14C data, indicating that sample pre- treatment does not affect 14C dates appreciably for this type of sediment. KI.620.472. Sample of core, KI-620 (see Table 7), 96cm below sediment surface. Chemical treatment: initial wet weight 1000g; carbonates removed by hot 2% HC1; sample centrifuged and decanted; residue leached 3 times with In NaOH at 100°C for 5hr, centrifuged, and decanted. Eluate is acidified to precipitate humic acids, which are washed to neutrality on analytic filter and dried. Humic acid yield was 6.8g, 2.6g, l.lg by dry weight for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd leaching procedures, respectively; fractions 1 and 2 were combined for dating. Comment: radiocarbon date fits well sedimentation line obtained from KI-620, indicating, that humic acid fraction is representative for 14C activity of total organic fraction of sediment. University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 293 D. Sediment cores from Kiel Bight Breitgrund channel series KI.619. Sediment Core GPI 11881 Core, 58cm long, from bottom of Breitgrund channel, NW Kiel Bight (54° 47.4' N, 10° 1.7' E). Coil May 1972 in 32.5m water depth with box corer by Friedrich Werner, Geol Palaeontol Inst Univ Kiel. Upper layer, 22cm thick was of marine, lower part of limnic origin (with lake marl and plant residues). Core was cut into slices of 1 or 2cm (samples .02 to .08 with an inclination of 23° according to stratigraphic records within sediment), and both organic and carbonate fraction were dated (Table 4). Comment; an 8000-yr hiatus is found between marine and limnic sediments, which must be explained by lack of sedimentation or later erosion rather than by hard water effect of lake lime. Limnic sedi- ment accumulates at a rate of ca .6mm/yr. KI.621. Sediment Core GPI 11882 Core from SW slope of Breitgrund channel (54° 47.0' N, 10° 0.9' E) 1200m WSW of KI-619. Coil by F Werner May 1972 at 29m water depth with box corer; total length 2.90m. Below 145cm were limnic sediments

TABLE 4 Kiel Bight sediments, Breitgrund channel, GPI 11881= KI-619 Depth within fraction fraction Lab sediment Libby age Libby age no. (mm) BP ± l- 1Q 619.01 0 to 40 750 ± 75 619.02 40 to 49 940± 70 - 619.03 49 to 58 1000 ± 75 619.06 77 to 87 1360 ± 65 619.07 87 to 106 1990 ± 210 619.08 106 to 125 1120± 80 619.11 125 to 155 1370± 40 619.14 195 to 215 1330± 50 619.16 225 to 245 7060 ± 90 190 619.18 255 to 270 10,120 ± 120 180 619.22 330 to 350 10,220 ± 190 130 619.26 410 to 430 10,000 ± 130 100 619.28 450 to 470 10,430 ± 120 619.29 470 to 490 9890 ± 130 619.30 490 to 510 10,560 ± 210 70 619.31 510 to 530 10,560 ± 130 619.32 530 to 550 10,740 ± 200 130 619.34 570 to 586 10,920±240 -30.6 10,810±200 - 294 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W illkomm with clayey gyttja and peaty layers. Only these sediments were dated (Table 5). From organic component, a mean sedimentation rate of .3mm/yr is calculated. KI.659. Sediment Core GPI 11888 Core from NE slope of Breitgrund channel (540 47.4' N, 100 1.7' E) 30m NE of KI-619. Coil by F Werner June 1972 at 30m water depth with short box corer. Organic fraction was measured (Table 6). KI.660. Sediment Core GPI 11889 Core from bottom of Breitgrund channel (540 47.4' N, 100 1.5' E) 170m WSW of KI-619. Coil by F Werner June 1972 at 32.5m water depth with short box corer. Organic fraction of upper layers was dated (Table 6). General Comment: recent studies on closely spaced samples from another core from bottom of Breitgrund channel indicate that 14C variations in near surface sediments reflect anthropogenic affects as already recognized in Cores KI-620 and -483. Recent sediments then accumulate at only slightly reduced rate of ca lmm/yr as compared to 2 to 3mm/yr in Kiel Bight basins, but total thickness of marine sequence is kept down by single erosional events. KI-620. Sediment Core GPI 11883 Core from Boknis channel, outer Eckernforde Fjord, Kiel Bight SW (54° 31.5' N, 100 1.8' E). Coil by F Werner, May 1972 at 29m water depth with box corer. Whole core (199cm) is of marine origin. Only organic fraction was dated (Table 7). Comment: 14C dates of deeper layers give sedimentation rate of 1.4mm/yr and an (extrapolated) surface age of 850 ± 50 yr (90 ± .5% of standard activity). However, above 20cm depth (depth corresponds to An 1830 if sedimentation rate is constant up to

TABLE 5 Kiel Bight sediments, Breitgrund channel, GPI 11882 - KI-621 Depth within fraction fraction Lab sediment Libby age Libby age no. (cm) BP ± lg 1 8'3C5(%0)

621.091 172 to 174 12,040 ± 400 +1.9 621.094 178 to 180 8110 ± 100 140 +0.1 621.099 188 to 190 8450 ± 110 110 +2.2 621.104 198 to 200 8980± 110 120 +2.0 621.109 208 to 210 8990± 75 110 +0.4 621.114 218 to 220 9100± 120 110 0.0 621.118 226 to 228 8760± 110 +1.2 621.121 232 to 234 9730 ± 100 +1.0 621.122 234 to 236 9985 ± 120 120 -1.0 University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 295 TABLE 6 Kiel Bight sediments, Breitgrund channel Depth within Libby age Lab no. sediment (cm) BP ± l (%o) KI-659. Organic fraction. Core GPI 11888 659.01 O to 1 1100± 40 -23.6 659.02 1 to 2 710 55 659.03 12 to 13 1430 75 659.04 13 to 14 1390 70 22 2900 110 KI-660. Organic fraction. Core GPI 11889 660.01 O to 1 780± 110 2 to 4 to 6 1210 ± 65

TABLE 7 Kiel Bight sediments, Boknis channel, organic fraction, Core GPI 11883 = KI-620 Depth within age Lab no. sediment (cm) BP ± 1Q (%o)

620.01 0 to 5 90 620.02 5 to 7 70 620.03 7 to 9 70 620.04 9 to 11 55 620.05 11 to 13 75 - 620.06 13 to 15 90 620.07 15 to 17 620.09 19 to 21 55 620.11 23 to 25 40 620.20 41 to 43 60 620.24 49 to 51 50 620.36 73 to 75 60 620.37 75 to 77 40 620.45 91 to 93 40 620.47 95 to 97 55 620.50 101 to 103 1560 ± 40 620.61 123 to 125 1670 ± 70 620.74 149 to 151 1860 ± 65 620.86 173 to 175 2490 ± 60 620.98 197 to 199 2820 ± 75 -22.3 296 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W illkornm surface), 14C activity decreases to 77% approaching surface, reflecting increasing effect of industrialization (c f Erlenkeuser et al, 1974). Sedi- ments SW Aeroe (c f KI-483 in Erlenkeuser & Willkomm, 1973) showed a similar stratification with respect to '4C activity. E. Marine sediment cores from different locations Great Belt series Sediment cores, coil by Friedrich Werner and Kyaw Winn, Nov 1972, both Geol Palaeontol Inst Univ Kiel, with box corer, from Great Belt channel, main inlet to Baltic Sea. Measurements are part of a study on sedimentology and morphology of Great Belt (c f Winn, 1974). 14C dates of organic component of both cores are given in Table 8. KI-736. Sediment Core GPI 12522.2 Core, 132cm long, coil in Great Belt (55° 22' 35" N, 10° 56' 46" E) in 27m water depth. 0 to 66cm marine sediments, 66 to 115cm limnic sediments, 115 to 132cm peaty gyttja. KI.738. Sediment Core GPI 12519.2 Core 286.5cm long, coil in 25.5m depth 4km NNE of KI-736 (55° 24' 40" N, 10° 58' 26" E), marine sediments. 1060±75 KI.847. Sediment Core GPI 12549.1 AD 890 $13C,S = -19.8%0 Coil Jan 1973 by Heinz Lange and Kyaw Winn, both Geol Palaeont Inst Univ Kiel, in Great Belt channel 17km N of KI-736 (55° 32.5' N, 100 57.9' E) in 27m water depth. Organic component between 25 and 35cm depth within sediment was dated (cf Winn, 1974). KI.848. Sediment Core GPI 10511 Core, 236cm long, coil by Kyaw Winn at S exit of Great Belt chan- nel, 8km S of Langeland I. (54° 39.7' N, 10° 45.6' E) in 26m depth with vibrocorer. Results are given in Table 8. 0 to 210cm sediment are sand, 210 to 236cm are gyttja. Comment: mean sedimentation rate is .30mm/yr. KI.563. Landsort Basin Core GPI 10076.3 Sediments from Landsort Basin (58 ° 40.1' N, 18° 19.2' E), middle Baltic Sea. Coll Jan 1971 and subm by Erwin Suess, Geol Palaeont Inst Univ Kiel. Measurements of organic and carbonate component (Table 9) continue studies on same core publ under KI-405 (Erlenkeuser & Will- komm, 1973). Comment: KI-563.02 and -563.03 do not fit preceding re- sults of 1(I-405. 813C values of carbonate are unusually low compared to carbon isotope ratios of recent Baltic surface water. Same 14C activity of organic and carbonate indicates diagenetic effects to be important for carbonate formation. University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 297 TABLE 8 Great Belt channel sediments Depth within age Lab no, sediment (cm) BP ± 1Q (%o) KI-736. Organic fraction. Sediment Core GPI 12522-2 736.01 0 to 8 120 736.02 8 to 15 170 736.05 25 to 30 200 736.08 40 to 45 220 736.11 55 to 60 240 736.14 70 to 75 200 736.16 80 to 85 170 736.18 90 to 95 220 736.21 105 to 110 8460 ± 150 736.24 118 to 120 8780 ± 170 736.27 124 to 126 8840 ± 170 KI-738. Organic fraction. Sediment Core GPI 12519-2 738.01 0 to 10 4390 ± 140 738.02 10 to 20 7530 ± 240 738.05 40 to 50 8320 ± 280 738.10 90 to 100 8840 ± 220 738.14 130 to 140 9050 ± 260 738.18 170 to 180 8540± 230 738.21 200 to 205 8180 ± 210 738.22 210 to 215 8290 ± 280 738.23 230 to 235 8130± 210 738.27 250 to 255 8360 ± 240 738.33 280 to 286.5 8340 ± 190 KI-848. Organic fraction. Sediment Core GPI 10511 848.01 35 to 40 1860 ± 80 848.02 130 to 135 4830± 100 - 848.03 230 to 234 8410± 110

TABLE 9 Landsort Basin sediments Depth within fraction fraction Lab sediment Libby age Libby age no. (cm) BP ± 1 Q 1 0 (%o) 563.01 120 to 130 1680 ± 45 563.02 410 to 420 1640± 90 90 563.03 571 to 580 2280 ± 110 140 -12.4 17 00

TABLE IO Nordstrand sediment Core N III Organic fraction Carbonate fraction Sedimentation Depth within LibbY age bbY age 13CS o 13CS o Lab no. date sediment cm 1 o 1g 0

695.01 1972 O to 12 90 -20.8 695.02 Spring 1971 17 to 23 70 660 695.03 1970 28 to 43 55 270 695.04 Summer 1965 108 to 111 45 390 695.05 Winter 1965 125 to 130 50 280 695.06 Summer 1964 165 to 170 65 300 695.07 Before 1964 213 to 218 120 University of Kiel Radiocarbon Measurements VIII 299 Dredged pit Nordstrand, Suederhaf en series KI-695. Core N III Sediment core, 240m long, coil Nov 1972 by Gerhard Unsold, Geol Palaeont Inst Univ Kiel at +70cm in foreland of SE Nordstrand (540 28' 10" N, 8° 55' 0" E), island in shoals of SE North Sea. Comment (GU): core comes from deepening, ca 70,000m2 dredged 1962/63, which now is silting up very quickly at several dm/yr. Winter deposits are laminated, while summer layers are completely disturbed by digging animals. This stratification pattern allows direct determination of sedimentation date (Unsold, 1974). Organic and carbonate fractions were dated (c f Table 10). 3340 ± 50 KI.823.001. Nordstrand NF 9 1390 BC 61305 = -O.8% 0 Carbonate fraction of sediment deposited during June/ July 1973 in a sediment trap near KI-695. Coll and subm by G Unsold. 12,150 ± 110 KI.824.001. Nordstrand NST 14 10,190 BC S13Cs = -1.7%0 Carbonate fraction of uppermost sediment, 0 to 2.5cm depth, de- posited during fall storms. Coil Dec 1973 by G Unsold, near KI-823. 13,200 ± 450 KI-825.001. Nordstrand NST 12 10,250 BC S13C,s=-0.4% Material similar to KI-824. Sediment depth 0 to 3 cm. General Comment: small activity of recent sediments (74.5% for organic fractions, 10 to 20% for carbonates compared to ca 120% recent water

TABLE 11 Gibraltar Street sediments Depth within Factor of Libby age Lab no. sediment (cm) dilution BP ± to 6'3C5 (%o) Core LY-II-13A coil in 1201m water depth (35° 58' N, 70 49' W). KI-693 63 to 80 3.96 680 1560 KI-793.02 193 to 210 6.14 -1300 3700 KI-694 425 to 440 6.10 2500 Core LY-II-13 coil in 1259m depth 22km E of 13A (35° 57' N, 70 34' W). KI-794.01 120 to 145 3.59 680 1190 KI-794.03 335 to 355 4.20 280 -1040 300 H Erlenkeuser, H Metzner, and H W illkomm activity) indicates important admixture of inactive or at least late glacial material. Smaller activity (64.5%) of KI-695.07 might represent prebomb value. Gibraltar Street sediment Two cores coil April 1972 from USNS Lynch by Liselotte Hass, Geol Palaeont Inst Univ Kiel, and D J Stanley, 200km W of Gibraltar St to date variations in flow velocity (Diester-Haass, 1973). Samples contained 25 to 30% CaCO j which were removed. Only organic component was measured after dilution with inactive CO2. Comment: mean sedimenta- tion rate is .50mm/yr. Extrapolation to sediment surface gives age 10,000 yr BP. REFERENCES Arntz, W E, 1971, Biomasse and Produktion des Makrobenthos in den tieferen Teilen der Kieler Bucht im Jahre 1968: Kieler Meeresforschungen, v 27, p 36-72. Diester-Haass, L, 1973, No current-reversal at 10,000 BP in the Strait of Gibraltar: Marine , v 15, p M1-M9. Erlenkeuser, H, Suess, E, and Willkomm, H, 1974, Industrialization affects heavy metal and carbon isotope concentration in recent Baltic Sea sediments: Geochim et Cosmochim Acta, v 38, p 823-842. Erlenkeuser, H and Willkomm, H, 1972, Data processing in 14C-measurements. I. Re- cording and statistical check: Atomkernenergie, v 19, p 123-126. 1973a, Data processing in 14C-measurements. II. Age calculation: Atomker- nenergie, v 22, p 90-94. 1973b, University of Kiel radiocarbon measurements VII: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 113-126. Gulliksen, S and Nydal, R, 1972, Further calculations on the C-14 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere: 8th internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, Proc, Wellington, New Zealand, p 282-296. Kuhlmorgen-Hille, G, 1962, Die jahreszeitlichen Veranderungen in der Bodenfauna der Kieler Bucht: Doctoral thesis, Kiel Univ. Mook, W G, 1970, Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of natural waters in the Nether- lands, in: Isotope Hydrology 1970, IAEA, Vienna 1970, p 163-190. Rafter, T A and Grant-Taylor, T L, 1972, 8th internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, Proc, Wellington, New Zealand. Samtleben, C, 1973, Groessenverteilungen von Populationen, Totengemeinschaften and Klappensammlungen der Muschel Mytilus edulis L: Meyniana, v 23, p 69-92. Sarnthein, M and Richter, W, 1974, Submarine experiments on benthic colonization of sediments in the Western Baltic Sea I: technical layout: Marine Biology, v 28, p 159-164. Seibold E et al, 1971: Marine geology of Kiel Bay, in: Sedimentology of parts of Central Europe. Guidebook, 8th internatl sed Gong, Heidelberg, p 209-235. Unsold, G, 1974, Jahreslagen and Aufwachsraten in Schlicksedimenten eines ki nst- lichen, gezeitenoffenen Sedimentationsbeckens (Wattgebiet si dlich Nordstrand/ Nordfriesland): Meyniana, v 26, p 103-111. Voss, F, 1970, Der Einfluss des jiingsten Transgressionsablaufes auf die Kustenentwick- lung der Geltinger Birck im Nordteil der westlichen Ostsee: Die Kuste, v 20, p 101- 113. Wattenberg, H, 1949, Die Salzgehaltsverteilung in der Kieler Bucht and ihre Abhangig- keit von Strom- and Wetterlage: Kieler Meeresforschungen, v 6, p 17-30. Willkomm, H and Erlenkeuser, H, 1970, University of Kiel radiocarbon measurements V: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 526-533. Winn, Kyaw, 1974, Present and postglacial sedimentation in the Great Belt Channel (Western Baltic): Doctoral thesis, Kiel Univ. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 301-312]

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS XIV

V R SWITSUR and R G WEST Sub-department of Research, 5 Salisbury Villas, Station Road, Cambridge, England

The dates presented in this paper comprise results of determinations made at the University Radiocarbon Dating Research Laboratory, mostly during the latter half of 1974. Radioactivity was measured with propor- tional counters using pure carbon dioxide at 2 atmospheres pressure as filling gas. Effects of cosmic and local environmental radiation on the counters were reduced by surrounding them completely with 1) a plastic scintillator anticoincidence shield, 7.5cm thick, viewed by 2 photomulti- plier tubes operating in coincidence mode, the output pulses of which were in anticoincidence with the proportional counters signals, and 2) by a 17.5 ton lead castle. Counting gas was produced by oxidizing samples in high pressure pure oxygen in a "bomb" combustion unit (Switsur and West, 1973; Switsur, 1972; Switsur et al, 1970) and the carbon dioxide generated was further purified by a train of solid reagents under semi-vacuum condi- tions. Variations of combustion technique for different types of sample are given in Switsur and West, (1973; 1975). Growth rings AD 1845 to 1855 of an oak tree grown near Cambridge provide the contemporary standard gas, calibrated against 95% of the activity of the NBS oxalic acid inter- national standard. Welsh anthracite is combusted to yield background samples. Age calculations are based on the 14C half-life of 5568 years as agreed at the Fifth Radiocarbon Conference at Cambridge, 1962, and subse- quently. Uncertainties reported are of one standard deviation calculated by combining statistical errors of counting rates of the sample, standard, and background in quadrature. At this time we have concentrated largely on determinations required for our own studies in collaboration with members of the Sub-department of Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge, but measurements from an important archaeologic site are also included.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish particularly to express our appreciation to Alan Ward for the consistently high quality of his work in the Research Laboratory. We thank Sir Harry Godwin for his continued interest and support for our projects. We express our thanks to the Science Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council for equipment grants for the laboratory.

301 302 V R Switsur and R G West SAIIIPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES British Isles A. Postglacial vegetational history Crose Mere series Mud samples, part of study of postglacial vegetational history at Crose Mere lake site, 14km E of Oswestry, adjacent to A528 rd, immedi- ately S of Whettal Moss, Shropshire (52° 52' N, 2° 51' W, Nat Grid Ref SJ 430305). Samples coll by P W Beales, Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge, from floor of 15ha postglacial lake, alt 100m, in water 9.2m deep. Cores were taken with a Livingstone piston borer using 50mm diam, lm long aluminum core tubes. Cores were extruded a week after colln, wrapped in Alcan wrap, aluminum foil, and polythene sheeting, and were stored at 3.5°C for almost 1 yr prior to sampling for radiocar- bon dating, Feb 1974. Samples taken with reference to pollen analytic curve at zone and sub-zone boundaries to calculate sediment accumula- tion rates and absolute pollen influx rates. Samples id by depth in pollen diagram. Subm March 1974 by P W Beales. 1055 ± 75 Q-1230. Crose Mere C, 52cm AD 895 Medium brown fine silty detritus mud from 46 to 58cm dating Pollen Zone CM 10 sub-zone b/c transition. 1610 ± 75 Q-1231. Crose Mere C,115cm AD 340 Dark brown fine silty detritus mud from 110 to 119cm dating Pollen Zone CM 10 sub-zone a/b transition. 2086 ± 75 Q-1232. Crose Mere C, 150cm 136 BC Dark brown fine silty detritus mud from 146 to 154cm dating Pollen Zone CM 910 transition. 2310 ± 85 Q-1233. Crose Mere C, 197cm 360 BC Dark brown fine silty detritus mud from 192 to 207cm dating Pollen Zone CM 8/9 transition. 3714 ± 130 Q-1234. Crose Mere C, 263cm 1764 BC Dark brown fine silty detritus mud from 258 to 268cm dating Pollen Zone CM 7/8 transition. 5296 ± 150 Q-1235. Crose Mere C, 364cm 3346 BC Medium brown fine silty detritus mud from 359 to 368cm dating Pollen Zone CM 7 sub-zone a/b transition. University of Cambridge Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 303 7373 ± 110 Q-1236. Crose Mere C, 407cm 5423 BC Medium brown fine silty detritus mud from 403 to 411cm dating Pollen Zone CM 6/7 transition. 8502 ± 190 Q-1237. Crose Mere C, 447cm 6552 BC Medium brown fine silty detritus mud from 443 to 451cm dating Pollen Zone CM 5/6 transition. 8730 ± 200 Q-1238. Crose Mere C, 463cm 6780 BC Medium brown fine silty detritus mud from 458 to 467cm dating in- crease in Quercus pollen frequencies. 9136 ± 210 Q-1239. Crose Mere C, 516cm 7186 BC Dark brown fine silty detritus mud from 512 to 520cm dating Pollen Zone CM 4/5 transition. 10,312 ± 210 Q-1240. Crose Mere C, 530cm 8362 BC Dark brown fine silty detritus mud from 526 to 534cm dating Pollen Zone CM 3/4 transition. General Comment: dates are internally consistent and agree generally with dates for comparable boundaries from nearby Red Moss (Hibbert, Switsur, & West, 1971). Sedimentation curve appears to indicate a general rate increase from earliest times, though this may be a compaction effect. Curve is much more linear if calibrated dates are used where possible. The mean sedimentation rate over the latest 4 points is 11.5cm/radiocar- bon century, whereas the mean rate is 4 cm/century over the remainder of the curve. Dates allow conversion of pollen concentration figures to absolute pollen influx rates. Hatchmere series Continuation of measurements on series of mud samples from Hatch- mere, Cheshire (53° 14' N, 2° 41' W, Nat Grid Ref 33/554723), alt 80m, in Delamere forest region, 15km ENE Chester. This is part of a study of vegetational history of site by H J B Birks, J E Young, and V R Switsur, Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge (R, 1975, v 17, p 39). Samples id by depth in pollen diagram. 4693 ± 90 Q-1241. Hatchmere, 612.5 to 617.5cm 2743 BC Lake mud from 612.5 to 617.5cm in pollen diagram; layer shows end of 1st well marked "landnam" phase, beginning of which is dated by Q-1228. 304 V R Switsur and R G West 5269 ± 80 Q-1228. Hatchmere, 652.5 to 657.5cm 3319 BC Lake mud from 652.5 to 657.5cm in pollen diagram; layer shows beginning of 1st well marked "landnam" phase. See Q-1241. 9419 ± 120 Q-1242. Hatchmere, 832.5 to 837.5cm 7469 BC Organic lake mud from 832.5 to 837.5cm; where pollen diagram shows Ulmus 1st begins to rise. 9580 ± 140 Q-1229. Hatchmere, 880 to 885cm 7630 BC Lake mud from 880 to 885cm; level in pollen diagram which shows marked increase in Gory ins pollen frequencies.. General Comment: dates are internally consistent and agree with previous measurements from site. The composite sedimentation diagram is a smooth curve through all points except the deepest. Overall accumula- tion rate is 4.5cm/radiocarbon century. Q-1229 and -1162, although from different depths and cores, exhibited similar pollen spectra, especially the marked Corylus rise. Agreement of dates indicated that the same phase was present in each sample.

North Knapdale, Argyll series Continuation of study with L Rymer, Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge, of effect of Man on the landscape of North Knapdale, Argyll, Scotland (56° 5' N, 5° 40' W, Nat Grid Ref 16/738855). (See R, 1975,v 17, p40-41). 660 ± 70 Q-1251. Lochan. Taynish, LTW 52.62 AD 1290 Organic lake mud from 52 to 62cm below sediment surface.

5320 ± 85 Q-1252. Lochan Taynish, LTW 420.440 3370 BC Organic lake mud from 420 to 440cm below sediment surface.

3426 ± 80 Q-1253. Taynish Fen, LTF 500.510 1476 BC Fen peat from 500 to 510cm. Drimnagall Argyll series The third site studied by L Rymer and V R Switsur was a peat bog in a valley at Drimnagall (56° 00' N, 5° 40' W, Nat Grid Ref 16/713847). Coring with 50mm diam tubes, using the Livingstone borer, was very difficult due to spongy nature of the wood peat, and several cores had to be taken to obtain samples of complete sequence through postglacial deposit. University of Cambridge Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 305 4616 ± 80 Q-1313. Drimnagall, D 100-106 2666 BC Rich valley fen peat from depth 100 to 106cm where a marked de- crease in tree pollen occurred. 5039 ± 85 Q-1314. Drimnagall, D 175.180 3089 BC Rich valley fen peat from 175 to 180cm; pollen diagram showed temporary decrease in Quercus frequencies and a substantial increase in grass pollen. 5575 ± 90 Q-1315. Drimnagall, D 225.230 3625 BC Rich valley fen peat from 225 to 230cm; pollen diagram showed de- crease in tree pollen, 6035 ± 100 Q-1316. Drimnagall, D 350.355 4085 BC Rich valley fen peat from 350 to 355cm; pollen diagram showed sus- tained decrease in both Betula and Ulmus pollen frequencies. 6576 ± 110 Q-1317. Drimnagall, D 450-455 4626 BC Fen peat from 450 to 455cm; pollen diagram showed marked de- crease in Ulmus and increase in Betula frequencies. 6858 ± 130 Q-1318. Drimnagall, D 495-505 4907 BC Fen peat from 495 to 505cm; pollen diagram shows start of large in- crease in Ulmus frequencies. 7985 ± 150 Q-1319. Drimnagall, D 675.685 6035 BC Shallow water organic mud from 675 to 685cm; pollen diagram indi- cates 1st development of oak woodland. 9452 ± 150 Q-1320. Drimnagall, D 740.750 7502 BC Shallow water organic mud from 740 to 750cm, 1st organic material at site base. General Comment: dates from Drimnagall site are internally consistent and will help produce an absolute pollen diagram and pollen influx rates. Dates will be correlated with historic and archaeologic evidence where possible. The sedimentation curve shows a slowly increasing accu- mulation rate for the 1st 1500 yr, but thereafter a fairly constant rate, ca 17.7cm/radiocarbon century for the next 3500 yr. Morrone Aberdeenshire series This series is part of a study at Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge, on the vegetational history of the Morrone Birkwoods, part of a natl nature reserve. The area is one of birch woodland with juniper understory on the N flank of Morrone, a low hill SW of Braemer, Aber- 306 V R Switsur and R G West deenshire, in the river Dee valley, Scotland. The birch woods lie in an area of what is usually regarded as native pine forest. Samples were ob- tained by coring in the basin of a lake (570 00' N, 3 ° 25' W, Nat Grid Ref 37/125905) within the wood, using a Livingstone piston corer as modified by Wright, with 50mm diam, lm long tubes. Samples coll Sept 1973 by B Huntley, H J B Birks, P Adam, I C Prentice, and J E Young. Pollen analysis by B Huntley, radiocarbon analysis by V R Switsur. Samples id by depth in pollen diagram. 3303 ± 75 Q-1287. Morrone #1 1352 BC Organic lake mud from 50 to 55cm below surface. Sample exhibited smaller loss on ignition than others in area. 6620 ± 100 Q-1288. Morrone #2 4670 BC Coarse organic lake mud from 100 to 105cm below surface. Pollen diagram shows rise in Pin us frequencies. 9832 ± 150 Q-1289. Morrone #3 7882 BC Slightly silty organic mud from 142.5 to 147.5cm below surface where aquatic taxa show increase in pollen frequencies, possibly representing an early Flandrian climatic amelioration. 11,807 ± 150 Q-1290. Morrone #4 9857 BC Silty organic mud from 367.5 to 372.5cm below surface where both Empetrum pollen frequencies and loss on ignition curve decrease. 12,596 ± 210 Q-1291. Morrone #5 10,646 BC Organic mud with coarse organic fragments from 397.5 to 402.5cm; base of deposit. General Comment: dates are internally consistent and agree with dates of similar events from elsewhere in E Highlands of Scotland. Loch of Winless Caithness series Lake mud samples from Loch of Winless, Caithness, Scotland (58° 28' N, 3° 13' W, Nat Grid Ref 39/293547), coil as core through undis- turbed sediments by 50mm diam tubes with square rod Livingstone corer. Part of study of vegetational history of Scotland, of Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge. Samples coil June 1972 by H J B Birks and J E Young. Pollen analysis by S Peglar, radiocarbon analysis by V R Switsur. Samples id by depth in pollen diagram. 12,820 ± 350 Q-1175. Loch of Winless, LW 610-590 10,870 BC Silty detritus lake mud from 610 to 590cm, near base of deposit. Pollen content low non-tree pollen. Organic content very low. University of Cambridge Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 307 10,765 ± 310 Q-1176. Loch of Winless, LW 445.435 8815 BC Silty calcareous marl with plant detritus from 445 to 435cm. Pollen values and organic content both very low. General Comment: both samples had very low organic content and were oxidized by acid permanganate method. Yield of CO2 was very low in each case and dilution with inert CO2 to fill counters to normal operating pressure was necessary.

Holme Fen, Huntingdonshire series Extension of radiocarbon date series with pollen analysis from Holme Fen and Whittlesea Mere in earlier study (R, 1960, v 2, p 62-72). Samples were coll July 1974 by Sir Harry Godwin and V R Switsur from Holme Fen (52° 29' 30" N, 0° 14' 15" W, Nat Grid Ref TL 201893), Hunts. 6600 ± 120 Q-1296. Holme Fen, GS1 4650 BC Oak wood cut with chisel from outer rings of tree lying horizontally, 12m long x .6m diam, on bed of unoxidized aquatic peat overlying floor of reworked boulder clay. Wood was extremely hard and well preserved. 6794 ± 120 Q-1297. Holme Fen, GS2 4844 BC Fresh, unoxidized detritus peat immediately underlying, and pro- tected by, oak trunk Q-1296. General Comment: dates provide end of upland oak woods and 1st water- logging of W margin and general fen peat formation of Middle Level Fenland; the 2 dates agree. The Holme Fen and Whittlesea Mere work is described by Godwin & Mittri (1975). 1820 ± 70 Q-1213. Hildersham X AD 130 Eutrophic, Phragmites peat underlying .5m calcareous silty loam in basin of R Granta at Hildersham, Cambridgeshire (52° 06' N, 0° 15' E, Nat Grid Ref TL 542486). Coll Aug 1972 by M D Fysh, Dept Appl Biol, Univ Cambridge. Sample dates modern floodplain of R Granta and assoc peat levels.

B. Relative land and sea level changes Research by the Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Cambridge reported previously (R, 1959, v 1, p 63-75; R, 1961, v 3, p 60-76; R, 1962, v 4, p 57- 70; R, 1964, v 6, p 116-137; R, 1965, v 7, p 205-212; R, 1966, v 8, p 390- 400) is continued in the Lower Thames Estuary, from where 6 samples subm by R J N Devoy, and the Outer Hebrides from where R G West subm 1 sample. 308 V R Switsur and R G West Lower Thames Estuary series 6970 ± 90 Q-1281. Stone Marshes, Littlebrook, Kent 5020 BC Wood peat containing Alnus roots with little silty clay from Stone Marshes, Littlebrook, Kent (51 ° 27' 40" N, 0° 15' 36" E, Nat Grid Ref TQ 57027594). Sample taken with 10cm diam piston borer from depth -8.82 to -8.88m OD (S B 1/1/Cl) at contact point of basal peat with underlying clay/silt band which overlies 40cm silty sand above gravel base. Some small alder roots penetrated clay/silt surface. Coll Nov 1973 by R J Devoy. Comment: dates beginning of vegetational growth and subsequent peat formation at this point and height in estuary; helps establish relative sea-level curve for Flandrian. No direct contact of peat with gravel was found in area. 5640±75 Q-1282. Erith Marshes, Thamesmead 3690 BC Gyttja from -4.99 to-5.03m OD in borehole at Erith Marshes, Thamesmead (51 ° 30' 11" N, 0° 8' 5" E, Nat Grid Ref TQ 48158051). Peat 3m thick overlain by 2m silty estuarine clays resting on 30cm silty sands with large partially rounded flints above basal gravel. Sample taken Oct 1973 with shell and auger rig by Foundation Engineering from Borehole 20 (EB/5/20/Cl); stored for some months before sampling for radiocarbon analysis. Comment: dates growth of peat following rise of freshwater table at this point, due to rising sea level. Helps establish relative sea-level curve of Flandrian. 6882 ± 90 Q-1283. Broadness Marsh, Swanscombe 4932 BC Well humified wood peat containing Alnus roots from depth 12.86 to 12.90m below marsh surface at Broadness Marsh, Swanscombe (51° 27' 56" N, 0° 18' 40" E, Nat Grid Ref TQ 60577664). Peat 15cm thick over- lain by ca 3m clay/silt, 1.8m peat with alternating layers of silt/clay, silt peat to surface, lay in contact with basal sand/gravel deposit. Sample coil May 1974 by R J Devoy, using 10cm diam piston corer (SB 6/2/C1). Comment: dates onset of peat growth in response to rising sea level; helps establish relative sea-level curve for Flandrian. Q-1284. Second Dartford Tunnel, Stone Marshes 5693 ± 80 SE 1/F3/C2 3743 BC Wood from Alnns stump at depth -6.85m OD at site of 2nd Dartford Tunnel, Stone Marshes (51 ° 27' 39" N, 0° 15' 14" E, Nat Grid Ref TQ 56587593). Stump in wood peat at interface with silty clay. Peat, 30cm, overlain by 70cm medium gray clay/silt containing many shells and wood fragments and 30cm light gray clay/silt beneath lm peat containing Alnns stump in situ (Q-1285). Comment: dates a regressive stage in sea level changes. The thin peat layer has not been observed elsewhere in the area. University of Cambridge Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 309 Q-1285. Second Dartford Tunnel, Stone Marshes 5484 ± 80 SE 1/F3/C1 3534 BC Wood from Alnus stump at depth -5.25m OD, at site of 2nd Dartford Tunnel, Stone Marshes (51° 27' 39" N, 0° 15' 14" E, Nat Grid Ref TQ 56587593). Stump in base of main peat at contact with underlying clay silt, 1.6m above sample Q-1284. Both samples coll May 1974 by R J Devoy from open face exposed during engineering operations. Comment: dates regressive phase of sea level at this depth in profile. 8510 ± 110 Q-1286. Cockleshell Hard, Isle of Grain 6560 BC Gyttja from depth -26.44 to -26.47m OD in borehole at Cockleshell Hard, Isle of Grain, Kent (51° 26' 10" N, 0° 43' 3" E, Nat Grid Ref TQ 88847440). Sample from lower 3cm of gyttja layer, 1.2m, underlying some 25.5m sand or silty clay and overlying 2.7m gravel on basal London Clay. Coll Oct 1968 by R Kirby using shell and auger rig during engineering operations for new power station. Subm by R J Devoy. Comment: only material available from inaccessible site, and did not lie directly on gravel. Pollen analysis indicates rapid sedimentation so that date should be rele- vant to initial rise of sea level in area. General Comment: these samples were subject to changing water levels due to tidal activity, but all should have remained below table for lengthy period. Samples coll to minimize error in measurement of height relative to Ordnance Datum from consolidation and compaction of postglacial river alluvium and to establish reliable contact points for transgressive and regressive phases of marine conditions. Where possible, contact of basal peat with the Buried Channel sands and gravels was sampled, care being taken that gravels formed a regular sloping surface and not merely local depressions. Thus, peat growth must have been response to rise of freshwater table in direct relation to sea level influence. Growth is in correct height in relation to sea level at time of formation. Tectonic sub- sistence and crustal stability will be considered later. 4688 ± 90 Q-1172. Loch Sniogravat, Monach Isles 2738 BC Sandy detritus mud, Ld, G2, from Core II of borehole on shallow loch sealed from sea by a raised beach from depth 190 to 200cm at base of deposit, at Loch Sniogravat, Monach Isles, Invernesshire (57° 30' 25" N, 7° 35' 20" W, Nat Grid Ref NF 638609). Sample coll Aug 1970 by R G West with 50mm diam Livingstone borer. Core showed 30cm Carex peat overlying 170cm detritus mud overlying 30cm micaceous beach sand. Comment: loch was formed as result of rise in sea level sealing a ravine in Lewisian Gneis. Dates time of isolation of the loch and subsequent up- lift, which brought loch barrier above present storm beach. Little is known of sea level changes in the Outer Hebrides, see Randall and West (ms in preparation). 310 V R Switsur and R G West II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Gussage All Saints series Total excavation of the Iron age settlement at Gussage All Saints, Dorset, 24km SW of Salisbury (50° 53' N, 2° W, Nat Grid Ref ST 998101) was carried out under Dept of the Environment, directed by G J Wain- wright. Settlement showed 3 clear stages of development for which a reliable was necessary. The Early Iron age enclosure measured 1.2h surrounded by a shallow ditch with an external bank, the main entrance to the E, flanked by a single antenna ditch on either side of causeway 8m wide which defended a timber gateway. Within the ditch were 125 pits in an open penannular ring, 80m diam, and 15 to 20 settings of post-hole structures. During the 2nd phase, the surrounding ditch was enlarged, the en- trance remodeled, a 2nd pair of antennae ditches and a more elaborate timber gateway were added. The main distribution of the Middle Iron age pits was N of the early settlement, closer to limits of enclosure ditch. Also related to middle phase is important colln of industrial debris repre- senting refuse from a bronzesmith's workshop. Pits of the 3rd and final stage of settlement are distributed over total enclosure area; a substantial ring ditch was built late in the history of the site. Nine samples for radiocarbon analysis were selected to cover the chronologic range of occupation and careful measurements were made to resolve the separate phases. 2464 ± 80 Q-1204. Gussage All Saints, 297, (8) 514 BC Charcoal from lowest layer of pit 1.8m deep, part of Phase 1 settle- ment. 2402 ± 75 Q-1209. Gussage All Saints, 1 X (4) 452 BC Animal bone from approx middle layer of Phase 1 defensive ditch, depth .90m. Date obtained from extracted collagen. Comment: date be- lieved a little too late. 2368 ± 90 Q-1203. Gussage All Saints, 379 (7)/(8) 418 BC Charcoal from lowest layers of Phase 1 pit, depth 1.61m. Comment: dates assoc artifacts including a La Tene la type brooch. 2179 ± 75 Q-1201. Gussage All Saints, 1 M (4) 229 BC Charcoal from center of Phase 2 defensive ditch 1.40m deep, 2.20m wide. 2162 ± 75 Q-1205. Gussage All Saints, 437 (5) 212 BC Charcoal from base of Phase 2 pit, .75m deep. Comment: dates ceramic style occurring over large area of S Britain, characterized by University of Cambridge Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XI V 311 vertical-sided saucepans, jars with rounded and beaded rims, barrel jars, some with thick pedestal bases, and silver, bronze, and iron artifacts. 2097 ± 65 Q-1207. Gussage All Saints, 209 (Y) 147 BC Charcoal from top layer of pit with slightly bell-shaped profile. Pit belonged to Phase 2 and contained ash and sooty tips containing slag, clay, furnace matrix, broken tuyeres, fragmented crucibles and moulds, iron and bronze fragments and implements, horse bit, copper billet pot- tery, and bones. 2018 ± 70 Q-1206. Gussage All Saints, 209 (10) B 68 BC Charcoal from top layer of foundry pit of Q-1207. Comment: con- sideration of the uncertainties assoc with measurements of dates Q-1206 and -1207 shows them to be inseparable at one standard deviation limit, so that the apparent difference in age between top and base of the foundry pit is not substantiated. Dates time of manufacture of the dec- orated bronze chariot fittings, molds of which were within pit. 1930 ± 75 Q-1202. Gussage All Saints, 310 L/N (4) AD 20 Charcoal from middle of ring ditch, depth 1.50m, late in occupation of site. Comment: dates Durotrigian pottery as well as bronze brooch artifacts from ditch. 1894 ± 65 Q-1208. Gussage All Saints, 139 (5) AD 54 Charcoal from middle of slightly bell-shaped pit, depth 1.47m. Com- ment: dates Claudian samian sherds found within. General Comment: dates for this site present consistent progression through archaeologically defined phases. Conclusions should, however, be drawn with care noting relatively large uncertainties assoc with dates, such that certain pairs cannot be resolved, eg, Q-1206 and -1207, for debris from Pit 209. It is surprising that inversions have not occurred in such a close series of dates. For site description, see Wainwrigllt and Spratling (1973) and for discussion of chronology see Wainwright and Switsur (1975). III. MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE 14,700 ± 350 Q-1254. Gulf of Mexico, K97 12,750 BC Deep sea sediment from 315 to 365cm in Core K97 from Gulf of Mexico (25° 37' N, 93° 12' W). Coll 1970 by U S Naval Oceanog Office S S Kane using piston corer. Dated in connection with stable oxygen iso- tope analyses for CLIMAP project. Dates end of influx of isotopically light water into Gulf of Mexico, presumably when melting ice retreated from Mississippi catchment area. Subm May 1974 by N J Shackleton, Sub-dept Quaternary Research, Univ Cambridge. See Kennett and Hud- dleston (1972). 312 V R Switsur and R G West

REFERENCES Godwin H and Mittre Vishnu, 1975, Study of the Post-Glacial history of British Vegeta- tion XVI-Flandrian development of the Fen Margin at Holme Fen and Whittle- sea Mere, Hunts.: Royal Soc [London] Philos Trans B 78 (in press). Hibbert, F A, Switsur, V R, and West, R G, 1971, Radiocarbon dating of Flandrian pollen zones at Red Moss, Lancashire: Royal Soc [London] Proc, ser B, v 177, p 161- 176. Kennett, J P and Huddlestun, P, 1972, Late paleoclimatology foraminiferal biostratigraphy and , Western Gulf of Mexico: Quaternary Re- search, v 2, p 38-69. Switsur, V R, 1972, Combustion bombs for radiocarbon dating: 8th internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, Proc, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, v 1, p B11-B23. Switsur, V R, Hall, M A, and West, R G, 1970, University of Cambridge natural radio- carbon measurements IX: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 590-598. Switsur, V R, and West, R G, 1973, University of Cambridge natural radiocarbon meas- urements XII: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 534-544. 1975, University of Cambridge natural radiocarbon measurements XIII: Radiocarbon, v 17, p 35-51. Wainwright, G J, and Spratling, M, 1973, The Iron Age settlement of Gussage All Saints: Antiquity, v 47, p 109-130. Wainwright, G J, and Switsur, V R, 1975, Gussage All Saints-a chronology: Antiquity, (in press). [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 313-327] UNIVERSITY OF ROME CARBON-14 DATES XIII M ALESSIO, F BELLA, S IMPROTA Istituto di Fisica, University di Roma G BELLUOMINI, G CALDERONI, C CORTESI, G L MANELLI, and A VIGILANTE Istituto di Geochimica, University di Roma This list includes the second group of age measurements made from September 1972 to July 1974 using the benzene scintillation method. All archaeologic and geologic samples come from Italian territory. Chemical apparatus for benzene synthesis and the liquid scintillation spectrometer are unchanged (Alessio et al, 1970a, 1973). Charcoal and wood samples underwent standard pretreatment by boiling with 5 to 10% HC1; a-labeled samples were given additional leaching with .2N NaOH. The counting rate of approx half the samples was corrected based on the 13C/12C ratio, mass-spectrometrically measured on CO2 obtained in combustion line set up after Broecker et al (1959), according to previously described procedure (Alessio et al, 1969). As in dating with the CO2 proportional counter, the modern stand- ard is the same wood grown near Rome from 1949 to 1953, the activity of which is repeatedly checked with 95% of the activity of NBS oxalic acid and measurements are found coincident within hr. Errors quoted are l statistical error. Ages were calculated using the Libby half-life of 5568 ± 30 yr, with 1950 as the standard year of reference. Direct transformation of carbonate materials (CaCO3) into carbide was also attempted, using the following reaction (Fontes, 1971):

2CaCO3 + IOLi 2CaO + 4Li2O + Li2C2 ca 700°C

We operated as follows: finely pulverized carbonate exceeding sto- ichiometrically required quantity by 800 (Barker, 1953) was thoroughly mixed in the reactor bottom with metallic lithium pellets. At ca 700°C most CO2 from thermal decomposition of carbonate reacted almost im- mediately with melted lithium; reaction was completed and radon re- moved at ca 700°C. Pressure inside the reactor was carefully controlled throughout the process (120 to 150 min). Calcium carbonates obtained from different materials in CO2 prepa- ration and purification line for proportional counter (Alessio et al, 1970a), and already dated by this method, were used as check samples. As shown in Table 1, yields, calculated as the ratio of quantity of acetylene (L at Po V0) from all carburization and hydrolysis reactions to theoretical acetylene quantity, are rather low, possibly due to some faults in experimental apparatus. Dates obtained (Table 1) agree fairly well with corresponding ones measured with the CO2 proportional counter; in fact, only R-566 dates are unaccountably discordant. 313 TABLE 1 Transformation of CaCO3 nto Li,C 2-Check samples age CO2 Acetylene yield (liters) 14C age liquid proportional Theo- scintillation counting Sample CaCO3(g) retical 6, K-11 30.0 3.36 100 1964, v p87 R-22A 35.0 3.92 60 1964, v 6, p 83 R-82 35.0 3.92 70 1964, v 6, p 86 R-83 30.0 3.36 250 unpub R-566 30.0 3.36 120 1970, v 12, p 607 R-825 27.0 3.02 260 1973, v 15, p 173 R-826 27.0 3.02 600 1973, v 15> p 174 University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII 315 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We express our thanks to Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche for partial financial support. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC AND HISTORIC SAMPLES Italy Massarosa series A small Etruscan perilacustrine settlement was discovered in 1966 in Massarosa reclamation area at S Rocchino near Viareggio, prov Lucca, Tuscany (43° 52' 52" N, 100 17' 22" E). Excavations carried out 1969- 70 by M Cristofani, Sopr Antichita Etruria, Florence, uncovered some superimposed stamped earth floors of huts overlying archaeol sterile peat and surrounded by a double quadrangular palisade externally reinforced on S side by a system of random horizontal trunks supported by wooden piles driven into peaty soil. Pottery datable to 7th or early 6th century BC was found both inside, embedded in but bottoms, and outside, in peaty soil (Maetzke et al, 1970; Cristofani, 1974, 1975). Wood (Quercus ilex, Fraxinus orno, Coni fBrae) from wooden piles and palisade coll 1969 by M Cristofani and subm 1969 by G Maetzke, Sopr Antichita Etruria, Florence. 2580 ± 50 R-688a. Massarosa 1 630 BC 6'3G = -27.9%0 Wood, block of roots from Sq XLVIII-11, Layer T, Cut 4. 2110 ± 50 R-689a. Massarosa 2 160 Bc 8130 = -26.870 Darkened wood, fragment of wooden pile from Sq XLVIII-11, Layer T, Cut 4. 2360 ± 50 R-690a. Massarosa 3 410 BC 6130 = -23.2,p Darkened wood, fragment of wooden pile from Sq XLVIII-11, Layer T, Cut 4. 2260 ± 50 R-691a. Massarosa 4 310 BC 813C = -23.2% Darkened wood, fragment of wooden pile from Sq XLVIII-11, Layer T, Cut 4. 2200 ± 50 R-692a. Massarosa 5 250 BC S13C = -27.7% Darkened wood, fragment of wooden pile from Sq XLVIII-11, Layer T, Cut 3. 316 M Alessio et al. 2250 ± 100 R-693a. Massarosa 6 300 BC 6130 --26.3/0 Darkened wood from wooden pile of NS palisade. 2230 ± 50 R-694a. Massarosa 7 280 BC 6130 -26.7%0 Darkened wood from wooden pile of NS palisade, E side of huts. 2470 ± 50 R-695a. Massarosa 8 520 BC Darkened wood from wooden pile of NS palisade. 2280 ± 50 R-696a. Massarosa 9 330 BC Darkened wood (Quercus ilex) from wooden pile of hut, E side. General Comment: based on archaeol data, these dates must be considered too young; only R-688a and -695a ages agree.

Lago di Mezzano series In 1972, 2 lake dwelling settlements were discovered at bottom of Mezzano little crater lake in caldera of Latera, Vulsini Mts volcanic re- gion, Comm Valentano, prov Viterbo, Latium (42° 36' 30" N, 110 46' 08" E) at +452m, max water depth 36m. In 1973 an underwater archaeol exploration was made for Sopr Etruria Meridionale, by L Ferri-Ricchi, Comitato Ital Ricerche e Studi Subacquei, and M C Franco. Geologic investigations and a topographic and bathymetric survey were also made: ca 50 piles, diam 10 to 20cm, driven in to the bottom, were mapped and sampled. Abundant archaeol material was recovered, including some bronze objects and "impasto" pottery, namely domestic, consisting of >50 entire vases, one incised, the others plain or with plastic decoration, attributed to end of Middle and Late Bronze age, possibly up to its final phase (M C Franco, 1975). Wood from piles and planks subm 1973 by L Ferri-Ricchi and id by M Follieri and A Catullo, 1st Bot, Univ Rome. disclose 5% HC1 pretreatment of darkened and impaired wood did not CO3--; soluble organic fraction (fulvic acids) and abundant Fe++ were detected; scarce or absent humic acids soluble in .2N NaOH.

Mezzano I settlement NE side of lake near effluent Olpeta R, 20 to 30m from shore, water depth 3 to lOm. Settlement comprises 2 units separated by apparently sterile zone and marked Mezzano I-A (42° 36' 39" N, 11° 46' 19" E, U T M 32-TQN-275217), and Mezzano I-B (42° 36' 41" N, 11° 46' 18" E, U T 11T 32-TQN-275218). University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII 317 3230 ± 50 R-973a. Mezzano I-A, 1 1280 BC Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group), fragments of pile ca 30m from shore in bottom clayey sediment, water depth ca 7m, assoc with abundant archaeol finds. 3220 ± 50 R-974a. Mezzano I-A, 2 1270 BC 8130 = -24.9%0 Unid. wood fragments of pile 5m from R-973a, water depth ca 7m. 2760 ± 50 R-975a. Mezzano I-A, 3 810 BC Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group), fragments of pile ca 15m from shore, water depth ca 5m. 3090 ± 50 R-976a. Mezzano I-A, 4 1140 BC 8130 = -24.8%0 Unid. wood fragment of pile ca 2m from R-975a, water depth ca 5m. 3320 ± 60 R-984a. Mezzano I-A, 24A 1370 BC Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from pile, diam 14cm, just pro- truding from bottom ca 20cm at mapped point 24A, water depth 7.60m. 3200 ± 50 R-987. Mezzano I-A, 28A 1250 BC 8130 = -26.7% 0 Wood (Alms sp) from pile, diam ca 14cm, just protruding from bot- tom at 28A mapped point, water depth 9m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 2680 ± 50 R-988. Mezzano I-B, 30B 730 BC 8130 = -25.7% 2730 ± 50 R-988a. Mezzano I-B, 30B 780 BC S13C = -25.7% o Wood (Q-cercus sp, deciduous group) from pile sq sec, 9cm side, coated with clayey matrix and evidence of industry just protruding from bottom at 30B mapped point, water depth 4m. Comment: 2 dates agree: scarce humic acids disclosed by .2N NaOH leaching (R-988a) seemed uncontaminating. 2910 ± 50 R-989. Mezzano I-B, 33B 960 BC 8130 = 26.1% Wood (Alms sp) from pile, diam 14cm, just protruding from bottom 318 M Alessio et al. at 33B mapped point, water depth 9m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. Mezzano II settlement NE side of lake, 500m S Mezzano I, 20 to 30m from shore, water depth ca 6 to 12m (42° 36' 25" N, 11° 46' 17" E, U T M32-TQN-275213). 2870 ± 50 R-985Aa. Mezzano II, 27a 920 BC Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from 2 fragments of same plank, ca 2cm thick, with charred side from bottom at 27a mapped point, water depth 9m, near R-986. 2840 ± 50 R-985B. Mezzano II, 27a 890 BC 613C = -26.6%a Wood from other 2 fragments of R-985A plank. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 2 dates agree as expected. 2800 ± 50 R-986. Mezzano II, 27b 850 BC 613C = -27.5%0 Wood (Acer cf opalus Mill) from pile, diam 10cm, just protruding from bottom at 27b mapped point, water depth 9m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 3000 ± 50 R-990. Mezzano II, 34 1050 BC 813C = -26.8% Wood (Acer cf platanoides L) from pile, diam 13cm, just protruding from bottom at mapped point 34, water depth 9.30m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 2970 ± 60 11-991. Mezzano II, 35a 1020 BC 813C = -26.6%0 Wood (Acer cf platanoides L) from pile, diam 12cm, just protruding from bottom at 35a mapped point, water depth 9.30m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 35a to 35e samples are close together. 2760 ± 60 11-992. Mezzano II, 35b 810 BC 6130 = -26.1% o 2840 ± 50 1I-992a. Mezzano II, 35b 890 BC 613C = -26.0%0 Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from pile, diam 12cm, just pro- truding from bottom at 35b mapped point, water depth 9.30m. Comment: University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII 319 2 dates agree; scarce humic acids disclosed by NaOH leaching (R-992a) seemed uncontaminating. 3100 ± 50 R-993. Mezzano II, 35c 1150 BC S13C = -27.3% \'Vood (Acer cf platanoides L) from pile, diam 15cm, with evidence of industry just protruding from bottom at 35c mapped point, water depth 9.30m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 2900 ± 50 R-994A. Mezzano II, 35d 950 BC 13C = -27.5% Wood (Fagus silvatica L) fragment of plank, 3cm thick, with par- tially charred side from bottom at 35d mapped point, water depth 9.30m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. 2970 ± 60 R-994B. Mezzano II, 35d 1020 BC S13C _ -27.l% Charcoal from charred portion of R-994A plank. Comment: 2 dates agree as expected. 2920 ± 50 R-995a. Mezzano II, 35e 970 BC S13C = -26.9% Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) fragment of plank, 3cm thick, with partially charred side from bottom at 35e mapped point, water depth 9.30m. General Comment: 14 of 16 dates from l\iezzano agree with Late Bronze age, 10th to 13th centuries Be. Specifically, 6 of 8 dates for Mezzano II are from 10th to 13th centuries Bc; those of Mezzano I-A, except a younger one (R-975), are between 12th and 14th centuries Be; Mezzano I-B, not sufficiently explored and dated (only 2 dates), appears somewhat younger, 8th to 10th centuries Be, the age of R-988 pile, from minimum water depth 4m, is the youngest. The discovery, even in Bolsena and Bracciano crater lakes, of pre- historic settlements previous to 7th century BC, now submerged >5m, along with geologic, geomorphologic, archaeol, and historical data rele- vant to other lakes in Central Italy, eg, Trasimeno, Vico, Martignano, Monterosi, Albano, Nemi, and Fucino Lakes, reveal similar fluctuations in water level, possibly contemporaneous in the last 4000 yr. A common cause, according to L Ferri-Ricchi, might be assoc with climatic changes, namely cyclic alternations of rainy and dry periods (Ferri-Ricchi, 1975a,b, and oral commun).14C dates contribute to chronology of these events. See also Gran Carro, Lago di Bolsena and Lago di Martignano, General Comment, below. 320 M Alessio et al. 2700 ± 50 R-859x. Gran Carro, Lago di Bolsena 750 BC 6130 = _26.3% Darkened wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) id by M Follieri and R D'Alessandro, 1st Bot, Univ Rome, from wooden pile driven in and just protruding from bottom sediments of Bolsena crater lake, water depth ca 5m, near E shore at Gran Carro, prov Viterbo, Latium (42° 35' 23" N, 11 ° 59' 44" E). Coil and subm by A Fioravanti and E Loret, Gruppi Archeol Italia, for Sopr Etruria Meridionale, Rome. Comment: this lake dwelling settlement yielded abundant pottery of Villanovan culture (Colonna, 1965, 1967) id through underwater explorations (Fio- ravanti, 1963, 1965, 1967-68, 1969). 14C age agrees with archaeol data. See also Lago di Mezzano General Comment, above. 1350 ± 150 R-915. Monti del Forno, Montelibretti AD 600 Charcoal from hearth in deposit obstructing surface entrance and filling along ca lOm a tunnel excavated in tuff found during foundation work at Monti del Forno, 29.3km along state rd No. 4 Salaria, Comm Montelibretti, prov Rome (42° 06' 27" N, 12° 38' 28" E) at +45.5m. Coil 1972 by R Caciagli and subm 1972 by G Donato, both of Servizio Sci Sussidiarie Archeol C N R, Rome. Comment: tunnel, 70cm wide and 180cm high, is well preserved and practicable; a stretch of ca 130m roughly explored is downhill for ca lOm below surface. So far there is no data to determine excavation time and early use of tunnel which is in an area rich in archaeol remains and tunnels of various epochs under study. Probably 14C age dates its re-use in the Middle ages, possibly as a sheperd shelter.

II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Italy Grange La Coche series Peat and wood from Grange La Coche Holocene peat bog, 1.3km E Claviere, Alta Val di Susa, Alpi Cozie, prov Turin, Piedmont (44° 56' 06" N, 6° 46' 21" E; U T 1\'I 32-TLO-23887853), at +1924m. Coil 1968 and subm 1969 and 1972 by G Charrier, 1st Giacimenti Min, Politec Turin. Profile, ca lm thick, includes: surface soil; Cyperaceae peat re- mains; darker and more compact peat crossed by abundant root remains in situ of Larix decidua Mill (id by G Charrier, written commun, 1972) found elsewhere even below peat in thin silty layer, transition to under- lying moraine. La Coche peat bog belongs to series of Lowmoor bogs "sagnes" type formed during Holocene on a recent moraine system. 1220 ± 100 R-621A. Grange La Coche 1 AD 730 University of Rome Carbon-I4 Dates XIII 321 890 ± 60 R-621a. Grange La Coche 1 AD 1060 Light and soft upper peat, mainly Cyperaceae remains 5cm below surface. Comment: R-621 was given no pretreatment; R-621a underwent acid-alkaline pretreatment. Two dates must be considered as minimum since upper peat was pervaded by several roots of present plants removed by hand during preparation. 3730 ± 100 R-620A. Grange La Coche 2 1780 BC 4870 ± 120 R-620a. Grange La Coche 2 2920 BC Dark and compact lower peat from 100cm depth near base of peat bog. Comment: R-620a was given acid-alkaline standard pretreatment; date is reliable. R-620A was given no pretreatment: date shows strong contamination by younger humic materials. 4475 ± 95 R-914aA. Grange La Coche 3a 2525 BC 3310 ± 100 R-914a. Grange La Coche 3a 1360 BC Well preserved wood, large fragment of root (Larix decidua Mill) in situ at base of peat bog. See R-914b comment. 3380 ± 100 R-914b. Grange La Coche 3b 1430 BC Well preserved wood, other fragments of roots (Larix decidua Mill) in situ at base of peat bog. Comment: R-914a/b are reliable ages of roots; samples were pretreated with 5% HCl only because test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic acids. R-914aA was given no pretreatment: age is not reliable as sample appears strongly contaminated by humic materials, mainly fulvic acids soluble in 5% HC1, from overlying older peat. General Comment: R-621A/a dates belong to uppermost level of upper peat, -5 to -50cm, which began forming only after end of cold phase in Early Sub-Atlantic, also agrees with pollen analysis, showing a strong de- crease of Abies curve from -50cm upwards. R-620a dates beginning of peat formation in intermorainal basin in Late Atlantic; pollen analysis confirms attribution of lower peat, up to -50cm level, to Atlantic/sub- Boreal transition and to Sub-Boreal. R-914a/b, Larix wood, dated from 1260 to 1530 Be, belongs to warmer phase in Sub-Boreal which caused a rise of upper limit of forest line and a vast retreat of alpine glaciers, as proved in many places in the Alps. Agreeing with pollen analytic data (Charrier and Peretti, 1974), 14C ages set Holocene peat bogs in Val di Susa in chronologic sequence from Pre-Boreal, Villar Dora (R-158: R, 1968, v 10, p 359), through Boreal and Boreal/Atlantic transition, Novaretto (R-52: R, 1964, v 6, p 86), up to Atlantic/Sub-Boreal transition, to Sub-Boreal and Sub-Atlantic, Grange La Coche (above) which appears somewhat older than Colle del Sestriere 322 Al Alessio et al. peat bog in nearby Val Chisone, dated between late Sub-Boreal and early Sub-Atlantic (R-53: R, 1964, v 6, p 86; R-617A/a: R, 1970, v 12, p 610). Rovagnate series Dark peaty clay with abundant vegetable remains at 150cm depth from surface soil, at top of lacustrine sediments of Rovagnate, at Fornace, Comm Castello Di Brianza, prov Como, Lombardy (45° 44' 54" N, 09° 21' 14" E). Coil and subm by G Orombelli, 1st Geol, Univ Milano. 180cm sec reveals deposits of final phases and extinction of Rovagnate Lake, an in- termorainal basin dammed by ice-contact delta. For descriptions of strati- graphic sec, see: Riva (1954, 1957); Gnaccolini and Orombelli (1971); Orombelli (1975). 6300 ± 100 R-837. Rovagnate 4350 BC Dark peaty clay from top of lacustrine sediment, -150cm depth from surface soil. 4780 ± 80 R-837a. Rovagnate a 2830 BC Vegetable remains, mainly small darkened wood fragments, from R-837 peaty clay. Comment: wood fragments were carefully separated by sieving. General Comment: R-837, the more reliable age, places last phase of Rovagnate Lake in postglacial climatic optimum, Hypsithermal, and gives maximum age for overlying sediments and soil, the latter can be correlated to other neighboring soils. 14C date agrees well with geologic data for region (Orombelli, 1975). 17,700 -'- 360 R-801a. Pontida 15,750 BC Darkened vegetable remains, mainly twigs, leaves and seeds, from thin layer of fine sand embedded in laminated silty clays of Pontida lacustrine sediments ca 20m thick, from lOm depth from surface soil in sec of quarry Fornace Magnetti, Comm Cisano Bergamasco, prov Ber- gamo, Lombardy (45° 44' 08" N, 09° 29' 27" E). Coil and subm 1970 by G Orombelli. Comment: Pontida lacustrine sediments were lain in a frontal intermorainal basin formed by piedmont glacial lobe of Adda di Lecco R in S Martino Valley (Desio, 1928; Riva, 1957; Venzo, 1948; Gabert, 1962). 14C age, 1st available for Wurm deposits in Lombardy, dates a phase of lacustrine sediments and represents minimum age for moraine damming the basin. Date is important for chronology of last glaciation S of Alps (Orombelli, 1975). Pianico series Three fragments of warped and lignitous trunks from glacial and lacustrine sediments of Pianico, right bank of Borlezza Stream, Comms Sovere and Pianico, prov Bergamo, Lombardy (45° 48' N, 10° 02' E). Coil and subm 1970 by G Orombelli. University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII 323 R-804a. Pianico 1 >43,000 Heavily darkened wood, fragment of apparently lignitous trunk longitudinally flattened, from ca 8m depth from surface in glacial basal layer overlying lacustrine sediments of Pianico, right bank of Borlezza Stream (45° 48' 57" N, 10° 01' 53" E). Comment: 5% HCl pretreatment detects scarce carbonate and abundant Fe++, probably ferrous humate. R-804, quite similar in aspect and impairment to R-805 and -806 wood, must be considered as reworked by glacier and belonging to underlying lacustrine sediments. R-805a. Pianico 2 >43,000 Heavily darkened wood, fragment of apparently lignitous and longitudinally flattened trunk, from ca 6m depth from soil surface in lacustrine sediments of Pianico, right bank of Borlezza Stream (45° 48' 53" N, 10° 02' 00" E). Comment: 5% HCl pretreatment detects scarce carbonate and abundant Fe+ +, probably ferrous humate. R-806. Pianico 3 >43,000 R-806a. Pianico 3 >43,000 Heavily darkened wood, fragment of apparently lignitous and longi- tudinally flattened trunk, from ca 15m depth from soil surface in lacus- trine sediments of Pianico ca 100m E from R-805a, right bank of Borlezza Stream (45° 48' 48" N, 10° 02' 07" E). Comment: 5% HCl pretreatment detects scarce carbonate and abundant Fe++, probably ferrous humate. General Comment: lacustrine sediments of Pianico, mainly fossiliferous marly and clayey rythmites with abundant vegetable remains, and deltaic sands and gravels up to 70m thick, with Wurm glacial deposits on top, constitute a typical formation attributed to Riss-Wurm interglacial, based on paleontologic, stratigraphic, and geomorphologic data (Venzo, 1955; 14C Lona & Venzo, 1957; Casati, 1968). date is necessary, as a Main Wurm interstadial age is also possible, as it is for other alpine glacial formations once attributed to the same interglacial which turned out to be datable by 14C. R-804, -805, -806 minimum ages refute last assumption for Pianico formation and support traditional attribution (Orombelli, 1975). Trentino Lakes Systematic underwater explorations sponsored by Mus Tridentino Sci Nat, Trento, are revealing trunks of submerged forests at bottom of several lakes in Trentino. Measurements may date formation of lake basins, essential for palaeogeography of region. Wood id by M Follieri and R D'Alessandro, 1st Bot, Univ Roma. Lago di Tenno series Well preserved wood from trunks in situ at bottom of Tenno Lake, 4.5km N Tenno, prov Trento, Trentino (45° 56' N, 10° 49' E) at +570m. Lake 3 in "Catasto laglii del Trentino" (Tomasi, 1962). Coll 1970 by Gruppo Sommozzatori Riva Del Garda and subm by B Bagolini and G Tomasi, Mus Tridentino Sci Nat, Trento. 324 M Alessio et al. 940 ± 50 R-1026. Lago di Tenno 10 AD 1010 S13C = -26.9%0 Well preserved wood (Acer sp) from Trunk 10 in situ in bottom sediments, water depth 21m. 770 ± 50 R-1027. Lago di Tenno 39 AD 1180 813C = -28.1%0 Well preserved wood (Fagus silvatica L) from Trunk 39 in situ in bottom sediments, water depth 33m. General Comment: like R-793, -784, -795 trunks previously dated (R, 1973, v 15, p 385), and all id as Fagus silvatica L, R-1026 and -1027 be- long to submerged forest covering ca 1/5 lake bottom on W side where > 70 trees were mapped by Mus. 14C dates, agreeing with previous ones, confirm once more traditional belief that Tenno Lake basin was formed by a landslide ca AD 1400 (Tomasi, 1962, 1963, 1974). 370 ± 60 R-1023a. Lago di Canzolino Al) 1580 613C = -25.9%0 Wood (Castanea sativa Mill) from outer part of large trunk, diam ca 85cm, found in situ, 1lm water depth and 28m from W shore, at bot- tom of Canzolino Lake, ca 3km NW Pergine Valsugana, prov Trento, Trentino (46° 05' 00" N, 110 13' 33" E) at +540m. Lake 240 in "Catasto laghi del trentino" (Tomasi, 1962). Coil 1972 by M Cont, Pioneer Sub Gruppo Ricerche, Trento, and subm 1972 by M Bagolini and G Tomasi. Comment: several large trunks in situ belonging to submerged forest were found in W area of lake where a large landslide, identifiable by blocks up to 3m in size, may have caused a sudden recent rise of water 14C level. date explains present size of pre-existent basin. Area: 6.2 ha, max water depth: 15m (Tomasi, 1962, 1963, 1974). Corrected 14C date (Ralph, Michael, & Ham, 1973) from AD 1430 to 1520-1610. 670 ± 50 R-1024a. Lago di Cei AD 1280 8130 = -27.8 Lightly darkened wood (Fagus silvatica L) from large trunk in situ, ca 7m water depth and 50m from N shore, in Cei Lake, ca 7km N Rovereto, prov Trento, Trentino (45 ° 57' 00" N, 110 01' 08" E) at +912m. Lake 185 in "Catasto laghi del Trentino" (Tomasi, 1962). Coll 1972 by M Cont and subm 1972 by M Bagolini and G Tomasi. Comment: some large trunks in situ were discovered in N deepest zone of lake, 5 to 7m water depth, belonging to forest covering valley bottom before a landslide formed little barrier-lake. Area: 3.9ha, max water depth: lOm (Tomasi, 1962, 1963, 1974). Single 14C age roughly dates event. University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII 325 2160 ± 50 R-1025a. Lago di Lavarone 210 BC 813C = -26.6% Deeply darkened wood (Fagus silvatica L) from trunk in situ, 12.5 Lake, depth and 70m from S shore, at bottom of Lavarone Karst water Lake rov Trento, Trentino (45 ° 56' 10" N, 110 15' 08" E) at +11 14m. A M Cont 1972 244 in "Catasto laghi del Trentino" (Tomasi, 1962). Coil by 15 large and subm 1972 by B Bagolini and G Tomasi. Comment: ca water trunks in situ of submerged forest were mapped from 3 to 17m depth on bottom of Lavarone Lake. Area: 5.4ha, max water depth: 17m. covered doline bottom, until soil impermeability formed present Forest 14C lacustrine basin (Tomasi, 1962, 1963, 1974). Single age roughly dates event. Lago di Martignano series E 1971-73 underwater explorations made by L Ferri-Ricchi and Loret, Gruppo Archeol Subacqueo Lazio, uncovered many well preserved depth, large trunks in situ of perimetral submerged forest, 8 to 13m water in Martignano crater Lake, Sabatini Mts volcanic region, ca 2km E Brac- ciano Lake, prov Rome (42° 06' 40" N, 12° 18' 18" E; U T M 33-TTG- growth 774659) at +207m, max water depth: ca 60m. Some trunks still in position protruded up to 5m from bottom, others, up to lOm height, were in subhorizontal position with roots still fixed in bottom sediments; several scattered trunks were in water as deep as 17m (Ferri-Ricchi, 1972). Wood coil and subm 1972-73 by L Ferri-Ricchi and V Fornaseri; id by M Follieri. 1600 ± 80 R-905a. Martignano 1 AD 350 Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from trunk in situ ca 20m from W shore, water depth 12m. 1450 ± 80 R-906A. Martignano 2 AD 500 1440 ± 80 R-906. Martignano 2 AD 510 1420 ± 80 R-906a. Martignano 2 AD 530 Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from trunk in situ ca 20m from W shore, water depth l lm. Comment: R-906A was given no pretreatment; given additional leaching R-906 only 5% HC1 pretreatment, R-906a was with .2N NaOH: 3 dates agree. 1420 ± 80 R-907A. Martignano 3 AD 530 1280 ± 80 R-907. Martignano 3 AD 670 326 M Alessio et al. 1390 ± 80 R-907a. Martignano 3 AD 560 Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from trunk in situ ca 20m from W shore, water depth 13m. Comment: see R-906 Comment above. 1370 ± 50 R-979a. Martignano 4 AD 580 S13C = -23.6% Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from trunk in situ ca 20m from W shore, water depth lOm. 1440 ± 50 R-980. Martignano 5 AD 510 Wood (Quercus sp, deciduous group) from trunk in situ ca 20m from W shore, water depth 12m. Comment: test with .2N NaOH did not dis- close humic acids. General Comment: 14C ages of submerged trunks, 3rd to 6th centuries AD, date ancient water level ca 20m below present, controlled by an arti- ficial effluent built last century. Another inlet of Roman effluent, built by Emperor Augustus 2 BC to supply Alseatinum aqueduct, was found in 1973 on S side of crater wall, 8m above present lake level; this, along with geomorphologic, geoarchaeol, and historic data, suggests 14C dated oscillation of lake >30m. Climatic change probably caused decrease in level, as for similar contemporaneous drops in lakes in Central Italy (Ferri-Ricchi, 1975a,b, oral commun). See also Lago di Mezzano series, General Comment, above. REFERENCES Alessio, M, Bella, F, and Cortesi, C, 1964, University of Rome carbon-14 dates II: Radiocarbon, v 6, p 77-90. Alessio, M, Bella, F, Cortesi, C, and Graziadei, B, 1968, University of Rome carbon-14 dates VI: Radiocarbon, v 10, p 350-364. Alessio, M, Bella, F, Cortesi, C, and Turi, B, 1969, University of Rome carbon-14 dates \'II: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 482-498. Alessio, M et al, 1970a, Report on the equipment and activities of the Rome Univer- sity's carbon-14 dating laboratory: Quaternaria, v 13, p 357-376. ------1970b, University of Rome carbon-14 dates VIII: Radiocarbon, v 12, 599- 616. p 1973, University of Rome carbon-14 dates XI: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 382-387. Barker, Harold, 1953, Radiocarbon dating: large-scale preparation of acetylene from organic material: Nature, v 172, p 631-632. Broecker, S, S, W Tucek, C and Olson, E A, 1959, Radiocarbon analysis of oceanic CO2: Internatl Jour appl Radiation and Isotopes, v 7, p 1-18. Casati, P, 1968, Alcune osservazioni sul bacino lacustre pleistocenico di Pianico (Lom- bardia): 1st Lombardo Sci Lettere Rend Sci, v A102, p 575-595. Charrier, G, and Peretti, L, 1974, Applicazione dell'analisi palinologica e della datazi- one radiometrica C-14 di depositi torbosi intermorenici allo studio del clima e dell'ambiente naturale durante it Quaternario superiore nella regione alpina pie- montese: Internatl Glaciol Soc, III Colloquio Sez Alpi Occidentali, Courmayeur, 6-8 Sept 1974, in press. Colonna, G, 1965, Giacimento archeologico subacqueo in localitS Gran Carro: Min Pub Istruzione Boll Arte, v 50, no. 1-2, p 106. -- 1967, L'Etruria Meridionale interna dal Villanoviano alle tombe rupestri: Studi Etruschi, v 35, p 3-30. Cristofani, M, 1974, A proposito della via dell'Arno, in: Aspetti e problemi dell'Etruria interna: VIII Convegno Studi Etruschi e Italici Atti, Firenze, p 67-69. University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIII 327 Cristofani, M, 1975, Osservazioni preliminari sull-insediamento etrusco di Massarosa (Lucca): Archaeologica, studi in onore di A Neppi Modona Firenze, in press. Desio, A, 1928, Su alcuni depositi lacustri singlaciali della Lombardia: Natura, v 19, p 158-166. Ferri-Ricchi, L, 1972, La foresta pietrificata: Mondo Sommerso, v 14, no. 5, p 114-115. 1975a, Immersione nella preistoria: Mondo Sommerso, v 17, no. 1, p 20-30. 1975b, Ricerca a rinvenimento di testimonianze geoarcheologiche nei laghi craterici del Lazio a dimostrazione di variazioni climatiche avvenute in epoca storica e preistorica: I Symposium Corn Italiano Ricerche e Studi Subacquei Atti, Rome, Oct 1974, ms in preparation. Fioravanti, A, 1963, Contributo alla carta archeologica del lago di Bolsena: Studi Etruschi, v 31, p 425-433. 1965, La Pompei del lago: Mondo Sommerso, v 7, no. 11, p 1222-1231. 1967, 1968, Un village it y a 3000 ans Bans le lac de Bolsena: Aquatica, v 24, p 33-36; v 25, p 24-32. 1969, Ii ritrovamento Belle palafitte sotto le acque del lago di Bolsena: Enc Sci e Tecnica Mondadori, Ann 1969, p 266-267. Fontes, J Ch, 1971, Un ensemble destine a la mesure de 1'activite du radiocarbone naturel par scintillation liquide: Rev Geog Phis et Geol Dynamique, v 13, p 67-86. Franco, M C, 1975, Campagna di ricognizione preliminare subacquea con it recupero di materiale affiorante nel lago di Mezzano, Valentano (Viterbo), in: Catalogo della mostra nel Museo di Villa Giulia, in press. Gabert, P, 1962, Les plaines occidentales du P< et leur piedmonts (Piemont, Lombardie occidentale et centrale), etude morphologique: Louis Jean (ed), Gap. Gnaccolini, M and Orombelli, G, 1971, Orientazione dei ciottoli in un delta lacustre pleistocenico dells Brianza: Riv Italiana Paleontol Strat, v 77, p 411-424. Lona, F and Venzo, S, 1957, La station interglaciaire de Pianico-Sellere, in: Guide itineraire de la onzicme excursion phytogeographique internatl, Alpes Orientales, 1956, p 39-46. Maetzke, G, Fornaciari, G, and Mencarini, G, 1970, Massarosa (Lucca). Insediamento palafitticolo in locality S Rocchino: Accad Naz Lincei Atti-Notizie degli scavi di Antichita, s 8, v 24, p 149-162. Orombelli, G, 1975, Alcune date 14C per it Quaternario lombardo: Studi Trentini Sci Nat, in press. Ralph, E K, Michael, H N, and Ham, M C, 1973, Radiocarbon dates and reality: Masca newsletter, v 9, p 1-20. Riva, A, 1954, Ii "glaciale" della Valle di Rovagnate: Soc Italiana Sci Nat Atti, v 93, p 221-234. 1957, Gli anfiteatri morenici a sud del Lario e le pianure diluviali tra Adda e Olona: 1st Geol Univ Pavia Atti, v 7, p 1-93. Tomasi, G, 1962, Origine, distribuzione, catasto e bibliografia dei laghi del Trentino: Studi Trentini Sci Nat, v 39, p 1-355. 1963, I laghi del Trentino: Manfrini ed, Rovereto. 1974, Antiche foreste nel fondo dei laghi trentini: Strenna Trentina, p 76- 79. Venzo, S, 1948, Rilevamento geomorfologico dell'apparato morenico dell'Adda di Lecco: Soc Italiana Sci Nat Atti, v 87, p 79-140. 1955, Le attuali conoscenze sul Pleistocene lombardo con particolare ri- guardo al Bergamasco: Soc Italiana Sci Nat Atti, v 94, p 155-200. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 328-353] UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN RADIOCARBON DATES VI A A RUTHERFORD, J WITTENBERG, K J McCALLUM Saskatchewan Research Council 30 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan This series reports some of the measurements made since the pre- vious list. Methods essentially remain as described in Saskatchewan II (R, 1960, v 2, p 73) with expanded facilities and new electronic equip- ment since 1973. The laboratory operates commercially, administered by the Saskatchewan Research Council under the direction of A A Rutherford. SAi1IPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES S-196. Mikado, Saskatchewan >33,000 Wood from 6.4m below surface in sand underlying 4m till (51° 38' N, 102° 14' W). Coil 1961 by E Chernoff; subm 1963 by N W Gabora and B A McCorquodale, Saskatchewan Mus Nat Hist, Regina. 5200 ± 140 S-416. Courval, Saskatchewan 3250 BC Carbonaceous silt from testhole 7.9m below surface in lacustrine sediments (50° 08' N, 106° 15' W). Coll and subm 1966 by E A Christian- sen, Geol Div, Saskatchewan Research Council. 4100 ± 50 S-424. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 2150 BC Carbonaceous clay containing plant and animal remains in high- level channel of South Saskatchewan R (52° 08' N, 106° 41' W). Sample from augerhole 1.5m below surface at base of carbonaceous clay. Co11 and subm 1967 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): dates organic fill in meltwater valley (Christiansen, 1970). S-426. Sutherland, Saskatchewan >34,000 Wood from cutting sample of testhole near Sutherland, Saskatchewan (52° 10' N, 106° 32' W). Sample from sand 16.7 to 22.8m below the sur- face, underlying 10.7m till. Coll and subm 1967 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): for importance of date, see Christiansen (1970). Saskatoon series, Saskatchewan Carbonaceous samples from storm-sewer trench (52° 07' N, 106° 42' W). Coll and subm 1968 by E A Christiansen. 8990 ± 145 S-439. 7040 BC A horizon underlying 1.5m eolian sand. S-440. >32,600 Carbonaceous particles in sand, 3m below surface. 328 A A Ruther f ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum 329 General Comment (EAC): S-439 dates last eolian activity recorded at site, S-440 is presumably on coal particles. Beaver Creek series, Saskatchewan A horizons underlying eolian sand (51° 59' N, 106° 43' W). Coil and subm 1968 by E A Christiansen. 7640 ± 150 S-443. 5690 BC A horizon underlying .6m eolian sand. 9940 ± 160 S-442. 7990 BC A horizon underlying 1.2m eolian sand. General Comment (EAC): dates regional dune activity (Christiansen, 1970). 3150 ± 80 S-444. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 1200 BC A horizon underlying .6m eolian sand (52° 08' N, 106° 40' W). Coil and subm 1968 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): dates youngest eolian activity at site (Christiansen, 1970). 7070 ± 115 S-445. Batoche, Saskatchewan 5120 BC A horizon in eolian sand 1.5m below surface, S cut in W bank South Saskatchewan R at Batoche Ferry Crossing (52° 46' N, 106° 08' W). Coil and subm 1968 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): dates youngest buried soil at site, same location as S-233 and -234 (R, 1968, v 10, p 366- 367). S-455. Marquis, Saskatchewan >33,000 Carbonaceous silt and sand, 18 to 18.9m below surface underlying till (50° 39' N, 105° 48' W). Coil and subm 1968 by E A Christiansen. 5040 ± 90 S-456. Goodspirit Lake, Saskatchewan 3090 BC Carbonaceous silt 3.6m below surface underlying sand and 16.2m above till, on S shore of Goodspirit lake (51° 31' N, 102° 37' W). Sample from upper carbonaceous horizon, 2nd horizon occurs at 5.8m below sur- face. Coil and subm 1968 by A A Rutherford. Comment (AAR): dates up- per of 2 former shore surfaces, period of stable sand prior to last dune activity. 11,400 ± 190 S-457. Handsworth, Saskatchewan 9450 BC Wood from 13.7m below surface in gyttja underlying till (49° 51' N, 102 ° 48' W) in hummocky moraine. Coil 1961 by E Sanford; subm 1968 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): date too young to antedate last glaciation as suggested by stratigraphic position. Wood was probably covered by slumped till during last glaciation. 330 A A Ruther f ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum 10,060 ± 160 5.460. Empress, Alberta 8110 BC 51' A horizon 2.lm below surface underlying eolian sediments (500 30" N, 1090 58' W). Coll and subm 1968 by P P David. Comment (PPD): for detailed description, see David (1970). 9500 ± 150 5.461. Prelate, Saskatchewan 7550 BC Carbonaceous material in dark layer in exposure underlying 2.lm loess (50° 45' N, 109° 24' W). Coll and subm 1968 by P P David. Com- ment (PPD): layer interpreted as paleosol developed on loess. Date should indicate start of a dry interval (David, 1970). 3730 ± 80 5.489. Gradora, Saskatchewan 1780 BC A horizon in eolian sand 1.4m below surface (52° 08' N, 107° 00' W). Coll and subm 1969 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): dates eolian activity (Christiansen, 1970). 22,100 ± 465 5.494. Pike Lake, Saskatchewan 20,150 BC Carbonaceous silt underlying 9.lm sand in terrace 3m above till (51° 55' N, 106° 50' W). Cobb and subm 1969 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): cannot ascertain stratigraphically whether sand is interglacial or postglacial. Date suggests sand antedates last glaciation. Crater Lake series, Saskatchewan Carbonaceous material from shelby tube cores taken by cable-tool rig, N, bottom of Crater Lake, S of Yorkton, Saskatchewan (50° 57' 102° 27' W). Coll and subm 1970 by E A Christiansen. 2470 ± 85 5.522. 520 BC Gyttja, 7.62m below lake surface, + 516.6m. 4820 ± 130 5.523. 2870 BC Gyttj a, 10.6 7 m below lake surface, + 516.6m. 6425 ± 110 5.524. 4475 BC Gyttja, 12.19m below lake surface, + 516.6m. 8590 ± 115 5-525. 6640 BC Gyttja, 15.24m below lake surface, + 516.6m. 11,715 ± 150 5.526. 9765 BC Gyttja, 17.68m below lake surface, + 516.6m. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 331 22,410 ± 485 5-527. 20,460 BC Carbonaceous silt, 18.59 to 19.81m below lake surface, +516.6m. General Comment (EAC): for chronologic profile, see Christiansen (1971). 8190 ± 110 5.528. Crater Lake, Saskatchewan 6240 BC Carbonaceous silt from auger flight sample, 8.8m below ice surface, testhole 45.7m from shore (500 57' N, 102° 27' W). Coll and subm 1970 by E A Christiansen. 5.573. Beaver River, Saskatchewan >34,500 Peat from side wall core, 39 to 39.6m below surface in testhole under- lying 2 tills (54° 37' N, 107° 48' W). Coll and subm 1970 by S H Whitaker. 5.574. Bridge Creek, Saskatchewan >31,250 Peat and carbonaceous silt from side wall core, 15.8 to 16.2m below surface, underlying till (54° 12' N, 108° 37' W). Coll and subm 1970 by S H Whitaker. 5.624. Matchee, Saskatchewan >31,250 Carbonaceous silt in exposure 7.3m below surface in stratified sedi- ments underlying till (54° 04' N, 108° 08' W). Coll and subm 1971 by E A Christiansen. Nipawin series, Saskatchewan Carbonaceous material from testhole core near Nipawin, Saskat- chewan (53° 24' N, 104° 01' W). Coll and subm 1971 by W Clifton, Sas- katchewan Dept Hwys, Regina. 5.625. >34,500 Carbonaceous silt, 19 to 19.5m depth. 5.626. >31,250 Wood, 22.1 to 22.4m depth. 5-627. >31,250 Carbonaceous silt, 22.9 to 23.3m depth. 5.628. >31,250 Carbonaceous silt, 24.4 to 24.7m depth. General Comment (WC): all horizons too old, hence, results are incon- clusive. 4140 ± 105 5.634. Strong River, Saskatchewan 2190 BC A horizon buried 2.1 to 2.4m below surface, exposed in road cut through sand dune (53° 22' N, 105° 15' W). Coll and subm 1971 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): dates last period of dune formation at site. 332 A A Rutherf ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum 6610 ± 95 S-635. Nipawin, Saskatchewan 4660 BC A horizon buried under 1.5m eolian sand (53° 20' N, 104° 02' W). Coil and subm 1971 by E A Christiansen. Comment (EAC): dates eolian activity in area. S-636. Kelliher, Saskatchewan >34,500 Wood from 9.7m below surface, exposed while digging water well near Killiher, Saskatchewan (51 ° 17' N, 103° 47' W). Coil by N Budd; subm 1972 by E A Christiansen. 4890 ± 60 S-648. Lake Athabasca, Saskatchewan 2940 BC Charcoal from sand dune area near mouth of MacFarlane R, S shore Lake Athabaska, Saskatchewan (59° 10' N, 108° 02' W). From 30cm depth, 5 to 1 of 4 charcoal layers interbedded with sand, underlying till or silt 10cm thick. May represent foreset bed of delta prior to glaciation. Coil and subm 1971 by R Hermish, Univ Saskatchewan. II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Franklin Tank series, Northwest Territories Peat and humus from Franklin Tank site (LgRk-2), on terrace 11.9m above Great Bear Lake on point formed by junction S side of Great Bear R and Great Bear Lake (65° 09' N, 123° 33' W). Stratified, with 6 zones, 2 cultural complexes. Zone B, N T Docks component, Zone C, Franklin Tanks component (NTacNeish, 1955; 1964). Coil and subm 1952 by R S MacNeish, Nat Mus Canada (now, R S Peabody Foundations). 5000 ± 200 S-5. Franklin Tanks, Floor 1 3050 BC Peat from Floor 1, S5E5 assoc with assemblage related to Dorset and Pointed Mountain in N Canada and Denbigh and the Campus site in Alaska (N T Docks complex). 4100 ± 200 S-8. Franklin Tanks, Floor 2 2150 BC Humus from bottom of Floor 2, from frozen earth Sq 6-0, assoc with Plainview points (Franklin Tanks complex). General Comment (RSM): S-5 appears about right. S-8 obviously con- taminated and might well be part of Floor 1 soliflucted into a lower position. Michipicoten series, Ontario Charcoal from Michipicoten site (Cl f-1), S bank Michipicoten R near its embouchure into Lake Superior, Ontario (44° 56' N, 84° 51' W). Stratified with 9 components ranging from historic period to An 1100, components attributed to Algonkin-speaking population (Wright, 1968). Coil and subm 1961 by J V Wright, Nat Mus Canada, Ottawa. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 333 490±75 S-169. Michipicoten site, Stratum III AD 1460 Charcoal from Sq E 50, depth 27.9 to 30.5cm below surface S half o sq. Major occupation of site: AD 1450 to 1500. 850 ± 60 S-170. Michipicoten site, Stratum IX AD 1100 Charcoal from N portion Sq E 55 and S portion Sq E 60, depth 150cm below surface. Estimated age: AD 1000 or less. General Comment (JVW): dates agree with estimate. 1250±60 S-171. Heron Bay site, Ontario AD 700 Charcoal and carbonized bone from Herron Bay site, W bank Pic R near its embouchure into Lake Superior (48° 37' N, 86° 17' W). From Sector Y at depth 25.4 to 38.1cm. Coll and subm 1961 by J V Wright, Nat Mus Canada. Comment (JVW): site is early component of Laurel tradi- tion. Date disagrees with 500 BC estimate based on and pertinent radiocarbon information. 3100 ± 70 S-193. Pelly Farm site, Yukon Territory 1150 BC Charcoal from Pelly Farm site (KfVd-2), N bank Pelly R, 4.8km above confluence with Yukon R, Yukon Terr (62° 51' N, 137° 20' W). From Sq S3 W2 Level 4, Floor 4, .7m below surface, pure component of Cham- pagne phase. Multicomponent site with occupations assigned to Cham- pagne, Little Arm and Faye phases (MacNeish, 1964). Coll and subm 1960 by R S MacNeish. Comment (RSM): may be date for Fay Lake phase, fits with other comparative material from Yukon Terr. Point-aux. Buissons series, Quebec Charcoal from Point-aux-Buissons site (BhFI-1), 7.2km W of Beau- harnois, Quebec (45° 29' N, 73° 57' W), 12 to 16h multicomponent site extending from Early Middle Woodland to late Onondaga Iroquois. Material predominately Late Middle Woodland. Coll 1967 by M L Girouard, Soc Archeol Prehist Quebec; subm 1969 by R Wilmeth, Nat Mus Canada, Ottawa. S-480. Point-aux-Buissons, terminal Middle 3020 ± 110 Woodland 1070 BC Charcoal (NMC-224) from 297cm S of Stake 170 N 56 E and 378cm S of Stake 170 N 46 E, depth 50.8cm. Should date terminal Middle Wood- land period which appears widespread in Upper St Lawrence valley. 4010 ± 115 S-481. Point-aux-Buissons, early Point Peninsula 2060 BC Charcoal (NMC-225) from 53cm E of Ref Point 88-0, 109cm E of Ref Point 88-4, depth 48.3cm. Should date earliest material at site. General Comment (AAR): dates older than 500 BC estimate. 334 A A Rutherford, J Witten berg, and K J McCallum 3425 ± 105 S-668. Harder site, Saskatchewan 1475 BC Charred bone (NMC-547) from Harder site (52° 13' N, 107° 03' W). From Unit 5N OW Plan 2 at 54.8cm depth in stabilized sand dune de- pression, center of Dunfermline Sand Hills. Appears as temporary habi- tation site of Oxbow complex. Lithics include varied types dominated by projectile points, end scrapers, and small retouched flakes. Bison and Canid dominate faunal remains. Coll 1971 by I Dyck; subm 1971 by R Wilmeth. Comment (ID): confirms previous dates S-490: 3360 ± 120 yr BP (S-490 erroneously reported as 1560 ± 60 yr BP, R, 1973, v 15, p 204). Heron series, Saskatchewan Charcoal and bone from Heron site (EcNx-2), NW of Swift Current, Saskatchewan (50° 20' N, 107° 51' W). l\Iulticomponent site on upper W bank of glacial outwash channel. Paleocultural debris deposited W of bank to base and along escarpment of hill. Material from sand surface blowouts includes Clovis, Oxbow, McKean, Duncan, Hanna, Pelican Lake, and side-notched points. Coll 1970 by E Anderson; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth for J F V Millar, Univ Saskatchewan. 2280 ± 65 S-571. Heron site, Unit A67 330 BC Charcoal (NMC-393) from sandy clay zone, depth 63cm. 2330 ± 70 S-572. Heron site, Units B16 and B19 380 BC Charcoal and bone (NMC-394) combined sample from sand and clay zone, depth 32cm. General Comment (JFVM): close results appear to date this horizon in both parts of site. Clovis and Oxbow material came from large blowout area between excavations. 2680±75 S-575. Zoerb site, Saskatchewan 730 BC Charred bone from lowest of 2 occupation layers, Zoerb site (51° 59' N, 107° 02' W). Upper layer, ca 15cm below surface, contained much bone and Avonlea type points. Lower layer, separated from upper occupation by 45 to 60cm yellow sand, contained no diagnostic artifacts. Coll 1970 by W Pendree; subm 1970 by W 0 Kupsch, Dept Geol Sci, Univ Saskat- chewan. Comment (WP): date too recent. 2440 ± 75 S-578. Constance Bay site, Ontario 490 BC Charcoal from Constance Bay Site 1 (BiGa-2), SW side of Constance Bay, 48km W of Ottawa, Ontario (45° 29' N, 76° 04' W). Single com- ponent site produced ceramics, lithics, fragments of copper, galena, mica and bone, hearth features and an apparent red-ocher burial marked by a possible petroform effigy. Coll and subm 1970 by G D Watson. Comment (GDW): date and pottery types place site in Middle Woodland period University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 335 about same age as Burley site (Jury & Jury, 1952) and Saugeen Focus Donaldson site (Wright & Anderson, 1963). Faunal material discussed elsewhere (Savage, 1972). Mitchell site series, British Columbia Charcoal from Mitchell site (EeR1-22), E bank of Fraser R N of Lillooet, British Columbia (500 44' 25" N, 121 ° 55' 30" W). Two pit houses, one with historic components only, the other containing both historic and prehistoric material. The latter exhibited 5 major occupa- tion minor floors. Artifact yield moderate and similar to material re- covered at Lochmore-Nesikep sites (Sanger, 1970). Coll 1970 by A H Stryd, Univ Calgary (now Cariboo College, Kamloops); subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. 2185 ± 85 5.580. Mitchell site, Floor C 235 BC Charcoal (NMC-396) from Sq 10-11W, 10-125, Level 5, 80 to 100cm below surface in thin stratum of charcoal and burned soil representing burned and collapsed roof. One of major floors (or roofs) best defined but not oldest. 2550 ± 80 5-581. Mitchell site, Floor E 600 BC Charcoal (NMC-397) from Sq 8-IOW, 12.9-13.95, Level 10, 100 to 110cm below surface, in well-defined charcoal lens representing living floor. 2775 ± 75 5-582. Mitchell site, Floor F 825 BC Charcoal (NMC-398) from Sq 10-11W, 14-165, 1.4 to 1.5m below sur- face and 17 to 26cm below thin stratum of Bridge R volcanic ash. Oldest floor at site. General Comment (AHS): all 3 dates reasonable and are minimum and maximum for Bridge R volcanic ash (between Floors E and F). Absence of microblades indicates that these tools probably were not used in Lil- looet area by 800 BC, ca 8 centuries earlier than previously thought. Fountain site series, British Columbia Charcoal and burned evergreen cones from Fountain site (EeRI-19), E bank of Fraser R, 12.9km N of Lillooet, British Columbia (50° 44' 30" N, 121 ° 51' 55" W). Large multicomponent village with pit houses and cache pits. Three major components: a microblade complex of BC age, a transitional period around time of Christ, and Kamloops phase, AD 1250 to 1800. Coll 1970 by A H Stryd; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. 1490 ± 70 5.583. Fountain site, 50 to 60cm depth AD 460 Charcoal (NMC-399) from Sq 28-305, 2.8-4SE, Level 5 and 6, 50 to 60cm below surface, Feature 13, small cooking oven assoc with extensive charcoal and burned soil stratum. 336 A A Rutherf ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum 1505 ± 70 S-584. Fountain site, 127cm depth AD 445 Charred evergreen cones (NMC-400) from cutbank at 84-88S, depth 127cm below surface in small oven located in basal cultural deposit, S part of site, part of oven extended into sterile glacial lake silts. General Comment (AHS): both date period between microblade and Kamloops phase components and indicate artifact mixing more extensive than thought. Arrow points assoc date with introduction of bow and ar- row to this part of British Columbia. Tezli site series, British Columbia Charcoal from Tezli site (FgSd-1), Kluskus Lakes, British Columbia (53° 04' 30" N, 124° 30' 05" W). Site, attributed to Kluskus Carrier In- dians, is on both sides of Kluskus Stream in grassy clearing with 35 pits observed. Coll 1970 by R Anderegg and P Donahue, Univ Wisconsin; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. 565 ± 65 S-585. Tezli site, Pit EE AD 1385 Charcoal (NMC-410) from Pit EE on S side of Kluskus Stream, from burned area or hearth scatter in Level 2, depth 4.5 to 7.5cm below surface. 1870 ± 100 S-586. Tezli site, Pit D AD 80 Charcoal (NMC-411) from Level 3, dark band which may represent buried A horizon, in House or Pit D, on N house ridge, 17cm below sur- face. General Comment (PD): dates acceptable. Houses on E side of stream seem later than others. Site occupied earlier than suggested by pithouses. 875 ± 95 S-587. Hennessey site, Northwest Territories AD 1075 Burned caribou bone (NMC-383) from Hennessey site (KfNm-3), SE shore of Artillery Lake, MacKenzie, N W T (62° 56' N, 108° 13' W). From hearth 90cm diam, buried 8 to 10cm below surface, at extreme S end of site. Coil 1969 by W C Noble, McMaster Univ; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. Comment (WCN): sample dates hearth later than 200 BC to AD 100 Hennessey complex at KfNm-3 (Noble, 1971). Another burned caribou bone from a circular pit structure at extreme S end of Hennessey was dated at AD 1410 (I-4550: R, 1972, v 14, p 129) which agrees with AD 1300 to 1500 Frank Channel complex. S-587 falls within Narrows phase of Taltheilei Shale tradition, dated AD 940 (GaK-1258: R, 1969, v 11, p 312) and AD 1070 (1-4973: R, 1973, v 15, p 291). Multiple occupation of Hennessey site is apparent. 2995 ± 105 S-588. Paddon site, Manitoba 1045 BC Bone (NMC-385) from Paddon site (DlLh-1), E St Paul, Manitoba (49° 59' N, 97° 03' W). From Feature 11, excavation Unit, 0, 1, and An- University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 337 nex, depth 105 to 120cm. Site stratified with Blackduck pottery in upper levels. Bone is from bison kill assoc with Larter tanged point. No dates for this point, archaeol estimates 1500 Be (MacNeish, 1958). Coil 1969 by J Mori, Manitoba Archaeol Soc; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. Comment (JM): site eroded by river. 4385 ± 155 S-589. Mittimatalik site, Northwest Territories 2435 BC Bone (NMC-387) from Mittimatalik site (PeFr-2), Pond Inlet village, W bank of creek near pipe-line, Baffin I, N W T (72° 42' N, 77° 58' W). From +8m, assoc with Pre-Dorset harpoon heads, at base of midden, 50cm thick, also containing Thule and Dorset artifacts. Thule house excavated by Mathiassen, 1923, ca 6m from Pre-Dorset find. First time Pre-Dorset harpoon heads found in apparently undisturbed location. Coll 1969 by G Mary-Rousseliere; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. Comment (GM): little known of Pre-Dorset harpoon evolution, sea level elev based age estimate at 2800 yr. S-589 date does not fit other dates (shell samples) from same region, Tay Sound. 1510 ± 135 S-590. Satut site, NWT AD 440 Bone (N1vIC-388) from Satut site (PeHa-1), W coast Eclipse Sound, S shore of flat point marking S end of Navy Board Inlet, Baffin I, N W T (72° 44' N, 80° 13' W). From Sq 7 of pure Dorset midden, +2.7m. Small area, but rich artifact site, inhabited during limited period of Dorset culture, characterized by specialized industry. Coll 1969 by G Mary- Rousseliere; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. Comment (GM): date acceptable, but ca 200 yr younger than estimate, suggests Satut site close in age to Houses 71 and 72 at Nunguvik. 2725 ± 140 S-591. Arnakadlak site, NWT 775 BC Bone (NMC-389) from Arnakadlak site (PgHb-3), 5.6km S of Nun- guvik site, on characteristic rock formation point, Baffin I, NWT (73° 00' N, 80° 38' W). From +6.5m in old tent ring, 10 to 15cm below surface. Site has 6 Thule houses at 2.5 to 4m levels and a few old-looking tent rings between 2 and lOm. Late Pre-Dorset or early Dorset site. Date could clarify transition. Coil 1969 by G Mary-Rousseliere; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. Comment (GM): only a few remains of stone industry found at site, abundant burins and burin spalls support date. 2740 ± 130 S-592. Agleruuyag site, NWT 790 BC Bone (NMC-390) from Agleruuyag site (PaHb-1), E shore of Milne Inlet, opposite Qorluktog Bay, on N shore of river, NWT (72° 03' N, 80° 28' W). From inside oval to rectangular shaped Tent Ring 1, on terrace at +25m. Short distance N are 2 Pre-Dorset tent rings; to S and W are numerous late prehistoric and modern remains. Few artifacts found sug- gest early Dorset occupation while location of tent ring would make it appear older. Coil 1969 by G Mary-Rousseliere; subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. 338 A A Ruther ford, f W ittenberg, and K McCallum Teacher's Cove series, New Brunswick Charcoal and soft-shell clam from Teacher's Cove site (BgDr-11), N side of Passamaguoddy Bay at Teacher's Cove, New Brunswick (45° 09' W, 67° 00' W). Clam-shell madden site with interesting combination of ceramics. May be latest housepit site in area. Coil 1970 by J Benmouyal for D Sanger, Nat Mus Canada (now Univ Maine); subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. 1170 ± 100 S-608. Teacher's Cove site, Feature 3a AD 780 Charcoal (NMC-450) from N 29.5, W 28.5, depth 45cm below surface, in barklined pit (Feature 3a) in Housepit 1. Should date one of last house- pits in area, which appear to die out prior to European contact. Estimated age: 1200 yr. 1635 ± 60 S-609. Teacher's Cove site, shell lens AD 315 Soft-shell clam (NMC-451) from N 31-31.5, W 27-28, in shell lens 45cm below separating Housepit 1 (upper) from Housepit 5 (lower), ca surface. Should date lower limit for Housepit 1 and post-abandonment for Housepit 5. Should be earlier than S-608, probably 1200 to 1400 yr. General Comment (DS): 2 dates agree with site stratigraphy and provide good chronologic controls for assoc grouping of artifacts as well as main house feature. S-609 somewhat younger than expected. Radio Creek site series, Northwest Territories Charcoal from Radio Creek site (NhTr-1), eroding from E river bank, MacKenzie R, Dist MacKenzie, NWT (69° 17' N, 132° 53' W). Site ca 50 to 100m N of small creek with group of abandoned cabins. Probably single component, occupied by Beluga hunters ancestral to MacKenzie Eskimos. Coil 1970 by R McGee, Nat Mus Canada (now Memorial Univ NewFoundland); subm 1970 by R Wilmeth. 350 ± 105 S-610. Radio Creek site, Sq I.20 (E) AD 1600 Charcoal (NMC-542) from Sq I-20 (E), 40 to 45cm below surface in concentration of bone, charred logs and fire-cracked rocks. 495 ± 100 S-611. Radio Creek site, Sq K-21 (S) AD 1455 Charcoal (NMC-453) from Sq K-21 (S), 35cm below surface. Outer layer of charred log in madden of bird and fish bone, pottery, and fire- cracked rocks. General Comment (RM): S-611 acceptable date. MASCA bristlecone pine curve adjusted date, AD 1350 to 1450, fits well with Kittigazuit dates and dendrochronologically dated Alaskan sequences. Date S-610 adjusts to AD 1420 to 1630, somewhat more recent than expected. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 339 Kittigazuit series, Northwest Territories Charcoal, ash, and mixed organic material from Kittigazuit site (NiTr-2), E bank of E channel of MacKenzie R of Kittigazuit Bay, Dist MacKenzie, NWT (69° 21' N, 132° 40' W). Site represents occupations by 1\1acKenzie Eskimo Beluga hunters between AD 1400 and 1900. Coil 1969 and 1970 by R McGhee; subm 1971 by R Wilmeth. 340 ± 120 S-612. Kittigazuit site, Sq R-118(n) AD 1610 Charcoal and ash (NMC-454) from Sq R-1 18(n), 65cm below surface, 355cm below datum, from upper levels of ashy deposit, (Layer 3, approx middle of occupation). 300 ± 80 S-613. Kittigazuit site, Sq N-80(c) AD 1650 Charcoal (NMC-455) from Sq N-80(c), 25 to 30cm below surface, in dark humus layer assoc with artifacts near floor of small house depression. This sec of site apparently occupied during early part of occupation period. 875 ± 70 S-614. Kittigazuit site, Sq Q-120(e) AD 1075 Mixed organic material (charcoal, hair, feather, baleen, grass) from Sq Q-120(e), (NMC-456), 190cm below surface and 400cm below datum, in small patch of organic material in E profile of sq, 20 to 30cm below base of midden Layer 4, surrounded by sterile yellow sand patched with soliflucted organic material. Sample may date Layer 5, occupation, Nortan or Birnirk, but if more recent than AD 1200 it is probably derived from base of Layer 4 by solifluction. General Comment (RM): all dates are acceptable. Cultural comparisons fit well with bristlecone pine curve adjusted dates (McGhee, 1971). Sandy Point site series, New Brunswick Charcoal from Sandy Point site (BgDs-6), W side of St Croix R, at Sandy Point, New Brunswick (45° 08' N, 67° 08' W). Early shell midden site with rocker dentate ceramics and Late Archaic points. Previous date yielded 1900 ± 100 yr BP (Y-1292: R, 1969, v 11, p 602); (Pearson, 1966). Coil 1970 by J Lavoie for D Sanger; subm 1971 by R Wilmeth. 1720 ± 335 S-617. Sandy Point site, Level 3 AD 230 Charcoal (NMC-448) from N 21.0-21.25, W 27.8-28.0, depth 2m be- low datum, 30cm from surface, bottom Level 3 in Housepit 2, possibly one of earliest housepits in area. 1410 ± 90 S-618. Sandy Point site, Level 10 AD 450 Charcoal (NMC-449) from N 21-21.5, W 27-28, 2.25m depth below datum, 70cm from surface, Level 10 in Housepit 2, assoc with calcined shell. 340 A A Rutherf ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum General Comment (DS): dates should have provided a cross-check. Large tolerance of S-617 due to poor carbon yield for radiocarbon analyses, but does, to some extent, support previous date. 1350 ± 140 S-620. Krieger site, Ontario AD 600 Charcoal from Krieger site near Chatham, Ontario (42° 25' 15" N, 82° 05' 45" W). From 35 to 43cm below surface in refuse pit containing charcoal, bone, and pottery. Site history of excavations, artifacts, and features previously described (Kidd, 1954; 1956). Coll and subm 1970 by K E Kidd, Trent Univ, Peterborough. Comment (KEK): dates occupa- tion; culture appears to forerun later Iroquoian of SW Ontario and also bears proof of Middle Woodland. Date important for early use of ossuary form of burial. 5945 ± 145 S-623. Managua, Nicaragua 3995 BC Soil from layer below mudstone containing fossilized human foot- prints (El Cauce), quarry near Managua, Nicaragua (12° 09' N, 86° 18' W). Soil horizon believed assoc with inhabitants responsible for E1 Cauce footprints. Geologic evidence suggested age of 2000 to 5000 yr (Williams, 1952). Coll and subm 1969 by A L Bryan, Univ Alberta. Comment (ALB): date supports younger origins (Bryan, 1973) and not assoc with "early man". Footprints are contemporary with early plant and animal domesti- cation and thereby early village life further N. Also demonstrates rapid accumulation of volcanic deposits from weathering horizons. 1695 ± 110 S-629. Due site, Northwest Territories AD 225 Charcoal from stratified Duc site (KjNb-7), 9.6km downstream from junction of Hanbury and Thelon Rivers, Thelon Game Sanctuary, NWT (63° 39' 34" N, 104° 28' 30" W). From thick cultural level containing 2 stemmed points, basally ground, possible transition of Hennessy Point. Similar point in Junction site dated AD 385 ± 90 yr (I-5977). Coll and subm 1971 by B C Gordon, Univ Calgary (now Nat Mus Canada). Com- ment (BCG): date reasonably agrees with Hennessy period and Junction site point assoc date, but conflicts with previous date (I-5976). 775 ± 105 S-630. Meyer site, NWT AD 1175 Charcoal from main cultural level of Meyer site (KjNb-5), 12.9km downstream from junction of Hanbury and Thelon Rivers, Thelon Game Sanctuary, NWT (63° 39' 52" N, 104° 27' 10" W). Assoc with quartzite biface fragments, scrapers, unifaces, and projectile point in hearth. Coll and subm 1971 by B C Gordon. Comment (BCG): dates quartzite arti- facts. 1970 ± 120 S-631. Long Blowout site, NWT 20 BC Charcoal from stratified Long Blowout site (KjNb-3), 12.9km down- University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 341 stream from junction of Hanbury and Thelon Rivers, Thelon Game Sanctuary, NWT (63° 40' N, 104° 25' 45" W). From 10cm above Arctic Small Tool level, assoc with quartzite biface fragments. Coll and subm 1971 by B C Gordon. Comment (BCG): dates quartzite artifacts. Junction site series, NWT Charcoal from stratified Junction site (KjNb-6), 9.6km downstream from junction of Hanbury and Thelon Rivers, Thelon Game Sanctuary, NWT (63° 39' 30" N, 104° 28' 20" W). Coll and subm 1971 by B C Gordon. 590 ± 60 5.649. Upper quartzite level AD 1360 1790 ±45 5.650. Level 3 AD 160 Assoc with worked flakes, knife, scraper and biface fragments, and red hair (bear) id by H M Appleyard. 2890 ± 125 5.632. Arctic Small Tool Level 940 BC General Comment (BCG): dates acceptable but S-650 older than expected. Hahanudan 2-house site series, Alaska Charcoal from Hahanudan 2-house site, S side of Hahanudan Lake, W interior Alaska (65° 43' 30" N, 155° 32' 30" W). Site with 2 house pits and adjacent site with 3 house pits are collectively referred to as Hahanu- dan assemblage. Shows distinctive cross-ties with Ipiutak and other mid- dle date-range Eskimo cultures. Occupation previously interpreted as Indian with Eskimo influence. Historic and contemporary occupants of region are Koyukon Athabaskans. Coll 1971 by D W Clark, Nat Mus Canada; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. 1360 ± 90 5-655. Hahanudan 2-house site, House 1 An 590 Charcoal (NMC-550) from red layer of hearth in House 1, correlated floor layer 2.1 to 2.4m from 0 point, 0 to 45.7cm S. 1285 ± 75 5.656. Hahanudan 2-house site, House 2 AD 665 Charcoal (NMC-551) from House 2, gray layers of occupation floor, 3.6 to 4m from 0 point, 152 to 183cm W. General Comment (DWC): dates within upper range of Ipiutak culture and acceptable, based on Hahanudan-Ipiutak cross-ties. Hahanudan 3-house site series, Alaska Charcoal from Hahanudan 3-house site, S side of Hahanudan Lake, Melozitna Quad, W interior Alaska (65° 42' 30" N, 155° 33' W). Site alt 65.8 to 67m above msl contains 3 housepits correlated with 2-housepit site, collectively referred to as Hahanudan assemblage. Coll 1971 by K Fladmark and W Peacock, for D W Clark; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. 342 A A Rutherf ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McGallurn 1500 ± 90 S-657. Hahanudan 3-house site, House B AD 450 Charcoal (NMC-552) from House B, burned part of probably col- lapsed superstructure, from floor at several locations within structure. 1465±75 S-658. Hahanudan 3-house site, House C AD 485 Charcoal (NMC-553) from House C, in red-stained soil 40.6cm below base of root mat, assoc with floor, 4.2m from 0 point, 137cm E. General Comment (DWC): dates in middle to upper range of Ipiutak culture and acceptable, based on Hahanudan-Ipiutak cross-ties. S-655 and -656, as well as obsidian hydration measurements, indicate 3-house site is somewhat older than 2-house site, however, assemblages from all houses are similar enough to be regarded from a single culture. 1005 ± 75 S-669. Tschetter site, Saskatchewan AD 945 Charred bone (NMC-548) from Tschetter site (FbNr-1), E edge of Dunfermline Sand Hills, Saskatchewan (52° 12' 50" N, 106° 55' 52" W). Alt ca + 506m, from Test Pit 1, Plan 6, at 42.7cm below present surface. Gray to black sand from surface to 33.5cm, underlain by bone bed 15.2cm thick. Bones underlain by 18.3cm brown sand followed by massive yellow sands. Large quantity of disarticulated buffalo bone in shallow dune de- pression indicates kill site, probably pound. Some canid, hare, and rodent bone present. Lithic assemblage dominated by recent side-notched pro- jectile points. Coll 1971 by I Dyck, Univ Alberta (now Sask Mus Nat Hist); subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (JD): dates site occupation. 1185 ± 70 S-670. Rousell site, Saskatchewan AD 765 Bone (NMC-549) from Rousell site (FbNs-2), in large stabilized sand dune depression, alt ca + 503m near Dunfermline, Saskatchewan (52° 12' 11" N, 107° 03' 01" W). From Test Pit 4, 18.3 to 27.4cm below present surface, ditch profile across site exhibits dark-brown sandy horizon to 27.4cm, underlain by massive yellow sands. Several horizontally separated concentrations of buffalo bone assoc with 1 or 2 projectile points, several bone tools, and a few chert flakes. Each concentration represents one or a few animals and is comprised of both articulated and disarticulated whole and broken bones. All points are of Avonlea type. Coll 1971 by J Dyck; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (JD): dates site occupation. 2405 ± 80 S-671. Saatut site, Northwest Territories 455 BC Bone (NMC-406) from Saatut site (PeHa-1), W coast Eclipse Sound, S shore of point marking entrance of Navy Board Inlet, Baffin I., NWT (72° 43' N, 80° 13' W). From Sq 2 of house depression, <40m from main part of site, but twice the height above sea level. Artifacts similar to main site, but location would suggest older period. Coll 1969 by Fr G Mary- University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 343 Rousseliere, Catholic Mission, Pond Inlet; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (GM): date seems too old, estimated occupation 1700 to 1800 yr BP. Nunguvik site series, NWT Bone and burned material from Nunguvik site (PgHb-1), S of Low Point, W coast of Navy Board Inlet, N Baffin I, NWT (73° 01' 30" N, 80° 38' W). Most extensive site found to date in N Baffin, signs of occupation during most of Dorset and Thule periods. Thule houses on 12m terrace. Coll 1970 by Fr G Mary-Rousseliere; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. 2655 ± 80 S-672. Nunguvik site, Dorset House 705 BC Bone and burned material (NMC-407) from lower level of house depression on 12m terrace containing early Dorset material. Probably represents earliest occupation of site. Artifacts generally similar to those from Tyara (Taylor, 1968) but much higher proportion of burins. Tyara dates (R, 1973, v 15, p 37) 2600 to 2700 yr BP. 1100 ± 135 S-673. Nunguvik site, Thule House 52 AD 850 Bone (NMC-408) from floor of Thule house on 12m terrace, but iso- lated and > 200m from early Thule House 42 (S-477: R, 1973, v 15, p 203) with 1st occupation AD 1090, House 52 seems to have been inhabited for short period and never reoccupied. Artifacts indicate early Thule period, only 2 harpoon heads recovered or rare Thule Type 1. General Comment (GM): early Dorset House 46 fits estimate. 400-yr re- duction (McGhee and Tuck, in press) and adjusting by the Suess curve gives 420 BC, the corrected date for Tyara. AD 850 is too old, but corrected date, AD 1270 by above method, fits with 2 dates obtained on plant ma- terial for earlier Thule House 42; AD 1210 and 1235 corrected dates S-477 and 516 (R, 1973, v 15, p 202-203). 865 ± 130 S-674. Tununeg site, NWT AD 1085 Bone (NMC-409) from Tununeg 1\1t, Baffin I, NWT (72° 02' 30" N, 80° 54' W). From floor of House A, + lOm, 1 of 7 very old-looking and overgrown Thule houses, obviously not reoccupied in modern times. Old tent rings and a few graves present. Most artifacts appear like early Thule, but presence of drilled lashing holes in Thule Type II harpoon head suggests more recent occupation than Nunguvik House 42 and 52. Coll 1970 by Fr G Mary-Rousseliere; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (GM): date much too old for a middle Thule house. If age reduced by 400 yr (McGhee Sc Tuck, in press) and then adjusted by Suess Curve to AD 1435, it falls into 500-yr age estimate of occupation. Wabinosh River site series, Ontario Charcoal from Wabinosh River site (EaJf-1), N bank of Wabinosh R, last rapid before entrance to Wabinosh Bay, Lake Nipigon, Ontario 344 A A Ruther f ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum (500 03' N, 88° 57' W). Large village in Boreal forest at excellent fishing pool. Upper terrace appears to be pure component of Laurel tradition, while lower terrace appears to be multi-component site chronologically blending into Lake Woodland. Coll 1968 by KCA Dawson, Lakehead Univ; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. 1095 ± 180 5-600. Wabinosh River site, upper terrace AD 885 Charcoal (NMC-46.7) from hearth at edge of upper terrace, grid ref N180 WO (Test Pit 24). Laurel tradition ceramics recovered from hearth. 710 ± 175 5.681. Wabinosh River site, upper terrace AD 1240 Charcoal (NMC-468) from hearth in upper terrace, grid ref N175 E90, Level II, 5.1 to 10.2cm. Assoc with Laurel tradition ceramics. 350 ± 100 5.682. Wabinosh River site, upper terrace AD 1600 Charcoal (NMC-469) from small hearth-like feature at depth 10.2cm, Test Pit 12, grid ref N l55 E45. Hearth contained Blackduck focus rim- sherd with Laurel Dentate Stamped decoration, probably representing period of transition from Laurel to Blackduck, AD 800 to 1000. General Comment (KCAD): site, apart from limited late historic logging operations, is still in undisturbed forest. This, and recovery of material underlying forest duff may, in part, account for unexpected late dates. Data suggests terminal dates for Laurel tradition in N Boreal forest later than S areas. Hence, 5-680 is acceptable date; 5-681 appears late, but given assoc with a Laurel projectile point, pseudo-scallop shell, and dentate pottery, it cannot be completely rejected; and likewise for 5-682 overlying transitional Laurel-Blackduck vessel and 1 blue trade bead. 1120 ± 75 5.683. Snyder Dam site, Manitoba AD 830 Bone (NMC-470) from Snyder Dam site, 11-lanitoba (49° 10' N, 101° 00' W). From lower of 2 hearths excavated on river bank, 122cm below surface at top of bank. Bone found in and on top of ash lens, assoc with cultural material, fragments of thick crude Woodland vessel, a small shallow side-notched point, and 6 flakes of knife river flint. Pottery vessel resembles Flanders Crockery Creek ceramics from S-central Michigan (Losey, oral commun) and somewhat like Canteen cordmarked ware. First date from W Canada with this type of pottery; will help determine periods of E Woodland ceramics into NE Plains, as well as degree of over- lap and co-existence of ceramic traditions. Coil 1970 by K Williams and J Yeo for L Syms; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (LS): date is satis- factory although it appears to be slightly early. Dates 5-741 of 1010 ± 60 yr BP on charcoal and 5-739 of 925 ± 70 yr BP on bone, from same occu- pation cluster fairly closely. Range of AD 880 to 1000 assigned to this com- ponent based on charcoal date and because the 2 bone dates overlap either end of this range. None of the dates corrected for 14C fluctuations. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 345 1095 ± 130 5.684. Cormie Ranch site, Alberta AD 855 Bone (NMC-471) from Cormie Ranch site (FiPp-300), Alberta (53° 20' N, 114° 35' W). From Occupation Layer 1, Loc 1, L-h horizon at base, in Unit 7.6m N, Om E, at 6m below surface. Site at + 749.2m, stratified with 3 components consisting of living floors resting within eolian sands of former beach. Cultural affiliation unknown, occurrence of large Besant- like projectile points suggests AD 500. Stratum containing Layer 1 is dis- tinct from lower eolian sands. Radical change in environment and faunal assemblage apparent. Coil 1970 by T C Losey, Univ Alberta; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (TCL): occupation Layer 1 date consistent with site stratigraphy. Postulated "radical environment change" only apparent because 250 yr between Layer 1 (AD 855) and Layer 2 (AD 605) probably too short to allow a shift of magnitude indicated by faunal and artifact assemblages. Apparent shift may be due merely to local stabilization of beach environment through normal ecologic process of adaptation to local hunting and gathering economics. 110 ± 325 5.692. Fisherman Lake, NWT AD 1840 Bone (NMC-694) from Fisherman Lake site (JcRw-51), ca 19.3km NW of Fort Liard of Amoco (Canada) Petroleum Ltd gasline, NWT (60° 30' N, 123° 25' W). From layer of humus 3 and 30cm depth. Single com- ponent late prehistoric site. Coil 1971 by G Hilderman for J V i\Iillar, Univ Saskatchewan; subm 1972 by R Wilmeth. Comment (JVM): date appears late, but archaeologic evidence would place occupation several hundred yr earlier. No European-derived artifacts found. Duc site series, NWT Charcoal from Duc site (KkNb-7), 9.lm above prominent caribou crossing of Thelon R and ca 30.5 to 45.7m from river flood level, Dist MacKenzie, NWT (63° 39' 34" N, 104° 28' 30" W). Prominent glacio- lacustrine sand ridge, remnant of Glacial Lake Thelon, ca 167.6m above mean sea level, N bank steep and eroding with materials scattered along ice-push bank. Coil 1971 by J Hunston and R Jones for B C Gordon, Nat Mus Canada; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. 2440 ± 120 5.711. Due site, Early Chipewyan layer 490 BC Charcoal mixed with sand (NMC-515) from early Chipewyan layer Sq 1, ON OE, from above Arctic Small Tool tradition material in ad- jacent sq. Estimated age: 500 yr. 5.712. Due site, combined Layers 4 and 5 Modern Charcoal mixed with sand (NMC-516) from hearth 13cm below sur- face in combined Layers 4 and 5 (late Chipewyan). Estimated age: 300 to 400 yr. 346 A A Ruther f ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum 2445 ± 75 5.665. Due site, Arctic Small Tool Layer 505 BC Charcoal mixed with sand (NMC-517) from Arctic Small Tool tradi- tion hearth containing many artifacts, Sq 11, 8N 6E estimated age: 900 to 1000 BC. 2355 ± 80 5.715. Due site, Early Chipewyan layer 405 BC Charcoal (NMC-572) from Early Chipewyan layer, Sq 2, 2N OE, assoc with stemmed point. Estimated age: 1600 to 1700 yr. 1150 ± 85 5.716. Due site, Late Chipewyan layer AD 800 Charcoal (NMC-573) from Layer 4, Sq 4, 4N OE. Dates Nanton vari- ety Plains side-notched point. Estimated age: AD 1500 to 1700. 5.717. Due site, Boundary Layers 3 and 4, 845 ± 115 (Middle Chipewyan layers) AD 1105 Charcoal (NMC-574) from area where Layers 3 and 4 merge, assoc with eared projectile point and an Avonlea style side-notched point. Esti- mated age: AD 1000 to 1400. 5.735. Due site, below Early Chipewyan and 5010 ± 225 Arctic Small Tool layers 3060 BC Charcoal (NMC-581) from below basal layer, Test Pit 1, Sq 12, un- derlying diamond-plan ground projectile point. Estimated age: 1500 to 2500 BC. 1465 ± 195 5.736. Due site, Layer 4 (Lake Chipewyan) AD 485 Charcoal (NMC-582) from Layer 4, assoc with projectile point basal sec resembling those of Frank Channel complex (Noble, 1971). Estimated age: AD 1200 to 1500. 2345 ± 170 5.737. Due site, Early Chipewyan layer 395 BC Charcoal (NMC-583) from Layer 1, Sq 3, 2N 2E, 45 to 50cm depth. Estimated age: 1500 to 1600 yr. General Comment (BCG): dates Chipewyan cultures earlier than ex- pected from other dated Chipewyan sites in sub-arctic. 5-665 appears too young compared to 900 to 1200 Be dates for Arctic Small Tool tradition at Junction site several 100m from this site. 1025 ± 120 5.713. Savoie site, New Brunswick AD 925 Charcoal (NMC-567) from Savoie site, Bif Tracadie R, 5.6km above mouth, 366m above Tommy's Point, New Brunswick (47° 27' N, 65° 45' W). From Unit H, S end of site, depth 25.4 to 30.5cm in matrix of undis- turbed brown sand mixed with white ash, underlying and among rock feature. Small prehistoric fishing campsite, probably simple occupation during summer or fall. Ceramic assemblage suggests Late Woodland. mani- University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 347 festation, probably Micmac in cultural affiliation. Should provide good date for Late Woodland occupation of region. Coll 1972 by D L Keenly- side; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (DLK): acceptable date gen- erally agreeing with expected range, AD 1000 to 1500. Assoc ceramic and lithic assemblages typologically and chronologically correspond closely to Carson site (S-510: R, 1973, v 15, p 206). 1155 ± 130 S-714. Cayuga Bridge site, Ontario AID 795 Charcoal (NMC-568) from Cayuga Bridge site (AfGx-1), on low al- luvial river flat, W bank Grand R, on either side of hwy bridge at Cayuga (42° 55' N, 79° 53' W). From Profile 1, pit Feature 1, Stratum 4, depth 1.2 to 1.4m. Site consists of 12 superimposed strata of which 3 are cultural. Strata 2a, 2c, and 4 appear to represent Princess Point complex; material from 4 being early Princess Point. A date for this site and that for late Porteous site should bracket Princess Point complex in temporal terms. Coil 1970 by D M Stothers for D L Keenlyside; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (DMS): pit contained grit-tempered, collarless everted and splayed rims, and cord-roughened body sherds. Rims are decorated with cord-wrapped stick impressions and deep encircling exterior punctates with interior bosses. Wide-based "Levanna-like" points and hollow coni- cal antler tine projectile points also assoc. Lamellar flakes, native copper, and burned marginella shells recovered from same pit feature. Immature white-tail deer faunal remains and other factors attest to late spring- summer occupation. Site believed to be late, early phase of Princess Point complex, ca AD 500 to 750. 1980 ± 70 S-721. Grant Anchorage, site, British Columbia 30 BC Charcoal (NMC-364) from Grant Anchorage site (FcTe-4), on Hig- gins Passage, S end of Swindle I., Laredo Sound, British Columbia (52° 29' N, 128° 45' W). From Sec A, Unit I-C, S 2.5m, E 1.5m, depth 2.3m. Large shell midden and village site, in historic territory of Kitasa (S Tsimpshian). Sample from lowest cultural level, overlying sterile gravels. Coil 1972 by B 0 Simonsen, Archaeol Sites Advisory B, British Columbia; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (BOS): date somewhat later than previous date of 2090 ± 100 yr BP (Gak-2757: R, 1973, v 15, p 63) from layer 71cm above S-721, which should have been older. Gak-2757 date almost identical to Gak-2755 date; both may represent charred remains of same cultural feature (Simonsen, 1973). 1380 ± 70 S-722. Manyfingers site, Alberta AD 570 Bone (N11'1C-560) from Manyfingers site (DhPj-31), E side Belly R, on 1st terrace, S Alberta (49° 17' N, 113° 33' W). From Test 5, Level 11, 126cm below surface. Multi-terrace terrain, multicomponent camp and processing area of 20,000sq m being eroded by the river. Deposits range from 70 to 140cm thickness. Occupation level contained butchered bison bone, large chopping and cutting tools assoc with anvil stone. No pro- 348 A A Rutherf ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum jectile points found in Test 5. Both Late Plains side-notched and Avonlea points occur in well-defined layers on 2nd terrace. Sample from lowest terrace probably early Avonlea or Besant. Coil 1972 by P Perry for J M Quigg, Univ Calgary; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (JMQ): date correlates with estimated age of Avonlea culture in S Alberta. Artifacts from this culture occur in a dense occupation layer in overlying terrace (lm). These include small side-notched points (Avonlea), end scrapers, retouched flakes, unifaces, choppers, and knot impressed pottery. Also, quantities of butchered bone and fire-broken rock were present. DgPk-75 site series, Alberta Charcoal from W side Belly R, on 1st terrace S Alberta (49° 08' N, 113 ° 40' W). Late plains camp on terrace 3m above flood plain. Stratified campsite in 70cm alluvium with well separated occupations in 3 burned Ah soil horizons. Firecracked rocks, ceramics, flakes, butchered bone, and a few tools present in Occupation III. Material sparse in lower units (Quigg, 1973). Coil 1972 by J M Quigg and J Walker, Univ Calgary; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. 630 ± 135 5.723. DgPk-75 site, Test 4 AD 1320 Charcoal (N11'1C-561) from stone-lined hearth in Test 4, Level 2, 22cm below datum, at 55E, S wall. 1200 ± 170 5.724. DgPk-75 site, Test 3 AD 750 Charcoal (NMC-562) from floor of Test 3, Level 6, 50 to 59cm below datum. General Comment (JMQ): 5-723 falls within range of Old Women's phase Northwestern Plains and cross-checks with ceramics, Plains Triangular Point, and numerous obsidian hydration dates obtained from specimens also assoc with hearth. 5-724 falls at terminus of Avonlea phase or start of Old Women's phase. Though no culturally diagnostic material was recovered from this occupation, similarities in debris on living floor, lithic types, and obsidian hydration dates place it in Old Women's phase. If correct, date is one of earliest for this phase. Riviere au Bouleau 1 site series, Quebec Charcoal from Riviere au Bouleau 1 site (EbKj-2), N shore St Lawrence R, Quebec (50° 17' 3" N, 65° 31' 6" W). Large site 100m x 50m in Boreal forest, in podzolic soil. Cultural affiliation; late Archaic and Middle Woodland. Coil 1972 by P Somcynsky and D Chevrier; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. 4980 ± 210 5.729. Riviere au Bouleau 1 site, Pit 15,103E 3030 BC Charcoal (NMC-569) from Pit 1S, 103E, depth below surface 24cm, below zero line 13.4m. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 349 935 ± 85 5.730. Riviere au Bouleau 1 site, Pit 25,107E AD 1015 Charcoal (NMC-570) from Pit 2S, 107E, depth below surface 13cm, below zero line 13.16m. General Comment (DC): dates do not seem to correspond to archaeol data of 2-component site. 7245 ± 255 5.731. Stampede site, Alberta 5295 BC Charred bone and charcoal (NMC-571) from Layer 12A Stampede site (KjOn-117), Cypress Hills Prov Park, Alberta (490 40' N, 1100 15' W). From shallow unlined hearth in cultural Layer 12A, 351cm below surface, 50cm below 1t 1 fazama ash, in NWI sq 12E 225. Site is a deep, well stratified multicomponent campsite on a flood plain at N base of Cypress Hills. Fine sands, sandy clay interrupted occasionally by thin Ah soil de- velopments, some assoc with human occupation; Besant, Pelican Lake, Oxbow, Bitter Root. Coll 1972 by E Gryba, Univ Alberta, Edmonton (now Univ Manitoba) and D Cardinal, Univ Alberta; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (EG): date places material from Layer 12A well with- in range of 1\Iummy Cave cultural complex for Northern Plains. 3560 ± 105 5.738. Seahorse Gully site, Manitoba 1610 BC Sea shell (NMC-395) from Seahorse Gully site, on 35m high quartzite ridge along E shore Button Bay, W coast Hudson Bay, W side of mouth Churchill R, Churchill, Manitoba (58° 45' N, 94° 15' W). From 10.1 to 15.2cm below present gravel surface, below occupation layers of pre- Dorset Eskimo houses. Shells probably all deposited at some time. Pre- Dorset Eskimo occupation with oval and rectangular tent-rings scattered over ridge. Dwellings excavated yielded artifacts of Arctic Small Tool tradition (Meyer, 1970). Should indicate time of Hudson Bay waters at ridge level (35m above present level) and time interval between gravel bar formation and initial occupation 950 Bc (5-521: R, 1973, v 15, p 209). Coll 1968 by R J Nash, Manitoba Mus Man & Nature for D Meyer, McMaster Univ; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (DM): date accepted as time period when Hudson Bay waters were 35m above present level (Andrews et al, 1971). 1975 ± 310 5.747. Ice Mountain site 3, British Columbia 25 BC Charcoal (NMC-426) from Ice Mountain site 3 (IaTr-2), 22.5km NE of Telegraph Creek, on Telegraph Creek Rd, at confluence of Stikine and Tahltan R, at ca +152.4m (58° N, 131° W). From pit SO WO, 123cm be- low datum. Series of obsidian hydration age estimates range from 475 yr in uppermost layer to 2940 yr. Little is known of cultural affiliation repre- sented by artifacts. Sample analyzed for radiocarbon control on hydration sequence. Coll 1969 by J W Smith, Univ Calgary (now Los Angeles, Cali- 350 A A Ruther ford, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum fornia); subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (JWS): date falls in general range expected. Boardwalk site series, British Columbia Charcoal from Boardwalk site (GbTo-31), NW side of Elizabeth Point, Digby I, Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia (540 17' 40" N, 130° 22' 35" W). Prehistoric winter village of Gispakloats tribe of Tsimshian. Shell midden containing ca 310,000cu m cultural material. Coil 1968 and 1969 by R I Inglis and G F MacDonald, Nat Mus Canada; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. 3170 ± 110 S-748. Boardwalk site, Area B, Level 17 1220 BC Charcoal (NMC-587) from Sq 16, concentrated in central area of sq, depth 251.5 to 256.5cm. Matrix of crushed shell, gravel, and decomposed rocks, in dark brown soil. 3425 ± 205 S-751. Boardwalk site, Area B, Level 16 1475 BC Charcoal (NMC-590) from Sq 16, concentrated in NE quad, depth 228.6 to 238.8cm. Matrix of crushed shell, gravel, and decomposed rock in brown soil. 1695±75 S-754. Boardwalk site, Area B, Level 10 AD 255 Charcoal (N1\/IC-593) from Sq 16, NW quad, depth 137.2cm to 144.8cm in a concentrated pocket surrounded by a matrix of burned clam and mussel shells. Should date early levels of upper horizon. 4230 ± 220 S-752. Boardwalk site, Area B, Level 14 2280 BC Charcoal (NMC-591) from Sq G6, SW corner, depth 228.6m; 2.5cm layer 50.8cm long in matrix of crushed and burned shells, brown soil. Should date basal layers of deposit, ca 2000 BC. 1870 ± 75 S-753. Boardwalk site, Area B, Level 8 AD 100 Charcoal (NMC-592) from Sq G6, NW quad, 111.8 to 119.4cm below surface, in a matrix of burned shells and black soil. Assoc with a heavy concentration of artifacts including a miniature ceremonial club. 1270 ± 190 S-749. Boardwalk site, Area C, Level 1 AD 680 Charcoal (NMC-588) from Sq N45 E25, 25.4cm below datum in light brown matrix. Should date upper level burials from shell ridge in Area C. 3625 ± 105 S-750. Boardwalk site, Area D, Level 11 1675 BC Charcoal (NMC-589) from Sq E2, 259cm below datum and 5cm above basal clays, NW quad, in matrix of dark soil with crushed clam and mus- sel, decomposed rocks. Will date lower levels of Area D ca 2000 Be. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 351 General Comment (RI): all dates show localization of occupation during various periods, ie, a given date from one area cannot be applied to whole site occupation. S-752 is earliest date for site with occupation time span > 4000 yr. S-748 and -751 are acceptable in general temporal context. Two other dates from some excavation unit S-472 (3460 ± 80 yr BP at 365.8cm below datum) and S-473 (3450 ± 80 yr BP at 289.6cm below datum) (R, 1973, v 15, p 201) fit into same period confirming some sort of localized rapid deposition. Further evidence of rapid buildup and some stratigraphic mixing comes from an individual dog burial extending from 213.4 to 251.5cm below datum. S-750 dates initial occupation of Area D, ca 600 yr after Area B. S-749 provides a terminal date for use of shell ridge of Area C for a burial area, AD 700, 1100 yr before abandon- ment of site. 1285 ± 145 S-777. Gladstone site, Yukon AD 665 Artiodactyl long bone shaft fragments (NMC-665) from Gladstone site (JhVg-1), E shore Kluane Lake, W of mouth Gladstone Creek, Yukon (61° 20' N, 138° 40' W) at 792m above mean sea level. From Sq N5 E47, Level F1, 5 to 10cm below White R volcanic ash, sealed within top of paleosol known as Slims soil (red zone) uppermost unit of Kluane loess. Sample from largest concentration of bone, major component of site (Gladstone phase). Site stratified with 3 components. Should date Glad- stone phase and latest deposit increments of Slims soil parent material, ca 5000 to 6000 yr BP. Coil 1973 by R E Morlan and J R Hunston, Nat 11Ius Canada; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. Comment (REM): date much more recent than expected, either estimate is wrong or sample is unsuit- able in some way, eg, leaching with younger carbon. Charcoal samples submitted to clarify meaning of site. Cactus Flower site series, Alberta Charcoal and bone from Cactus Flower site (EbOp-16) on flood plain of South Saskatchewan R Alberta (50° 15' N, 110° 38' W). Ten defined occupation layers, designated u (most recent) to X (earliest). Occupations well separated stratigraphically by units of alluvium derived apparently from periodic flooding. Occupations u and II are Pelican Lake, and III-IX attributable to McKean complex. Diagnostic material has not yet been recovered from Occupation X. Coil 1973 by E A Simmonds, N Krell, and J Brumley, Univ Calgary; subm 1973 by R Wilmeth. 4130 ± 85 S-782. Cactus Flower site, Occupation VIII 2180 sc Charcoal (NMC-628) from excavation Unit 1, NW1 Sq 6S-4W and SE1 Sq 4S-6E, Occupation VIII from within and next to Feature 13, a basin hearth. Will date primarily McKean complex component ca 3500 to 4500 yr BP. 352 A A Ruther f ord, J W ittenberg, and K J McCallum 2130 } 130 S-783. Cactus Flower site, Occupation IX 180 BC Charcoal (NMC-629) from excavation Unit 3, from 1 to 4m W of datum, Occupation IX. Pieces of charcoal scattered over broad area of living floor. Will date earliest defined McKean complex occupation. 3625 ± 80 S-784. Cactus Flower site, Occupation IV 1675 BC Bone (NMC-630) from excavation Unit 5, all areas, Occupation IV. Unid, bone fragments throughout excavation unit. Will date terminal or near terminal age for 1\'1cKean complex at site and probably entire region. 3890 ± 160 S-820. Cactus Flower site, Occupation VI 1940 BC Bone (NMC-631) from excavation Unit 5, all areas. Unid, bone frag- ments throughout excavation unit. Occupation contains 11IcKean ma- terials. Will indicate time difference between this and other McKean occupations. 3725 ± 95 S-821. Cactus Flower site, Occupation X 1775 BC Charcoal (NMC-632) from excavation Unit 1, scattered chunks of charcoal in and around poorly defined surface hearth (Feature 19). Will date earliest occupation of site, lacking diagnostic artifacts. 3620 ± 95 S-822. Cactus Flower site, Occupation IV 1670 BC Charcoal (NMC-633) from excavation Unit 1, Sq 4S-12W. Large pieces from hearth area. Will date uppermost defined McKean component in unit. 3615 ± 95 S-823. Cactus Flower site, Occupation VI 1665 BC Charcoal (NMC-634) from excavation Unit 5, Sq OS 4W, from basin hearth, Feature 21, check sample on S-820. General Comment (JB): with exception of S-783, dates are acceptable and agree with McKean complex dates from elsewhere on plains.

REFERENCES Andrews, J T, McGhee, R, and McKenzie-Pollock, L, 1971, Comparisons of elevations of archaeologic sites and calculated sea levels in Arctic Canada: Arctic, v 24, no. 3. Bryan, A L, 1973, New light on Ancient Nicaraguan footprints: Archaeology, v 26, p 146-147. Buckley, James, 1973, Isotopes' radiocarbon measurements X: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 291. Buckley, J D and Willis, E H, 1972, Isotopes' radiocarbon measurements IX: Radiocar- bon, v 14, p 129. Christiansen, E A (ed), 1970, Physical environment of Saskatoon, Canada: Ottawa, Natl Research Council Pub no. 11378. 1971, Geology of the Crater Lake collapse structure in southeastern Saskat- chewan: Canadian Jour Earth Sci, v 8, p 1505-1513. David, P P, 1970, Discovery of in Saskatchewan: Canadian Jour Earth Sci, v 7, p 1579-1583. University of Saskatchewan Radiocarbon Dates VI 353 Jury, W and Jury, E, 1952, The Burley site: Univ Western Ontario, Bull 9, London, Ontario. Kidd, K E, 1954, A woodland site near Chatham, Ontario: Royal Canadian Inst, Trans, v30,pt2,p 141-178. 1956, A brief study of the human remains from the Krieger woodland site in southwestern Ontario: Pennsylvania Archaeologist, v 26, no. 1, p 15-26. Kigoshi, K, Aizawa, H, and Suzuki, N, 1969, Gakushuin natural radiocarbon measure- ments VII: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 312. Kigoshi, K, Suzuki, N, and Fukatsu, H, 1973, Gakushuin natural radiocarbon measure- ments VIII: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 63. MacNeish, R S, 1955, Two archaeological sites on Great Bear Lake, Northwest Terri- tories, Canada: Nat Mus Canada, Bull 136, p 54-84. 1958, An introduction to the archaeology of southeast Manitoba: Nat Mus Canada, Bull 157, Anthropol ser no. 44. 1964, Investigations in southwest Yukon: archaeological excavations, com- parisons and speculations: R S Peabody Foundation achaeol paper, v 6, no. 2, Andover, Massachusetts. McCallum, K J and Wittenberg, J, 1968, University of Saskatchewan radiocarbon dates V: Radiocarbon, v 10, p 366-367. McGhee, R, 1971, Excavation at Kittigazuit: The Beaver, p 34-39, Winnipeg, Canada. McGhee, R and Tuck, J, Updating the Arctic: School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico, (in press). Meyer, D, 1970, PreDorset settlements at the Seahorse gully site: Masters thesis, Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Noble, W C, 1971, Archaeological surveys and sequences in central District of Mac- Kenzie, NWT: Arctic Anthropology, v 8, no. 1, p 102-135, Madison, Wisconsin. Pearson, R J, 1966, Some recent archaeological discoveries from Prince Edward Island: Anthropologica, v 8, no. 1, p 101-109. Quigg, J M, Belly River valley prehistory: MA thesis, Univ Calgary. Rutherford, A A, Wittenberg, J, and McCallum, K J, 1973, University of Saskatchewan radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 204. Sanger, D, 1970, The archaeology of the Lockmore-Nesikep locality, British Columbia: Syesis, v 3, supp 1, Victoria. Savage, H, 1972, Faunal material from the Constance Bay site no. 1: Ontario Archaeol Pub 18, Toronto. Simonsen, B 0, 1973, Archaeological investigations in the Hecate Strait-Melbank Sound area of British Columbia: Mercury ser, Archaeol Survey of Canada, paper 13, Nat Mus Canada. Stuiver, Minze, 1969, Yale natural radiocarbon measurements IX: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 602. Taylor, W E, 1968, The Arnapik and Tyara sites: and archaeological study of Dorset culture origins: Soc American Archaeol, mem 22, Salt Lake City, Utah. Williams, H, 1952, Geologic observations on the ancient human footprint near Managua, Nicaragua: Carnegie Inst Washington Pub 596, p 1-31. Wright, J V, 1968, The Michipicoten site, Ontario: Nat Mus Canada Bull 224, Ottawa. and Anderson, J E, 1963, The Donaldson site: Nat Mus Canada, Bull 184, Ottawa. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 354-363] SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY RADIOCARBON DATE LIST II HERBERT HAAS Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275 and VANCE HAYNES Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721

INTRODUCTION All samples described in this date list have been dated from Novem- ber 1973 to January 1975. Only the benzene liquid scintillation installa- tion was used during this time. For the combustion of soil and fossil bone samples containing a high content of sulfur (ie, in the form of pyrite), a new CO2 extraction and cleaning system was built. The gases released by the combustion are dried in ice and dry ice traps, passed through hot copper oxide and bubbled through KOH solution. Following the com- bustion, the K2C03 precipitate is acidified in the same vessel where it formed and the released CO2 is again dried in a dry ice trap and by pass- ing it through ascarite. This CO2 gas is quite clean and can be brought to the original system where the gas volume is measured. Further process- ing is as previously described (Haynes and Haas, 1974). During 1974 numerous experiments were conducted to improve con- version yields as well as gas and benzene purity. This has led to changes in our procedures and publication of the details was delayed. Thus, our article on procedures and counting methods will be submitted for publi- cation shortly. For our present date list, we used the 5568 year half-life, 95% NBS oxalic acid activity and 1950 as reference for AD/BC dates. The description of each sample is based on information provided by the submitter. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The laboratory is supported by the Institute for the Study of Earth and Man (ISEM) and by the National Science Foundation (Grant DES72- 01582 A01). The National Geographic Society is supporting archaeologic excavations at the Murray Springs and Lehner Ranch Clovis sites. Valu- able technical assistance in the laboratory was provided by Nancy Neu- bert, Steven Haney, Bijan Rafipour and James Novak; secretarial work by Barbara Doolin. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLE SMU-124. Ostrich egg shell (163.0±.8%) modern Egg bought in market at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1973 by P Jeschofnig. Date is from carbonate of shell. 354 Herbert Haas and Vance Haynes 355

II. GEOCHRONOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Arizona Murray Springs Ranch series Outcropping of Unit F. "black mat" in tributary gulley of Curry Draw on N side of Southern Pacific RR tracks opposite Murray home site ° (31 34' 30" N, 110° 10' 07" W) Cochise Co, Arizona. Coil 1970 by C V Haynes. 10,680 ± 140 SMU-109. Insoluble soil organic matter (20.2a) 8730 BC 9420 ± 80 SMU-130. Humates, 1st extraction (20.2b1) 7470 BC 9190 ± 250 SMU-133. Humates, 2nd extraction (20.2b2) 7240 BC Comment: date for insoluble residue is probably correct. Grass Circle trench series Circular depression (31° 33' 40" N, 110° 10' 05" W) on pediment surface 1.4km S of Murray Springs, Cochise Co, Arizona contains sedi- ments and compound soils and supports .7ha desert grassland within area of Chihuahuan desert shrub. Co111968 by C V Haynes. 6540 ± 190 SMU-91. Humates (1st extraction) 13.2B1 4590 BC Lower of 2 samples of black soil co11.6m below surface at 20 + 00 E. 6050 ± 200 SMU-92. Humates (2nd extraction) 13.2B2 4100 BC Comment: Does not agree with date of 4340 ± 140 (Tx-1175) on in- soluble soil residue, which apparently could not be purified of contami- nating plant matter. Double Adobe series Laminated marl overlying mammoth bones ca 400m S of Double Adobe store in W bank of Whitewater Draw, Arizona (31° 28' N, 109° 42' W). Coll and subm 1970 by C V Haynes. 9730 ± 100 SMU-129. Marl carbonate 7780 BC 10,980 ± 90 SMU-128. Marl carbonate 9030 BC Comments (HH): marl was subm in a block measuring 14cm across the laminae. A 2cm slice was removed from each end for dating. (CVH): unfortunately sample orientation was lost in transit but presumably sam- ple ages are consistent with top and bottom laminae. Dates are older than charcoal date of 8920 ± 1150 (Tx-1199) from underlying sand and gravel alluvium. A component of "dead" carbon in the aqueous environment is suggested. 356 Herbert Haas and Vance Haynes Cerros Negros marl series Marl from Cerros Negros site, 6.4km SE of San 1\Ianuel, Arizona (32° 32' N, 1100 33' W). Coil and subm 1974 by J C Liddicoat. Samples listed in stratigraphic order from top to bottom of sec. 16,430 ± 180 SMU-113. Marl #3 carbonate 14,480 BC 20,390 ± 270 SMU-112. Marl #2 carbonate 18,440 BC 16,380 ± 480 SMU-146. Marl #2 organic residue 14,430 BC 22,930 ± 370 SMU-111. Marl #1 carbonate 20,980 BC SMU-143. Marl #1 organic residue >31,890 Comments (CVH & JCL): carbonate dates SMU-113 and -112 agree with previous results at Univ Texas (R, 1975, v 17, p 59-60) which may be minimum dates, but organic residues derived from pyrolyses are incon- sistent and apparently contaminated (JCL): SMU-111 is not concordant with Tx-978 (26,180 ± 960) or Tx-974 (27,410 ± 1120). Lehner Ranch Arroyo series In 1974 archaeologic and geologic studies were renewed at Clovis mammoth-kill site on Lehner ranch (310 25' 23" N, 1100 06' 48" W) Cochise Co, Arizona. Coll and subm 1974 by C V Haynes except as indi- cated. 4330 ± 200 SMU-93. Soil humates 2380 BC First and 2nd humate extractions, combined, from reddish-brown soil on Unit G2a exposed in Trench B. Comment: date is consistent with stratigraphic position. 9530 ± 100 SMU-175. Soil humates (9L574) 7580 BC Extracted from base of Donnet silt (Unit F3) overlying Cochise arti- facts resting on top of Clanton clay (Unit F2) in Sq 4W, IOS. Comment: date is consistent with stratigraphic position. 9900 ± 80 SMU-204. Soil humates (10LS74) 7950 BC Extracted from top of Clanton clay (Unit F2) immediately underly- ing Cochise artifacts in Sq 4W, IOS. Coil 1974 by Lisa Haynes. Comment: date is consistent with stratigraphic position. 11,100 ± 100 SMU-192. Charcoal (11L574) 9150 BC Sample coil from within Clanton clay (Unit F2) in Sq 4W, IOS. Coil 1974 by Norma Ajeman. Comment: date is Clovis age but within stratum overlying Clovis occupation surface possibly due to bioturbation. Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List 11 357 9860 ± 80 SMU-197. Charcoal (12LS74) 7910 BC 8790 ± 90 SMU-201. Humates from (12LS74) 6840 BC Sample toll from Clovis occupation level in Sq 4S, 6W immediately under Clanton clay (Unit F2). Coll 1974 by James Mead. Comments (CVH): date is too young for Clovis occupation and is of the correct or- der for early Cochise occupation. No evidence of accidental interchange of this with SMU-192 could be found after careful review of all records. Intrusion via bioturbation is another possible explanation. (HH): extrac- tion of humates from charcoal was complete with some dissolution of charcoal. Humate solution cleaned from charcoal dust by centrifugation. 10,860 ± 280 SMU-164. Charcoal (4LS74) 8910 BC Sample collected from Clovis occupation surface on 2E line between 3N and 4N immediately under Clanton clay (Unit F2). Comment: date is within range of known Clovis radiocarbon dates but on the young side. 10,850 ± 110 SMU-194. Charcoal (13LS74) 8900 BC Sample coil from Clovis occupation surface in Sqs 4W, 4, 6, and 8S. Comment: date is on young side of range of known Clovis radiocarbon dates. 11,080 ± 230 SMU-196. Charcoal (13LS74) 9130 BC Sample coil from Clovis occupation surface in Sqs 205, 2W; 20S, 4W; 18S, 6W. Comment: date is consistent with known Clovis radiocarbon dates. 10,770 ± 140 SMU-168. Charcoal (3LS74) 8220 BC 10,860 ± 230 SMU-195. Humates (3LS74) 8910 BC Sample from upper 10cm of Graveyard channel sand (Unit F1) over E area of site. Comments (CVH): date is on young side of range of known Clovis radiocarbon dates. Humates are same age, giving 10,820 ± 130 as average of the 2 values. (HH): charcoal decayed to powder during NaOH treatment, separation of humates and charcoal is incomplete. 11,080 ± 200 SMU-181. Charcoal (6LS74) 9130 BC Sample from channel gravels of Graveyard member (Unit F1). Coll 1974 by Lisa Huckel. Comment: date is within range of known Clovis dates. 358 Herbert Haas and Vance Haynes 11,170 ± 310 SMU-140. Trench G charcoal (1LS74) 9220 BC 10,570 ± 80 SMU-158. Humates from (1LS74) 8620 BC Sample coil from right bank of middle fork of Lehner Ranch arroyo, .4km upstream from site. Comment: charcoal is of Clovis age but there is no evidence of culture. 10,940 ± 170 SMU-182. Trench G charcoal (7LS74) 8990 BC Sample coil by Herbert Haas from same location as SMU-140 but slightly higher in sec. Comment: similarity of SMU-140 and -182 confirms interpretation that alluvium here is an ancient reworked slump block. 13,830 ± 120 SMU-155. Trench F charcoal (2LS74) 11,880 BC 13,860 ± 120 SMU-159. Trench F charcoal (8LS74) 11,910 BC Samples coil from right bank of Lehner Ranch arroyo ca 50m W of site in previously unmapped alluvial facies of a white marl. Comment: dates are within range of those for Coro marl at Murray Springs (Valastro et al, 1975; Haynes and Haas, 1974).

B. Colorado Dent Clovis site series Dent site, Weld Co, Colorado (400 18' 30" N, 1040 50' 03" W) is 1st Clovis mammoth-kill site discovered in America (1932) and bone organic matter previously dated 11,200 ± 500 (I-622). Test trench excavated in 1973 by Univ Colorado revealed charcoal and coke in silt matrix of the bones. Coil 1973 by 1\like Nowak and subm 1973 by Frank Frazier. 170±50 SMU-120. Charcoal and wood AD 1780 32,260 ± 2100 SMU-121. Coke 30,310 BC Comment (CVH): supposed intrusion is now confirmed. Coke could be derived from Cretaceous coal beds in area and charcoal may indicate that redeposition occurred a century or more ago. SMU-136. Big Dry Creek >38,440 Charcoal disseminated in clayey silt matrix at 4.7m depth, ca 46cm above bedrock/alluvium contact, ca 15m N of Big Dry Creek, Lafayette Quad, Colorado (39° 53' 34" N, 105° 3' 23" W). Coil Dec 1973 by M N Machette. Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List II 359 C. Florida Guest site series Sample from a gastropod-bearing marl 3m below surface of Spring Run at Silver Springs (29° 09' N, 82° 09' W) 8km E of Ocala, Florida. Mammoth bones and small paleo-Indian projectile point occurred on marl and below interbedded organic and calcareous strata. Coll and subm 1973 by Charles Hoffman. 24,080 ± 390 SMU-110. Marl carbonate 22,130 BC 18,640 ± 230 SMU-115. Gastropod shell from marl 16,690 BC Comment (CVH): gastropods apparently intruded upper part of marl before deposition of mammoth bones. D. Missouri Jones Bog series Samples from Jones Bog, a "fossil" spring 1.6km ESE of Avery School, Missouri (38° 03' 25" N, 93° 20' 22" W). Coll and subm 1973 by V Haynes. SMU-94. Upper peat (5Mo73) >35,320 SMU-96. 2nd humate extraction from 44,040 ± 2660 (5Mo73) 42,090 BC Sample, adjacent to mastodon tooth from upper of 2 buried peat lenses. Comment: dates indicate both peat layers are beyond limit of radiocarbon dating. 31,130 ± 1550 SMU-99. Tusk filling (1Mo73) 29,180 BC Vegetable fibers from peat filling nerve canal of mastodon tusk in upper peat. Comment: date is probably minimum because of contamina- tion by younger rootlets. Philips Ford Spring series Buried alluvial deposits of active spring on 8m alluvial terrace of Pomme de Terre R at Philips Ford (38° 03' 37" N, 93° 19' 10" W) Hickory Co, Missouri contain archaic cultural material. 4310 ± 70 SMU-98. Charcoal (9Mo73) 2360 BC 4240 ± 80 SMU-102. Charcoal ( 9Mo73 ) 2290 BC Average 4280 ± 50 Sample from hearth at 140cm below terrace surface. Comment: dates culture. 360 Herbert Haas and Vance Haynes 7480 ± 80 SMU-193. Moss (23H1216) 5530 BC Buried moss from 170 to 180cm level. Comment: date applies to late stage of terrace aggradation but not assoc with culture. E. Nevada Lake Lahontan Dendritic tufa head from top of Lake Lahontan Sehoo Farm in fresh wash on W side of Truckee R ca 1.6km N of Univ Nevada S-S Ranch (390 44' N, 119° 19' W). Coil and subm by J C Liddicoat in Oct 1973. 12,910 ± 110 SMU-116. Tuf a, carbonate 10,960 BC 13,090 ± 140 SMU-137. Tufa, organic residue 11,140 BC Comments (HH): carbonate date was repeated with small sample, this check date agreed well with SMU-116. (JCL): tufa dates closely agree with ca 11,000-yr dates reported for stratigraphically equivalent tufa. F. Texas North Sulphur River series Samples from alluvium underlying floodplain of N Sulphur R in vicinity of Ben Franklin, Delta Co, Texas. Subm by M Rainey, Southern Methodist Univ. 420 ± 50 SMU-122. Pelecypod shell AD 1530 Shell is modern from N Sulphur R (33° 28' 30" N, 95° 46' 30" W). Coil and subm Feb 1974 by M Rainey. Comment (HH): demonstrates that animal absorbed bicarbonate that is partly derived from dissolution of old carbonates (Cretaceous chalk); shell dates from area can be ex- pected to be too old. 10,320 ± 110 SMU-126. Mussel shells 8370 BC Shells from Sulphur R formation (33° 28' 50" N, 95° 47' W), Qsr2 (Slaughter and Hoover, 1963), 60cm above stream bed. Coil April 1974 by M Rainey and C V Haynes. Comment (HH): shell fragments soft and friable, dispersed in clayey soil. 11,270 ± 110 SMU-125. Mussel shells 9320 BC Shells from 3m above stream bed in Qsr2 (33° 28' 50" N, 95° 47' W). Coil April 1974 by M Rainey and C V Haynes. See comment for SMU-126. 1570 ± 60 SMU-131. Carbonized wood AD 380 Wood from Ben Franklin Formation (33° 29' 20" N, 95° 45' 30" W) which overlies Sulphur R formation (Rainey, 1974). Comment (HH): Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List II 361 date fits well with other dates from same formation, 1790 ± 50, charcoal, SMU-71 (R, 1974, v 16, p 375) and 1833 ± 144, clam shells (SM-599). G. Mexico 23,210 ± 330 SMU-101. Tlapacoya I 21,260 BC Wood fragments, SE side of Cerro Tlapacoya, a hill 28km SE of 1\Iexico City's Plaza de Constitucion and just N of Mexico City-Puebla Toll Rd (19° 17' 30" N, 98° 55' 00" W). From SW wall of Trench a at 17.7m from .Om. Coil in woody peat layer .3 to 2cm thick, 65 to 67cm below Unit 3/Unit 4 contact; appears to be Limbrey's Unit 3. Base of woody peat 3 to 4cm above top of 1 L Liddicoat paleomagnetic sample M3-B3. Coil and subm Dec 1973 by P W Lambert, US Geol Survey, Fed- eral Center, Denver, Colorado. H. Egypt 13,240 ± 130 SMU-123. Gebel Silsila 2B, I 11,290 BC Unio shells, Kom Ombo Plain (24° 37' N, 32° 56' E) Level 3, Afian culture. Coll Feb 1963 by M Baumhoff and subm by J L Phillips, Dept Anthropol, Univ Illinois at Chicago Circle, Illinois. Comment: Level 3 overlies Level 2, which has 2 dates: 13,070 ± 160 and 13,560 ± 120 (Y-1375 and -1447: R, 1969, v 11, p 642). III. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Ethiopia Charcoal and burned bone (?) samples from Red Stone Hill, Rift Valley Lake Area, (38° 43' N, 7° 47' E). Coll June 1971 and subm by J Gallagher, Dept Anthropol, El Centro College, Dallas, Texas. 1470 ± 90 SMU-89. E 71.5, Loc 1 AD 480 From cave, Test Pit #1, mixed 5cm levels. 1350±60 SMU-88. E 71-5, Loc 2 AD 600 From rock shelter, Test Pit #1 Layer 4. Comment: assoc artifacts in- clude pottery, domesticated animals (based on tentative identification), an iron implement and late Stone age obsidian tools. P. North Sinai Peninsula Charcoal and ostrich egg samples were coil by 0 Bar-Yosef and J C Phillips in Jan 1973 (if not indicated otherwise) on Epi-Paleolithic (Mu- shabian) and (Lagaman) sites and subm by J L Phillips, Dept Anthropol, Univ Illinois at Chicago Circle, Illinois. 30,050 ± 1240 SMU-118. Lagama III d 28,100 BC Ostrich egg shell fragments at foot-hills of Gebel Lagama, part of 362 Herbert Haas and Vance Haynes Gebel Meghara (300 46' N, 330 27' E) surface colln from an open-air site. Coil 1973 by I Gisis. Comments (OB-Y): site contained an Upper Paleo- lithic assemblage, characterized with numerous bladelets, burins, and scrapers. Related to Lagaman industry. (JLP): site has 2 horizons. Date is too old for either Epi-Paleolithic or UP V (Atlitian) element. 34,170 ± 3670 SMU-172. Lagama VII 1st sample 32,220 BC 31,210 ± 2780 SMU-185. Lagama VII 2nd sample 29,260 BC Charcoal impregnated with silt, from total excavated area at foot- hills of Gebel Lagama in Gebel Meghara (300 46' N, 330 27' E). Site is sealed in an older dune with several sandy and silty layers above living floor. Coll by D 0 Henry in Feb and May 1974. Comments (OB-Y): type- site for Lagaman industry. Lithic assemblage is characterized by domina- tion of E1-Wad points and retouched bladelets. (JLP): given the standard deviation and the nature of the sample, the 2 dates fit with date of Lagama VIII (SMU-119). These dates are a little earlier than those ob- tained by Tixier from Ksar 'Akil, Lebanon, on similar Upper Paleolithic material. 32,980 ± 2140 SMU-119. Lagama VIII 31,030 BC Ostrich egg shell fragments, surface colln from open air site at Gebel Lagama, Gebel Meghara (30° 46' N, 33° 27' E). Comments (OB-Y): typi- cal lithic assemblage of Lagaman industry (defined as an Upper Paleo- lithic industry) very similar to Lagama VII with El Wad points or bladelets, scrapers, and burins. (JLP): date is a bit older than expected but fits relatively well with similar material from Ksar 'Akil, Lebanon. 13,310 ± 100 SMU-117. Mushabi I 11,360 BC Ostrich egg shell fragments from surface colln in open-air site, Gebel Meghara (30° 37' N, 33° 30' E). Comments (OB-Y): site provided a lithic assemblage which is one of a few that were defined as Mushabian. The Mushabian industry belongs to the Levantine Epi-Paleolithic and shows clear affinities with North Africa (La Movillah points, arched backed bladelets, etc). (JLP): coll at recently deflated dune. Date fits perfectly with stratigraphy and typology. 12,990 ± 110 SMU-171. Mushabi V 11,040 BC Charcoal from Wadi Mushabi in Gebel Meghara (30° 37' N, 33° 30' E), from a living floor containing remains from several hearths 10 to 20cm below present surface in fossil dune. Coil May 1974 by 0 Bar-Yosef. Comments (OB-Y): site contained a lithic assemblage defined as Mu- shabian and is therefore closely related to Mushabi I (SMU-117). (JLP): date fits well with stratigraphy of sites nearby and with typology. Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List II 363 REFERENCES Haynes, C V and Haas, Herbert, 1974, Southern Methodist University radiocarbon date list I: Radiocarbon, v 16, p 368-380. Rainey, M, 1974, The Quaternary stratigraphy of the North Sulphur River: MS thesis, Southern Methodist Univ, Dallas, Texas, Slaughter, B H and Hoover, B R, 1963, SulPhur River formation and the Pleistocene mammals of the Ben Franklin local fauna: Graduate Research Center Jour, v 31, p 132-148. Valastro S Jr, Davis, E M, and Varela, A G, 1975, University of Texas at Austin radio- carbon dates X, Radiocarbon, v 17, p 52-98. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 364-395] TRONDHEIM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VII STEINAR GULLIKSEN, REIDAR NYDAL, and KNUT LOVSETH Radiological Dating Laboratory, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, The University of Trondhelm, Norway

INTRODUCTION Most dates in this list were obtained in the period 1970 to 1972. Treatment of samples and counting equipment have remained essentially the same as described previously (R, 1972, v 14, p 418-419). Counting equipment and improvements are described in more detail by Gulliksen (1972). Our counters 2, 5 and 6 now have backgrounds/re- cent standard net counts of respectively .8cpm/ 19.3cpm, l.lcpm/ 11.7cpm, and .55cpm/7.6cpm. Guard Counter GM3 (Nydal, 1965) shielding our Counter 2, has been continuously working for 3 years without refilling or purification of the propane counting gas (1.2atm). Gyttja samples are now dated by using the NaOH-soluble fraction whenever the quantity of sample material is sufficient. Ages are calculated by applying the Libby value 5570 ± 30 years, for the 14C half life, and using 95% of NBS oxalic acid activity as contem- standard referring to AD 1950. Errors quoted (± 1u) include count- porary 8130 ing uncertainties for sample, standard, and background. values re- ported are relative to PDB, and corrections for deviations from 0 % rela- tive PDB are applied for shell samples.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS authors wish to thank collectors and submitters of the samples The 13C/'2C for their collaboration in preparing the manuscript. ratios were measured by R Ryhage, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm. Further thanks to Elsa Riiser and Fred Skogseth for sample treatment. Financial support from The Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities is fully acknowledged. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Norway

1. Interstadial and interglacial samples Flate series, Vaksdal Marine shells from +40 to 45m in Flate, Trengereid, Vaksdal (60° 26' N, 5° 35' E). T-1161 I and II from silt embedded in till, T-1162 from till. Coll and subm 1971 by Jan Mangerud, Dept Geol, Univ . Comment (JM): site is farthest inside the end moraines in Hordaland where Allerod dated sediments are found. Sediments over- ridden by ice during Younger Dryas (Aarseth and Mangerud, 1974; Mangerud, 1973). 364 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 365 11,380 ± 140 T-1161 I. Flate 1 9430 BC 613C = +0.6%o Balanus balanus from depth 3m. 11,260 ± 200 T-1161 II. Flate 2 9310 BC 813C = +1.2% Chlamys islandicus from depth 3m. (a) 11,440 ± 140 T-1162. Flate 3 9490 BC 613C = +0.6%n (b) 11,560 ± 150 9610 Bc 6130 Outer (a) and inner (b) fraction of Balanus balanus = +0.9 0 from depth 4m. 11,280 ± 110 T-1021. Os 9350 BC 6130 -1.0%0 Marine shells from +50m in Os, Hordaland (600 11' N, 50 29' E). From shelly sand at depth 3m, probably overridden by ice. Coil 1969 and subm 1970 by J Mangerud. Comment (JM): many species of marine shells found (Aarseth and Mangerud, 1974; Mangerud, 1973). (a) 11,990 ±200 10,040 BC S13C = (b) 11,880 ± 120 T-1022. Hjellestad, Bergen 9930 BC 6130=+1.67o Inner (b) and outer (a) fraction of marine shells (Mya truncata), from clay underlying till in Younger Dryas end moraines at Hjellestad, Bergen, Hordaland (60° 15' N, 50 15' E). Coil at + 10 to 20m, ca 2m below sur- face. Coil and subm 1970 by J Mangerud. Comment (JM): dates indicate site was deglaciated early in Ailerod. Ice advance during Younger Dryas reached site (Aarseth and Mangerud, 1974; Mangerud, 1973). 10,540 ± 130 T-1049. Herdla Moraine 8590 BC Marine shells (Mya truncata) from seashore sec in Herdla Moraine, Herdla, Askoy, Hordaland (60° 34' N, 4° 87' E). Coil and subm 1970 by J Mangerud. Comment (JM): shells from below ice-front sediments. In- dicates Herdla moraines are of Late Younger Dryas age (Aarseth and Mangerud, 1974; Mangerud, 1973). T-743/II. Hensmoen 2 >47,000 Stump of Spruce from North Hen sandpit, Ringerike, Buskerud. Coil 1968 by L Kjemperud; subm 1969 by T Nygaard, Univ . Posi- 366 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth +4000 BP (T- tion in pit approx as for stump coil 1966, dated to 48,000 -2000 743, R, 1970, v 12, p 215). Lab comment: dated to check T-743. Probably of same age, ie, activity found in T-743 might not be real. T-743/II cal- culated with a confidence limit of 2r. 2. Postglacial samples 7710 ± 100 T-1160. Lekvenvann 5760 BC Gyttja from Lekvenvann at +37m, Os, Hordaland (60° 10' N, 5° 27' E). Sample coil with 54mm piston sampler 6.80 to 6.85m below surface. In pollen diagram Alnus increases from 3% to ca 40% within .lOm; sam- ple from lower .05m of rise. Coll and subm 1971 by j Mangerud. Engerdal series Peat from Engerdal, Hedmark (61 ° 38' N, 11° 45' E) dating Holocene soil and vegetational development. Samples from pollen analyzed sec in traverse from valley floor at +550m to alpine region (+ 104Om). One sec, in sloping spring fen at +955m, is chosen as "type locality". Coll and subm 1970-1972 by Rolf Sorensen, Inst Geol, Norwegian Inst of Agric, As. 3310 ± 170 T-981. Holbekkjolen 1360 BC From depth 1.40m, underlying main recurrence surface. Watershed fen at +815m, slightly ombrotrophic in parts. Comment (RS): spruce ex- pansion overlying recurrence surface (Tallantire, 1972; Lundqvist, 1951; 1969). 6850 ± 230 T-1126. Snerta 4900 BC Basal sediments from dead ice depression at depth 4.90m on margin of valley floor (+557m). Comment (RS): age is minimum for last ice re- mains in central E Norway. 1660 ± 80 T-1174. Romundf jell I AD 290 From depth .45m, .05m above main recurrence surface, dating spruce expansion. Sloping spring fen at +955m in sub-alpine region, slightly above forest limit. 5850 ± 100 T-1175. Romundf jell II 3900 BC From depth .75m at +955m, dating Alnus maximum (27% AP). Com- ment (RS): date agrees well with results from Jamtland (Lundqvist, 1969). 3320 ± 80 T-1317. Romundf jell III 1370 BC From depth .55m, .05m below main recurrence surface. Comment (RS): a hiatus of ca 1800 yr is evident in this sec and same development seems likely for whole region, c f T-981, -1174. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 367 8380 ± 140 T-1318. Romundf jell IV 6430 BC Basal organic sediment at depth .95m. Comment (RS): date agrees well with results from Jamtland (Lundgvist, 1969). 1180 ± 70 T-1176. Skjerbekkdalen I AD 770 From depth .35m, dating spruce expansion. Eroded spring fen in spruce forest at +870m. Comment (RS): surprisingly late spruce expan- sion in area where soil and local climate should be most favorable. 2940 ± 170 T-1316. Skjerbekkdalen II 1990 Bc Basal organic sediment at depth .7m above thin podzolic layer at +870m. Sauherad series Marine mollusks from Sauherad, Telemark. Coll and subm 1972 by Dagfinn Tromborg, Telemark District Academy. (a) 7810±110 5860 BC 8130 = +0.3% (b) 7910 ± 120 T-1249. Gvala 5960 BC 6130 = +0.3% Outer fraction (a) and inner fraction (b) from Gvala (590 24' N, 90 18' E) at +35m, depth 1.2m. (a) 7440 ± 110 5490 BC 8130 = +1.3% (b) 7620 ± 160 T-1250. Gyvihaug 5670 BC 6130 = Outer fraction (a) and inner fraction (b) from Gyvihaug (59° 25' N, 9° 19' E) at +32m, depth 2m. series Gyttja and shells from different parts of Akershus, dating Holocene sea-level changes. Shells from "Tapes" level and Aker substage shore level date shoreline-relation diagram for Oslo region. Sea-level curve for As-Ski area is based on shell, gyttja and wood dates. Coll and subm 1971 and 1972 by R Sorensen (Andrews, 1969; Danielsen, 1970; Hafsten, 1956; Undas, 1950). 9180 ± 180 T-1173. Bollerudmasan 7230 BC Gyttja from depth 6.8m in Bollerudmasan (59° 43' N, 10° 48' E). Large ombrotrophic bog dammed by end moraines in both ends at 368 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth +170m. Comment (RS): date younger than expected; might indicate a hiatus of late Pre-Boreal/Early Boreal age. 9590 ± 150 T-1319. Bratenmyra 7640 BC From basal sediments at depth 1.25m in Bratenmyra at +147m (590 44' N, 100 51' E). Sample is from light gray gyttja overlying brackish- marine clay, Mytilus shells .15m below gyttja/clay boundary. Coll 1972 by J M Ostby. (a) 2220 ± 80 270 BC 813C = -0.3%0 (b) 2430 ± 120 T-1377. Bunnefjorden 480 BC 6130 = +1.3%0 Outer fraction (a) and inner fraction (b) of Modiolus shells from depth 3.75m in beach terrace at +5m at Bunnefjorden, Frogn (59° 43' N, 100 43' E). Sample found with many Scrobicularia shells in dark, layered silt and fine sand below large mudflow. Comment (RS): shell bearing sediments considerably older than beach terrace. Dates approx age of mudflow, which must correspond to a sudden reduction of level of Lake Arungen, lkm upstream. (a) 6730 ± 100 4780 BC 813C = o%o (b) 6770 ± 100 T-1378. Vestby 4820 BC $13C = +0.3%0 Outer fraction (a) and inner fraction (b) of shells from oyster-shell deposit at depth .60m with Tapes decussatus, and Mytilus-Littorina gravel in Vestby (59° 36' N, 100 46' E) at +55m. Slidreasen series Peat and gyttja from Vestre Slidre, Oppland. Coll 1971 by Kari Henningsmoen, Wencke Slomann, Helge Irgens Hoeg; subm 1972 by H I Hoeg, Inst Geol, Univ Oslo (Hoeg, in press; Slomann, 1971). 350 ± 110 T-1478. Gardberg .20 to .25m, peat AD 1600 From bog 1.975m deep at Fardberg (61° 05' N, 90 01' E) at +680m. Depth .20 to .25m. Comment (HIH): dates beginning of recent farming period in Slidreasen. 1690 ± 110 T-1338. Gardberg .45 to .50m, gyttja AD 260 Comment (HIH): dates most intensive farming period. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 369 3440 ± 120 T-1339. Gardberg .70 to .75m, gyttja 1490 BC Comment (HIH): dates 1st traces of a farming culture. 1990 ± 80 T-1479. Tvenge .95 to 1.05m, peat 40 BC Peat from bog 6.5m deep near Tvengehogd (61° 05' N, 9° 02' E) at +900m. Comment (HIH): dates beginning of Picea-curve; definite rise of Picea was later, ca AD 1000. 3380 ± 120 T-1340. Tvenge 1.96 to 2.05m, peat 1430 BC Comment (HIH): dates earliest farming culture in Slidreasen. De- cline in Alnus and QM, and rise in NAP, especially Cyperaceae. 5330 ± 160 T-1480. Tvenge 2.95 to 3.05m, gyttja 3380 BC Comment (HIH): dates decline in Alnus and rise in NAP. 6880 ± 80 T-1481. Tvenge 3.95 to 4.05m, gyttja 4930 BC Comment (HIH): dates Ulmus maximum. 10,230 ± 260 T-1482. Tvenge 5.48 to 5.58m, gyttja 8390 BC Comment (HIH): dates oldest organic deposits. Sample contained pollen from Alnus and QM, indicating that sample cannot be older than ca 7500 yr BP. 1540 ± 90 T-1483. Slidre 0.95 to 1.05m, peat AD 410 From bog 5.7m deep near Slidrestol (61° 06' N, 9° 00' E) at +720m. Comment (HIH): dates forest clearing period in Slidreasen, which starts a little earlier, at same time as beginning of continuous Picea curve. Defi- nite rise of Picea came later, ca AD 1000. 9670 ± 570 T-1484. Slidre 4.03 to 4.13m, gyttja 7720 BC Comment (HIH): dates oldest organic deposits and immigration of Ulmus and Alnus. Pollen content indicates that sample cannot be older than ca 7500 yr BP. Skaitidalen series Peat and gyttja from Skaitidalen, Saltdal, Nordland. Coil 1970 and subm 1971 by H I Hoeg (1972). 4230 ± 170 T-1095. Myr I, .94 to 1.09m, peat 2280 BC From bog 1.25m deep (66° 52' N, 15° 48' E) at +580m, depth .94 to 1.09m. Comment (HIH): dates oldest organic deposits. Deterioration of climate is seen in pollen diagram as a Cyperaceae peak between .88 and .77m. 370 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 3510 ± 170 T-1096. Myr C, 2.05 to 2.15m, peat 1560 BC From 4.20m deep bog at +640m (66° 54' N, 15° 50' E). Comment (HIH): dates decline of Alnus. 4680 ± 180 T-1097. Myr C, 3.10 to 3.20m, gyttja 2730 BC Comment (HIH): dates beginning of climatic deterioration corre- sponding to a Cy peraceae peak, and also a Pinus decline. 7260 ± 160 T-1098. Myr C, 4.10 to 4.20m, gyttja 5310 BC Comment (HIH): dates oldest sediments and rise of Alnus. 11,440 ± 480 T-1099. Myr F, 3.85 to 3.95m, gyttja 9490 BC From 3.95m deep bog (66° 49' N, 15° 50' E) at +550m. Comment (HIH): dates oldest sediments containing pollen from typical Pre-Boreal vegetation (Betula nana, Hippo phae, Salix, Rumex, Saxi f raga, and Caryophyllaceae). Date too old, Allerod not expected in this area. Breiavatnet series Gyttja and shell from bottom mud in Lake Breiavatnet at +4.2m in city of Stavanger, Rogaland (58° 58' N, 5° 44' E). Series gives the age of Lake Breiavatnet (time of isolation from sea), and reveals human impact on vegetation during last 3000 yr. Coll 1971 and subm 1972 by Asbjorn Simonsen, Stavanger Mus (Simonsen, 1971). 650 ± 100 T-1163. Breiavatnet 1, 4.45 to 4.50m, gyttja AD 1300 From depth 4.45 to 4.50m below water surface. Comment (AS): dates a sharp decline in cereal pollen. 1190 ± 100 T-1283. Breiavatnet 2, 4.80m, gyttja AD 760 Comment (AS): dates low frequency of cereal pollen in Merovinger period, reflecting low agricultural activity. 1780 ± 290 T-1164. Breiavatnet 3, 5.25 to 5.50m, gyttja AD 170 Comment (AS): dates marked increase in cereal pollen, reflecting higher agricultural activity in Great Migration period. 2580 ± 100 T-1341. Breiavatnet 4, 5.45m, gyttja 630 BC 3090 ± 160 T-1165. Breiavatnet 5, 5.65m, gyttja 1140 BC Comment (AS): dates transition layer of marine/brackish gyttja. 3150 ± 200 T-1284 II. Breiavatnet 6, 6.75m, gyttja 1200 BC Comment (AS): decline of oak pollen. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 371 2670 ± 110 T-1284 I. Breiavatnet 6A, 6.75m, shell 720 BC Shell fragments in gyttja of T-1284 II. 8130 = +0.2% 2670 ± 80 T-1332. Breiavatnet 6A, 6.75m, shell 720 BC s13C = Shells (Ostrea edulis) embedded in gyttja of T-1284 II. Comment (AS): shells might have been pressed down from younger layer by core sampler. Eigeroy series Charcoal (Alms) and peat from lm deep bog at +5m in Gjedlestad- vige, Eigersund, Rogaland (58° 25' N, 5° 59' E). Bog situated close to several dwelling sites from Mesolithic and later periods; series dates vege- tational development in area. Two layers of charcoal reflect forest clear- ing. Coll 1971 and subm 1972 by A Simonsen (1972). 2120 ± 100 T-1285. Eigeroy 1, .17 to .20m, charcoal 170 BC From depth .17 to .20m. Comment (AS): dates last and final forest clearing in area, not coinciding with traditional Sub-Boreal/Sub-Atlantic transition. 3340 ± 80 T-1167. Eigeroy 2, .23 to .31m, charcoal 1390 BC Comment (AS): dates 1st, incomplete forest clearing. 5810 ± 160 T-1286. Eigeroy 3, .75 to .80m, peat 3860 BC Upper part of peat under marine sand. Hardangervidda peat development series Peat and wood from the mountainous Hardangervidda area in S Norway. Series date peat development in area, also used in pollen analytic and archaeologic studies. All samples are cut out of open profiles. Coll and subm 1970 to 1972 by Dagfinn Moe, Arthur Fasteland, and F E Wielgolaski, The Hardangervidda project for interdisciplinary cultural research. Comment (DM): dates correlate well with expected ages (Moe, 1973a, b). 4860 ± 90 T-1080. Halnelaegeret 1 2910 BC Peat from depth .80m in Eidfjord, Hordaland (60° 25' N, 7° 42' E), at +1140m. 3510 ± 90 T-999. Halnelaegeret 2 1560 BC Peat from depth 1.4m. 372 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 5090 ± 180 T-1079. Stigstuv 1 3140 BC Wood (Salix) from depth .50m in Eidfjord, Hordaland (60° 19' N, 7° 37' E), at +1310m. 8000 ± 130 T-1140. Stigstuv 2 6050 BC Peat from depth .74 to .75m. 5150 ± 90 T-1141. Stigstuv 3 3200 BC Peat from depth .51 to .52m. 5870 ± 150 T-1081. Ustetind 1 3920 BC Peat from depth .60m in Hol, Buskerud (60° 29' N, 8° 07' E), at +1310m. 1400 ± 80 T-1554. Ustetind 2 AD 550 Peat from depth .15 to .16m. 4870 ± 90 T-1195. Vetle Fjellsetmyr 1 2920 BC Peat from depth .95 to .97m in Hol, Buskerud (60° 28' N, 8° 10' E), at +1135m. 7790 ± 210 T-1196. Vetle Fjellsetmyr 2 5840 BC Peat from depth 1.55 to 1.57m.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Norway 1. Settlement sites Hardangervidda Stone age series Charcoal and bone from several sites in different parts of the Har- dangervidda mountain plateau in S Norway intended to give an absolute chronology for different stages of man's exploitation of area in pre-metal time. Coll 1970 to 1972 by Svein Indrelid and S Bang Andersen; subm 1970 to 1972 by S Indrelid, Univ Bergen (Indrelid, 1973). 7450 ± 350 T-1000. Hein 85 5500 BC Charcoal from depth .12m at Heintjern, Buskerud (60° 22' N, 7° 55' E) at +1112m. From hearth of Stone age site with thin cultural layer. Artifacts made of quartz. Few tools. Comment (SI): character of raw ma- terial and chipping technique indicate l\Iesolithic age, but do not exclude other periods. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 373 7020 ± 140 T-1289. Hein 76 5070 BC Charcoal from depth .08 to .lOm at Ovre Hein, Buskerud (60° 22' N, 7° 52' E) at +1113m. Comment (SI): finds are of same character as those from T-1000. 5920 ± 200 T-1003. Hein 33/1 3970 BC Charcoal from depth .55 to .58m at Halnefjorden, Buskerud (60° 22' ° N, 7 44' E) at +1132m. Comment (SI) : site Hein 33 was stratified, and it was archaeologically possible to distinguish at least 2 phases of settlement, an older pre-slate phase (Levels IV and V) and a younger slate phase (Levels I and II). In both phases were found points of single edged, oblique edged, and tanged types. Date of T-1003 (Level V) indicates that tanged points were used in this area in late Mesolithic time, before slate phase. 5150 ± 130 T-1005. Hein 33/2 3200 BC Charcoal from depth .20m, Level III (transition pre-slate/slate). Small tanged points, oblique, and single edged points abundant, a few slate points were found. Bones of trout (Salmo trutta). 5020 ± 100 T-1001. Hein 33/3 3070 BC Charcoal from depth .35 to .40m, Level III. Comment (SI): dates (T-1005, -1001) indicate that tanged points were used in this area at the transition between Mesolithic and Younger Stone age. This is earlier than type appearance in the "Pit-ware-culture" in S Scandinavia. 4920 ± 90 T-1076. Hein 33/4 2970 BC Elk bone (A ices alces) from depth .45m, Level IV. Trout bones (Salmo trutta) also found. Comment (SI): date agrees with T-1001 and T-1005. Level IV revealed no slate; it was probably introduced later. Dates indicate that tanged-point tradition existed unbroken from Meso- lithic time to Younger Stone age in mt areas of S Norway. 4240 ± 130 T-1004. Hein 33/5 2290 BC Charcoal from depth .15m in fire pit. Comment (SI): dates youngest settlement phase. 4190 ± 110 T-1002. Heln 33/6 2240 BC Charcoal from cultural layer in outer part of site, depth .45m. 7420 ± 330 T-1398. Nordmannslagen 724 5470 BC Charcoal from depth .20m in fire pit in small site at +1250m near lake Nordmannslagen, Ullensvang, Hordaland (60° 12' N, 7° 27' E). 374 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar° Nydal, and Knut Lovseth Comment (SI): quartz artifacts and very few tools were found, as in sites Hein 85 and 76. Finds look very homogeneous and dates agree well. 5800 ± 600 T-1234. Nordmannslagen 512/1 3850 BC Charcoal from deepest part of cultural layer in site at +1245m at Sandhaug near lake Nordmannslagen, Ullensvang, Hordaland (60° 11' N, 7° 29' E). Depth .35m. Comment (SI): date agrees well with oldest levels of Hein 33, where artifacts of same character were found. 2070 ± 140 T-1233. Nordmannslagen 512/2 120 BC Charcoal from top layers, depth .lOm. Comment (SI): date too young, as artifacts of Mesolithic character were found at depth .01 to .02m. Dis- crepancy might be explained by frost stirring. 3250 ± 150 T-1230. Nordmannslagen 550/1 1300 BC

Charcoal from depth .15m in fireplace in center of 1 of 2 circular housegrounds at +1255m at Sandhaug. All artifacts made of flint, quartz, and quartzite. 2790 ± 240 T-1231. Nordmannslagen 550/2 840 BC Charcoal from depth .08 to .l0m in fire pit outside housegrounds. 2420 ± 140 T-1229. Nordmannslagen 550/3 470 BC Charcoal from depth .06 to .08m in fireplace in center of the young- est looking houseground. Comment (SI): dates from Loc 550 indicate that stone was used as raw material in Bronze age period in this area; agrees with dates from rock shelters and caves with similar artifacts, indicating late stone technology in mt areas of S Norway. 3010 ± 160 T-1236. Nordmannslagen 547 1060 BC Charcoal from depth .10m in fireplace in center of another circular houseground at +1255m at Sandhaug. Comment (SI): date agrees with dates from Loc 550. 5730 ± 240 T-1394. Skryken 1113 3780 BC From charcoal concentration .20m below surface at +1158m at Skryken, Nore og Uvdal, Buskerud (60° 15' N, 8° 04' E). Comment (SI): artifacts of Mesolithic character, few tools. Microblades are frequent. 5250 ± 100 T-1397. Toddolvatn 1100 3300 BC Charcoal from depth .30m in hearth in cultural layer at +1105m at Toddolvatn, Nore og Uvdal, Buskerud (60° 19' N, 8° 17' E). Comment (SI): site not dateable by artifacts. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 375 4290 ± 170 T-1449. Veivatn 618/1 2340 BC Charcoal from depth .15 to .18m in hearth in artifact-bearing cul- tural layer of Stone age site at +1178m at Veivatn, Ullensvang, Hordaland (60° 15' N, 6° 55' E Long). 4080 ± 140 T-1396. Veivatn 618/2 2130 BC Charcoal from depth .lOm in hearth. 4200 ± 170 T-1395. Veivatn 634 2250 BC Charcoal from depth .10 to .12m in hearth of Stone age site at + 1180m at Veivatn. Laerclal series Charcoal from site with clearly defined Stone age technique at +1315m in Kjoleskarvet S, near lake Store Oljusjo, Laerdal, Sogn og Fjordane (60° 58' N, 8° 04' E). Artifacts made of quartzite. Coll and subm 1971 by Arne Johansen, Hist Mus, Univ Bergen. Comment (AJ): dates give surprisingly low age for site with Mesolithic stone working technique (Johansen, 1969; Vorren, 1973). 2450 ± 160 T-1186. Kjoleskarvet 1 500 BC From charcoal layer at depth .15 to .18m. Circular layer of brittle- burnt stones at depth .10 to .15m; many artifacts in top layer. 3520 ± 300 T-1243. Kjoleskarvet 2 1570 BC From depth .15m, beneath stone layer of exactly same type. Storbathallaren series Charcoal and shell from cave at +7.5m with kitchen midden deposits at Storbathallaren, Moskenes, Nordland (68° 05' N, 13° 25' E). Thick layers of shell and fish bones, mostly from big cod (skrei), but also from many species of mammals and birds. Bone and slate artifacts showing hunting and fishing economy. Two Younger Stone age phases, separated by last Tapes transgression. Coll and subm 1970 and 1971 by Astrid Utne, Tromso Mus, Univ Tromso (U tne, 1971 a, b). 2060 ± 80 T-1200. Storbathallaren 1 110 BC Charcoal from depth .18m. 2330 ± 110 T-1013. Storbathallaren 2 380 BC Charcoal from depth .25m. Comment (AU): latest phase of Younger Stone age settlement, agrees with archaeol dating. 4740 ± 140 T-1198. Storbathallaren 3 2790 BC Charcoal from depth .30m. 376 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 4910 ± 80 T-1017. Storbathallaren 4 2960 BC Mollusks from depth .40m to .50m. 5250 ± 80 T-1014. Storbathallaren 5 3300 BC Charcoal from depth .50m. 2460 ± 70 T-1016. Storbathallaren 6 510 BC Charcoal from depth .55m. Comment (AU): date too young, but further excavation showed stratigraphy was disturbed. 5080 ± 90 T-1018. Storbathallaren 7 3130 BC Mollusks from depth .60 to .70m. 4000 ± 800 T-1015. Storbathallaren 8 2050 BC Coal from depth .70m. Lab comment: sample extremely undersized, 8% sample gas (.1gC). Date might be too young. Devdisvatn series Charcoal and charred bones from fireplace and shallow pits assoc with Mesolithic/Younger Stone age artifacts at +412m at lake Devdisvatn, Malsely, Troms (69° 47' N, 19° 40' E). Coll 1970 and subm 1972 by Knut Helskog, Tromso Mus, Univ Tromso. Comment (KH): bone dates both considerably younger than indicated by cultural inventory. T-1343 cor- responds with archaeol date. 1020 ± 180 T-1342. Devdisvatn 1 AD 930 Charred bone from depth .05 to .lOm in pit. 1800 ± 220 T-1453. Devdisvatn 2 AD 150 Charred bone from depth .05 to .07m in pit. 6570 ± 150 T-1343. Devdisvatn 3 4620 BC Charcoal from depth .10 to .15m in fireplace. Stegaros series, Hardangervidda Charcoal from cultural layers assoc with rock shelters in Stegaros, Tinn, Telemark (60° 05' N, 8° 17' E). Stegaros, at lake Mar on Hardan- gervidda, is site with 2 rock shelters, several housegrounds, and pits with charcoal and heated stones. Coil 1972 by Lil Gustafson and Svein Indrelid; subm 1972 by Lil Gustafson, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Com- ment (LG): rock shelters were used in Late Neolithic, Bronze age, Iron age, and occasionally later. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 377 3810 ± 90 T-1445. Stegaros 1058/1 1860 BC From depth .68m in cultural layer .70 to .80m thick in rock shelter, Loc 1058. Fragmented animal bones and heated stones; all artifacts in lower parts were of flint and quartzite, eg, flat-chopped arrowheads. 600 ± 120 T-1452. Stegaros 1058/2 AD 1350 From depth .30m in fireplace in rock shelter. Flint and quartzite. 2980 ± 170 T-1450. Stegaros 1006/1 1030 BC From depth .60m in refuse heap outside rock shelter Loc 1006. Arti- facts of stone and iron: flat-chopped tools of flint and quartzite, nails, fish hooks and other iron items, as well as fragmented animal bones and heated stones. 600 ± 120 T-1451. Stegaros 1006/2 An 1350 From fireplace in base of cultural layer .20m thick inside rock shel- ter. Comment (LG): fireplace belongs to late settlement, stratigraphy shows that oldest cultural accumulations were discarded. Artifacts, mostly iron nails and strike-a-lights of flint, do not contradict date. Gjerland series Charcoal from 4 out of nearly 50 fireplaces assoc with 2 rare house- grounds on a terrace at +300m in Gjerland, Forde, Sogn og Fjordane (61° 25' N, 6° 25' E). Coil 1971 and 1972; subm 1972 and 1973 by Bjorn Myhre, Hist Mus, Univ Bergen. Comment (BM): archaeol material very scanty and difficult to date. Structures were supposedly from Early Iron age, probably Migration period; agreeing with dates (Myhre, 1973a). 1790 ± 110 T-1334. Gjerland 1 AD 160 From depth .25m inside House I. 1650 ± 70 T-1404. Gjerland 2 AD 300 From depth .20m in another fireplace in House I. 1670 ± 80 T-1459. Gjerland 3 AD 280 From depth .25m in House II. 1580 ± 150 T-1335. Gjerland 4 AD 370 From depth .50m in fireplace outside the housegrounds. Boat house series, Stend Charcoal from fireplaces and wood from walls of boat house from Early Iron age at +3m in Stend, Bergen, Hordaland (60° 15' N, 5° 20' E). Coll and subm 1970 to 1972 by B Myhre. Comment (BM): house was ca 378 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 32m x 5m, dated archaeologically by earliest pottery to 1600 BP. Walls might be older than oldest artifacts (Myhre, 1973b). 1730 ± 160 T-1067. Stend 1 AD 220 From end wall, depth .50m. 1810 60 T-1241. Stend 2 AD 140 From end wall, depth .50m. 1790 ± 110 T-1336. Stend 3 AD 160 From W side wall, depth .50m. 1520 ± 70 T-1337. Stend 4 AD 320 From depth .50m in fireplace at entrance. 1680 ± 60 T-1242. Stend 5 AD 270 From depth .75m in fireplace. Lonelega rock shelter series Charcoal from cultural layers in the rock shelter Lonelega I at +835m at Lake Lonevatn, Forsand, Rogaland (590 10' N, 6° 55' E). Dates different stages of visits or settlements during Later Bronze age, Pre- Roman Iron age, and Medieval age. Two 1st stages are represented by different types of flat-chopped arrowheads and potsherds. Finds from Stone age and Migration period in other layers. Coll 1972 by Birgitta Broberg; subm 1972 by Egil Mikkelsen, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. 590 ± 200 T-1426. Lonelega I/ 1 AD 1360 From fireplace in Layer 3. 2320 ± 150 T-1428. Lonelega I/2 370 BC From Layer 6. 2780 ± 110 T-1427. Lonelega I/3 830 BC From Layers 7 and 8. Risoya series, Snnd Charcoal from 1 excavated houseground of 8, situated around a shallow bay facing E on treeless, uninhabited Risoya I., outside Toft in Sund, Hordaland (60° 10' N, 5° E). Four cooking pits inside houseground, with central fireplace. Finds are mainly iron fishing hooks and knives, soapstone sinkers, cooking pots, and whetstones. Coll and subm 1972 by Bente Magnus Myhre, Hist Mus, Univ Bergen. Comment (BMM): habita- tion assumed to be seasonal fishing communities during Late Iron age, confirmed by dates. T-1406 slightly too old, might be caused by use of driftwood. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 379 1150 ± 90 T-1405. Risoya 1 AD 800 From depth .lOm in top layer of cooking pit near W wall. 1370 ± 160 T-1461. Risoya 2 AD 580 Charred branch from depth .30m in cooking pit. 1230 ± 60 T-1460. Risoya 3 AD 720 Remnants of burnt plank from wall or floor, from depth .40m partly under W foundation wall. 1630 ± 110 T-1406. Risoya 4 AD 320 From depth .40m in bottom layer of fireplace. Lille Gautelis series, Ankenes Charcoal from different fireplaces in site at +856m in Lille Gautelis, Ankenes, Nordland (68° 01' N, 17° 50' E). Coll 1971 and subm 1972 by Knut Helskog, Tromso Mus, Univ Troms. Comment (KH); archaeol dating based on artifacts in site is very difficult. 580 ± 120 T-1252. L Gautelis 1 AD 1370 From depth .05 to .08m. 480 ± 110 T-1253. L Gautelis 2 AD 1470 From depth .04 to .08m. 6130 ± 170 T-1344. L Gautelis 3 4180 BC From depth .04 to .08m outside fireplace dated by T-1253. 320 ± 130 T-1345. L Gautelis 4 AD 1630 From depth .04 to .10m. 2. Cemeteries and burial mounds Gunnarstorp series, Ostfold Charcoal from Early Iron age cemetery with >150 flat graves covered by a flat stone or various kinds of stone pavements at +35m in Gun- narstorp, Skjeberg, Ostfold (59° 12' N, 11° 8' E). Coll 1955 to 1959 by Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo; subm 1971 and 1972 by Trond Loken, Univ Oldsaksamling. 2070 ± 80 T-1212. Grave 31 120 BC From depth .20 to .60m in pit fire covered with flat stone, containing burnt bones and potsherds. Cremation grave marked on surface with round stone pavement, diam 6m. 380 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 2230 ± 80 T-1213. Grave 159 280 BC From depth .35m in pit fire covered with a stone. Cremation grave asymmetrically surrounded by circular row of stones, diam 2.25m. In center small stone pavement connected to stone circle by 2 radial rows of stones. 270 ± 70 T-1292. Grave 37 AD 1680 From .lOm thick charcoal layer at depth .lOm from center of stone circle, diam 8m, including 11 standing stones connected with stone pave- ment. Comment (TL): sample obviously recent compared to stone circle. 2050 ± 70 T-1293. Grave 3 100 BC From charcoal layer at depth .50m at base of round grave mound, of gravel and stones and surrounded by a kerb. Potsherds and burnt bones were in layer. 380 ± 60 T-1294. Grave 40 AD 1570 From charcoal layer at depth .10 to .20m with a few burnt bones, covered by irregular stone pavement. Comment (TL): date does not agree with supposed age. 2970 ± 70 T-1295. Grave 70 1020 BC From depth .35m in pit with burnt stones, fragments of iron and pot- sherds, covered wth 2 flat stones and surrounded by triangular stone pave- ment with kerb. Comment (TL): date older than expected. 2350 ± 80 T-1296. Grave 54 400 BC From depth .20 to .50m in pit with burnt bones, covered by flat stone. 2230 ± 80 T-1297. Grave 52 280 BC From pit with bronze needle and burnt bones, covered with flat stone and surrounded by elliptical stone pavement with a kerb. 2230 ± 60 T-1440. Grave 52 280 BC From another pit inside same pavement. 1020 ± 70 T-1439. Grave 41 AD 930 From pit containing soil mixed with charcoal, covered with irregular stone pavement, diam 3m. Comment (TL): pavement probably recent compared to cemetery. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 381 330 ± 100 T-1441. Grave 75 AD 1620 From heap of potsherds mixed with burnt bones and small quantities of charcoal in stone cist, covered with an irregular kerb, diam 1.40m. Comment (TL): charcoal must be recent compared to potsherds and bones. St Clemens church series, Oslo Human bone and wood from oldest graves in 2 cemeteries at +10m, from excavation of St Clemens church, Gamlebyen, Oslo (590 54' N, 10° 46' E). Probably oldest Christian cemeteries in Norway known; supposedly from early 12th century. Coll and subm 1971 by The Central Office Hist Monuments, Archaeol Sec, Oslo. Comment (COHM): dates slightly older than expected. T-1327 and -1328 are from oldest graves. 890 ± 150 T-1156. St Clemens church, 133T AD 1060 Stick of wood from depth 1.9m. 990 ± 70 T-1210. St Clemens church, 136B AD 960 Human bones from depth 2m. 1040 ± 110 T-1325. St Clemens church, 136T AD 910 Plank from coffin containing skeleton dated by T-1210. 1020 ± 100 T-1326. St Clemens church, 137B AD 930 Human bones from depth 2m. 930 ± 100 T-1327. St Clemens church, 145B AD 1020 Human bones from depth 2.lm. 920 ± 90 T-1328. St Clemens church, 146B AD 1030 Human bones from depth 2.2m. Lille Solensjoen series Charcoal from concentrations in burial cairns at +700m at lake Lille Solensjoen, Ovre Rendal, Hedmark (62° 02' N, 11° 37' E). Coil and subm 1971 to 1973 by Arne Skjolsvold, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Comment (AS) : part of study on Iron age settlements in mt regions in SE Norway. Dates T-1178 and -1179 too old; probably use of old fire wood. 4080 ± 170 T-1178. Lille Solensjoen I 3090 BC From depth .30m. 2430 ± 60 T-1179. Lille Solensjoen II 480 BC From depth .20m. 382 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 1580 ± 80 T-1430. Lille Solensjoen, Gray V AD 370 From charcoal concentration assoc with plane-iron and mounting of sword scabbard. 2470 ± 80 T-1041. Bringsjord, Lyngdal 520 BC Charcoal from concentration at depth .50m in burial mound at +30m in Bringsjord, Lyngdal, Vest-Agder (48° 10' N, 7° 05' E). Potsherds and burnt bones underlying charcoal layer; flat piece of bronze also found in mound. Coll and subm 1970 by Trond Loken, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Comment (TL): date older than expected, finds do not contradict date. Steinhaug series, Saerheim Charcoal from pits underneath outer parts of a Bronze age mound at +70m in Saerheim, Klepp, Rogaland (58° 46' N, 5° 17' E). Samples from middle of 5 different pits, .50m deep, filled with charcoal and earth. Colt 1970 by Reidar Bertelsen, Stavanger Mus; subm 1971 by Oddmund Mollerop, Stavanger Mus, Stavanger. Comment (OM): outer part of mound younger than lower central, probably contemporary with a sec- ondary burial in Roman period (Bertelsen, 1970). 2340 ± 70 T-991. Saerheim 1 390 BC 2460 ± 70 T-992. Saerheim 2 510 BC 2470 ± 80 T-1201. Saerheim 3 520 BC 2610 ± 80 T-1314. Saerheim 4 660 BC 2380 ± 110 T-1315. Saerheim 5 430 BC Sorheim series, Etne Charcoal from different barrows and graves in big cemetery at +50m in Sorheim, Etne, Hordaland (59° 40' N, 6° E). Coll 1969 by Svein Indrelid and Anne Zachariassen, Hist Mus, Univ Bergen; subm 1971 by Bjorn Myhre (1972). 2940 ± 130 T-1278. Barrow 5/18 990 BC From charcoal layer at base of big barrow, depth lm. Comment (BM): date as expected, correlates well with previous dates from Bronze age barrow at other end of cemetery (R, 1972, v 14, p 444). 3750 ± 90 T-1280. Fireplace 5/18 1800 BC From fireplace at depth 1.30m below layer of earth underlying char- Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 383 coal layer dated by T-1278. Comment (BM): Late Stone age or Early Bronze age is reasonable. 1230 ± 70 T-1279. Grave 5/13 AD 720 From grave pit at base of barrow. Comment (BM): date correlates well with type of grave and poor grave goods from pit. 1780 ± 80 T-1065. Gjerstad AD 170 Charcoal from a cremation grave at depth 3m in center of big bar- row at +100m in Gjerstad, Voss, Hordaland (600 40' N, 6° 20' E). Coll 1968 by Bente Magnus Myhre; subm 1970 by Bjorn Myhre. Comment (BM): date too old, archaeol date AD 400 yr. Charcoal pit series Charcoal from small pits with charcoal, stones, and few or no remains of burnt bones, a phenomenon often observed in Iron age cemeteries. The fact that the pits often are found in the bottom of barrows, seems inci- dental. They nearly always are older than barrows, probably representing a very extreme kind of burial rite in Early Iron age. Coll 1966 to 1971 and subm 1970 to 1972 by Oddmunn Farbregd, DKNVS Mus, Univ Trondheim (Farbregd, 1971, 1972a, b). 2020 ± 90 T-987. Kvello, Pit A 70 BC From pit in bottom of barrow at +160m in Kvello, Verdal, Nord- Trondelag (63° 46' N, 11° 41' E). Cist burial in center of barrow (25m wide x 3m high) dated at AD 350 to 450. 1950 ± 80 T-1120. Kvello, Pit B O BC From pit .50m from Pit A, same level. 1720 ± 100 T-1121. Kvello, Pit C AD 230 From pit .80m from Pit B, same level. Comment (OF): dates confirm pits are older than cist burial. 1680 ± 70 T-1122. Kvello, Trench AD 270 From trench in bottom of same barrow. Trench is part of circle with central stone cist, marking periphery of a small primary barrow. Com- 7nent (OF): trench probably contemporary with cist burial; date not con- clusive. 2120 ± 80 T-1125. Vie, pit under long barrow 170 BC Sample from oval pit at base of barrow 20m long at +ca 100m in Vie, Grong, Nord-Trondelag (64° 29' N, 12° 10' E). Comment (OF): date con- firms pit is older than barrow. 384 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 1470 ± 80 T-1123. Figga, pit in boat grave AD 480 From pit at base of round barrow, ca llm wide at +lOm in Figga, Steinkjer, Nord-Trondelag (64° 01' N, 11° 29' E), containing boat burial of late Viking period. Comment (OF): pit is clearly older than barrow. 1430 ± 90 T-1124. Vang, Barrow 587, pit AD 520 From pit at base of round barrow, 5m wide at +575m in Vang, Oppdal, Sor-Trondelag (62° 36' N, 9° 39' E). No burnt bones, iron arrow head typical of Merovingian period on top of pit. Comment (OF): pit assumed to represent burial over which barrow was built; date agrees. 2320 ± 70 T-1287. Hollingen, pit 370 BC From pit at ca +40m just outside stone cist from Migration period in Hollingen, Aukra, More og Romsdal (62° 47' N, 6° 58' E). Comment (OF): pit clearly older than cist burial. 1670 ± 70 T-988. A, Barrow 8, pit AD 280 From pit at base of Viking period barrow at +15m in A, Snillfjord, Sor-Trondelag (63° 24' N, 9° 30' E). 1860 ± 90 T-990. A, separate pit AD 90 From pit 6m outside barrow covering pit dated by T-988. Comment (OF): both pits clearly older than barrow. A cemetery series Charcoal samples related to primary and secondary stages of grave monument at +15m in A, Snillfjord, Sor-Trondelag (63° 24' N, 9° 30' E). Co111970 and subm 1970 and 1972 by 0 Farbregd (1971, 1972a, b). 3370 ± 170 T-989. A, Barrow 8, stone cist 1420 BC Pieces of charcoal scattered in original surface under stone cist cen- trally situated in cairn 6m wide. In secondary stage of use covered by larger earth mound. Comment (OF): date is post quem, probably direct, ie, cist can be Bronze or Early Iron age. 1240 ± 70 T-1288. A, Barrow 8, trench AD 710 From charcoal concentration at base of trench around barrow. Com- ment (OF): sample most probably contemporary with trench and barrow; date confirms secondary use of monument in Viking period. Lappish Iron age series, Finnmark Birch-bark from graves in rock-strewn slopes used as burial sites. Most samples from Mortensnes, Nesseby, Finnmark (70° 07' N, 29° 20' E). Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 385 Also charcoal and bone from house site at Mortensnes including several housegrounds belonging to same cultural tradition. Coll 1967 to 1970 and subm 1968 to 1970 by Else Johansen Kleppe, Hist Mus, Bergen. T-674 coll 1967, T-673 and -674 subm 1968 by Knut Odner, Hist Mus, Bergen. Comment (EJK): series indicate that Lappish Iron age lasted from approx AD 1 to AD 1700 (Solberg, 1909; Johansen and Odner, 1968). 680 ± 60 T-871. Mortensnes 1, Grave 39 AD 1270 Birch-bark, mostly decorated, from flagstone coffin in Mortensnes burial site. Other finds: 6 quartzite scrapers, 2 flakes, 1 pumice stone with flat polished surface, and skeletal remains. Depth .5m. 300 ± 50 T-872. Mortensnes 2, Grave 145 AD 1650 Birch-bark from partly opened and collapsed flagstone coffin. Other finds: 3 bronze needles, 1 pearl, 2 spindle whirls, 3 quartzite flakes, 2 pumice stones with flat polished surfaces and skeletal remains. Depth ca .7m. 1000 ± 70 T-874. Mortensnes 3, Grave 97 AD 950 Birch-bark from flagstone coffin, previously unopened. Other finds: quartzite scrapers and flakes, skeletal remains. Depth .5m. 1460 ± 90 T-933. Mortensnes 4, Grave 10 AD 490 Birch-bark from previously opened flagstone coffin. No other finds. Depth ca .6m. 250 ± 90 T-934. Mortensnes 5, Grave 65 AD 1700 Birch-bark from previously opened flagstone coffin. Other finds: 3 pumice stones. Depth .5m. 300 ± 90 T-935. Mortensnes 6, Grave 113 AD 1650 Birch-bark from previously unopened but collapsed coffin. Depth ca .2m. Other finds: quartzite scrapers and flakes and 1 skeleton. 600 ± 70 T-673. Mortensnes 7, House 26, Sec A AD 1350 Charcoal from depth ca .25m in fireplace, Houseground 26, Sec A. T-870. Mortensnes 8, House 26, Sec A 100 Bones of domestic animals from depth ca .15m in cultural layer with other animal bones and artifacts, some recent. No stratification observed. 2420 ± 120 T-675. Mortensnes 9, Sec A 470 BC Charcoal from depth ca .15m in concentration of stones in Sec A. 386 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 2150 ± 150 T-674. Mortensnes 10, House 10, See B 200 sc Charcoal from layer at depth ca .25m, under fireplace. 2010 ± 100 T-873. Kariel, Grave I 60 BC Birch-bark from previously unopened flagstone coffin in Kariel, Vadso, Finnmark (700 06' N, 29° 23' E). Most bark was decorated; skeletal remains also found. Depth .4m. 200 ± 70 T-1053. Skalnes grave AD 1750 Birch-bark from unopened flagstone coffin in Skalnes, Vadso, Finn- mark (70° 13' N, 30° 29' E). Other finds: bronze pendant, penannular bronze brooch, and skeletal remains. Depth .5m. Comment (EJK): date younger than burial. Archaeol date, based on well dated imported wares: AD 1000 to AD 1100. 3. Bog iron industries Mosstrand series, Telemark Charcoal from iron extraction sites in mt community Mosstrand, Vinje, Telemark (59° 50' N, 8° 10' E). Dateable objects are few, series establishes chronology for sites and furnace types, ranging from AD 500 to 1350. Sites differ widely in character and size. Skarbjaen samples coil 1970 by Anne S Alsvik, T-1182 and -1183 in 1971 by Per Kr Horn, all others by Irmelin Martens 1961 to 1972; subm 1970 to 1972 by I Martens, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo (Martens, 1972). 1200 ± 80 T-1068. Skarbjaen 30/52 no. 3/1 AD 750 From original surface under slag heap assoc with house site at +975m (Loc 3) in Skarbjaen. 975 ± 80 T-1069. Skarbjaen 30/52 no. 3/2 AD 975 From slag groove at E side of bottom flagstone of furnace. 970 ± 80 T-1073. Skarbjaen 30/52 no. 7/1 AD 980 From original surface under separate slag heap (Loc 7). 780 ± 110 T-1074. Skarbjaen 30/52 no. 7/2 AD 1170 From S slag groove, close to the furnace in Loc 7. 920 ± 70 T-1072. Homvassbekken 30/52 no. 5/1 AD 1030 From original surface under slag heap assoc with house site and 2 furnaces (Loc 5), at +950m at Homvassbekken. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 387 910 ± 70 T-1071. Homvassbekken 30/52 no. 5/2 AD 1040 Coil near W rim of Furnace I, covered with earth mixed with char- coal and slag. 880 ± 70 T-1070. Homvassbekken 30/52 no. 5/3 AD 1070 Coil under a big lump of slag, clotted in bottom of Furnace II. 720 ± 80 T-1109. Mogen AD 1230 From original surface layer close to furnace assoc with house site at +920m in Mogen. Comment (IM): a few objects of Viking or Medieval age were found; date agrees well. 1200 ± 80 T-1110. Varland 33/49 no. 4 AD 750 Coil just outside furnace at +915m in Varland. 1190 ± 150 T-1111. Martinvika 30/52 no. 6 AD 760 From small pit assoc with slag heap and furnace at +950m near Martinvika. Comment (IM): furnace is very similar to 33/49 no. 4 (T- 1110). 970 ± 70 T-1443. Martinvika 30/52 no. 1 AD 980 From original surface under slag heap assoc with house site at +950m in Martinvika. Comment (IM): site dated previously to 960 ± 60 BP (T-698, R 1970, v 12, p 235). 1090 ± 70 T-1181. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 2/1 AD 860 From original surface underneath large slag heap assoc with 3 fur- naces (Loc 2) at +925m in Erlandsgard. 1480 ± 70 T-1320. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 2/2 AD 470 From original surface under slag heap. Comment (IM): date too old, T-1180 and -1181 from same site both give Viking period. 960 ± 90 T-1180. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 2/3 AD 990 From Furnace I. 920 ± 80 T-1183. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 3/1 AD 1030 From original surface under large slag heap assoc with 4 furnaces (Loc 3). 980 ± 110 T-1182. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 3/2 AD 970 From Furnace IV. Comment (IM): the few objects dated to Viking age/early Medieval, agree with dates from site. 388 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 1280 ± 70 T-1184. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 5 AD 670 From original surface under slag heap (Loc 5). 1390 ± 80 T-1321. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 6/1 AD 560 From original surface under slag heap (Loc 6). 1410 ± 150 T-1185. Erlandsgard 32/56 no. 6/2 AD 540 From charcoal mixed soil in furnace. 1260±80 T-1444. Erlandsgard 32/57 no. 1 AD 690 From original surface under slag heap assoc with house site at +925m in Erlandsgard. 4. Hunting constructions and localities Reindeer drive series, Hardangervidda Charcoal and reindeer bone from lake-side sites characterized by remnants of stone huts in mt area Hardangervidda. Drift fences consist- ing of stone cairns are usually found on opposite side of lakes. Hunting method well documented in ethnographic literature: reindeers chased by beaters, diverted into lake by fences, here to be killed by hunters in boat. Coll 1971 and 1972, subm 1972 and 1973 by Otto Blehr and Rolf W Lie, The Hardangervidda project for interdisciplinary cultural research, Ber- gen. Comment (OB): series dates use of reindeer drive since Late Stone age until Black Death, and regional differences in exploitation of wild reindeer in area by local communities (Blehr, 1973; Negaard, 1911; Boe, 1942). 1890 ± 110 T-1303. Langevatn 1 AD 60 Charcoal from depth .30m in fireplace (cooking pit) in distinct re- mains of stone but at +1124m at Lake Langevatn, Ullensvang, Hordaland (600 28' N, 7° 34' E). Pit is probably 1 of at least 20 such pits SW of hut. 1740 ± 110 T-1228. Langevatn 2 AD 210 Charcoal from depth .08m, 3m outside but remains. 1430 ± 130 T-1251. Langevatn 3a AD 520 Bone from depth .05 to .lOm in bone heap outside stone but remains. 1600 ± 110 T-1304. Langevatn 5 AD 350 Bone from depth .20m in bone heap. 600 ± 100 T-1423. Sumtangen 1 AD 1350 Bone from depth .10 to .15m in bone heap outside remains of stone Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 389 but at +1192m at lake Finnsbergvatn, Ullensvang, Hordaland (600 29' N, 70 37 E). Denoted "East hut" by Negaard (1911). 740 ± 80 T-1424. Sumtangen 2 AD 1210 Bone from bottom layer in bone heap, depth .50m. 700 ± 100 T-1466. Sumtangen 5 AD 1250 Bone from cultural layer at depth .10 to .15m outside entrance of another stone but ("West but", Negaard, 1911). 860 ± 70 T-1514. Sumtangen 10 AD 1090 Charcoal from bottom layer dated by T-1424. 1030 ± 70 T-1515. Dragoy 2 AD 920 Charcoal from depth .05 to . l Om in remains of stone but at + 1180m at Lake Dragoyfjorden, Ullensvang, Hordaland (60° 27' N, 7° 41' E). 840 ± 130 T-1306. Dragoy 4 AD 1110 Charcoal from depth .lOm in remains of another stone hut. Burnt bones and stones also found. 970 ± 110 T-1302. Dragoy 5 AD 980 Charcoal from depth .25m in remains of 3rd stone hut. Burnt bones and potsherds. 780 ± 80 T-1462. Kraekkja la AD 1170 Bone from depth .20m in bone heap outside remains of stone but at +1153m at Lake Storekraekkja, Hol, Buskerud (60° 26' N, 7° 44' E). 1020 ± 110 T-1391. Kraekkja 2 AD 930 Charcoal from cultural layer .01 to .02m thick at depth .05m in re- mains of stone but at +1151m. Burnt bones. 720 ± 70 T-1513 Kraekkja 4 AD 1230 Bone from depth .45m in bone heap outside entrance of stone but remains at +1153m ("Hut C", Negaard, 1911). 740 ± 150 T-1421. Kraekkja 5 AD 1210 Bone from depth .20m in bone heap. 810 ± 80 T-1463. Kraekkja 6 AD 1140 Bone from cultural layer .30m thick at depth .20 to .30m outside sup- posed entrance of stone but remains at +1151m ("Hut A", Negaard, 1911). 390 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth 680 ± 100 T-1422. Kraekkja 7 AD 1270 Bone from depth .30 to .40m in bone heap outside entrance to S-most remains of stone but in site at +1153m, denoted "Southern locality" by Negaard (1911). 590 ± 100 T-1465. Kraekkja 8 AD 1360 Bone from depth .05 to .15m in bone heap. Reindeer individual hunting series, Hardangervidda When local communities surrounding Hardangervidda were resettled after Black Death ca AD 1350, reindeer drive was no longer feasible; method replaced by individual trapping and hunting. Small and rather insignificant huts were built. Coll 1971 and 1972 and subm 1972 and 1973 by 0 Blehr. Comment (OB); dates from look-out huts, ie, huts situated to give hunter a good view of animal migration route. Younger than ex- pected. This type of but might reflect introduction of hunting with guns in area (Blehr, 1972). 270 ± 70 T-1392. Dragoynuten 1 AD 1680 Charcoal from cultural layer .Olm thick at depth .07m in remains of ° look-out but at + 1210m at Dragoynuten, Hol, Buskerud (60° 27' N, 7 42' E). 280 ± 70 T-1305. Olavsbuvatn 2 AD 1670 Charcoal from depth .lOm in fireplace in remains of look-out but at ±1200m on top of small hill near lake Olavsbuvatn, Ullensvang, Horda- land (60° 26' N, 7° 37' E). 470 ± 70 T-1308. Dalbore 1 AD 1480 Charcoal from cultural layer at depth .lOm outside entrance to re- mains of but at +1150m in Kjeldo, Ullensvang, Hordaland (60° 26' N, 7 ° 34' E). Pit fall series, Rondane Series dates use of 2 different types of pit falls for trapping reindeer in mt area Rondane; one oval shaped type with wooden walls, the other rectangular with stone walls. Coll 1967 to 1972 by Edv K Barth and Arne Skjolsvold; subm 1971 and 1972 by E K Barth, Norsk Skogbruksmus, Elverum. 920 ± 70 T-1454. Grinisdalen AD 1030 Charred wood remains of pole from wall of oval pit fall at +930m in Grimsdalen, Dovre, Oppland (62° 05' N, 11° 21' E). Depth ca .25m below basal surface of pit. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 391 360 ± T-1420. 90 Lille Ula AD 1590 Charred wood remains from wall of oval pit fall at +1020m in Lille Ula, Sel, Oppland (610 51' N, 90 40' E). Depth .50m below basal surface. 420 ± T-1128. 100 Vulua, stone but AD 1530 Charcoal from depth .25m in fireplace inside remains of stone but at +1080m in Vuludalen, Fron, Oppland (610 49' N, 100 02' E). Comment (EKB): remains near series of 68 oval-shaped pit falls. 810 ± T-1311. 70 Vulua/Hornflagan AD 1140 Humus from distinct layer .02m thick at depth .35m below basal sur- face at +1300m in Hornflagadalen, Fron, Oppland (61° 49' N, 90 E from 57 ) , rectangular stone-walled pi t fall. Comment (EKB): hypothesis: last remains from covering frame work on top of pit. 350 ± 80 T-1219. Gravho AD 1600 Wood from a solid, longitudinal pole at base of rectangular, stone- walled pit fall at +1300m in Gravho, Dovre, Oppland (62° 03' N, 9° 37' E). Depth .15m below basal surface. Comment (EKB): hypothesis: pole preventing animals to climb up from pit. 450 ± 70 T-1218. Randen AD 1500 Part of solid, longitudinal pole at base of rectangular, stone walled pit fall at +1360m in Randen, Sel, Oppland (61° 52' N, 9° 43' E). Depth .19m below basal surface. 1900 ± 400 T-1217. Langglupdalen AD 50 Small pieces of wood at base of rectangular, stone walled pit fall at +1430m in Langglupdalen, Folldal, Hedmark (61° 56' N, 9° 51' E). Sam- ple lying on large horizontal flagstone as fundament in bottom; assumed to be remains of covering frame work on top of pit. Depth .08m below basal surface of pit. Comment (EKB): oldest known date of pit falls of this type (R, 1972, v 14, p 447). 310 ± 70 T-1127. Gravho, stone but AD 1640 Charcoal from depth .15m in fireplace inside remains of stone but at +1200m in Gravho, Dovre, Oppland (62° 02' N, 9° 38' E). Comment (EKB): remains 500m from stone wall 19m long, built for trapping reindeer. 420 ± 140 T-1419. Elrladalen wolf pit AD 1530 Wood from wolf pit with timber walls from bog at +800m at N 1Vlesseltseter in Eldadalen, Stor-Elvdal, Hedmark (61° 28' N, 10° 48' E). Lovseth 392 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Elverum; Depth .60m. Coil 1972 by Tore Fossum, Norsk Skogbruksmus, subm 1972 by E K Barth and T Fossum. 5. Miscellaneous archaeologic samples Brennmoen series +100m Charcoal from excavated house on site now uninhabited at ca Skistad, Overhalla, Nord-Trondelag (64° 25' N, 12° 10 E). in Brennmoen, Univ Coil and subm 1970 by Kristen R Mollenhus, DKNVS Mus, Trondheim. 910 ± 100 T-967. Brennmoen II AD 1040 From lower charcoal layer. 910 ± 70 T-960. Brennmoen III AD 1040 From middle charcoal layer. 1040 ± 80 T-1077. Brennmoen IV AD 910 From upper charcoal layer. Nape series, Fyresdal Charcoal from farm with 2 house sites at +520m in W Nape, subm Fyresdal, Telemark (59° 10' N, 8° 10' E). Coil 1969 by Trygve Fett; (IM): no by Irmelin Martens, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Comment 1970 dates dateable objects, House II supposedly Medieval, confirmed by (Martens, 1973). 560 ± 60 T-1012. House site II/1 AD 1390 From between flagstones in fireplace in Rm III. 760 ± 110 T-1011. House site II/2 AD 1190 From small pit dug into floor. Hunn series, Borge Borge, Charcoal from 3 stone circles ("domarringar") in Hunn, Univ Ostfold (59° 11' N, 11° 3' E). Subm 1971 by Heid Gjostein Resi, Oldsaksamling, Oslo. 680 ± 160 T-1101. Hunn 1 AD 1270 Coil 1952 From concentration near Stone 1 in stone circle at +35m. by Elizabeth Skjelsvik, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. 2350 ± 120 T-1102. Hunn 2 400 BC From pit containing charcoal and fragments of burnt bones between +35m. Coil 1952 by E 2 standing stones (5 and 6) in stone circle at Skjeisvik. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 393 510 ± 70 T-1103. Hunn 3 AD 1440 From part of stone-packing between standing stones in stone circle at +37m. Coil 1951 by E Skjelsvik. 2250 ± 150 T-1104. Hunn 4 300 BC From concentration within remains of stone circle at +33m. Coil 1951 by Joan Jennings, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. 2700 ± 160 T-1166. Hunn 5 750 BC From depth .95m near base of grave mound at +43m; in layer con- taining charcoal, burnt bones (homo sapiens, bos taurus, ovis/capra), and a pair of bronze tweezers. Coil 1971 by H G Resi. Comment (HGR): date agrees well with assumed age of bronze tweezers from same layer. 870 ± 110 T-1066. Hufthamar AD 1080 Wood from 1 of aligned wooden poles in bog at +30m in Hufthamar, Austevoll, Hordaland (60° 10' N, 5° 10' E). Depth .50m. Coil 1971 by Kristian Jansen, Hist Mus, Bergen; subm 1971 by Bjorn Myhre. Comment (BM): 1st archaeol excavation of standing wooden poles in bogs, observed in different parts of W Norway. Medieval period probably indicates a practical function, eg, part of a fence. Mindets tomt series, Oslo Wooden sticks from fences or walls, covered by layers of debris. Found by excavation of townsite "Mindets tomt" at +lOm in Gamlebyen, the oldest part of Oslo (59° 54' N, 10° 46' E). Coil and subm 1971 by The Central Office Hist Monuments, Archaeol Sec, Oslo. 1040 ± 110 T-1329. Mindets tomt, No. 1 AD 910 From depth ca 4m; construction belonging to one of oldest buildings in area. 910 ± 90 T-1330. Mindets tomt, No. 5 AD 1040 From depth ca 4m in sand layers. 910 ± 100 T-1376. Mindets tomt, No. 2 AD 1040 From construction belonging to one of oldest buildings in area. Isegran ships series Wood from 2 of 3 ships apparently sunk intentionally to block sailing channel in R Glomma at +2 to +3m in Isegran, Fredrikstad, ostfold (59° 10' N, 10° 50' E). Coil 1971 by Svein Molaug, Norsk Sjo- fartsmus, Oslo; subm 1971 by Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Comment (SM): in shipbuilding terms, ships may be as young as dated; but it is difficult 394 Steinar Gulliksen, Reidar Nydal, and Knut Lovseth to associate the sinking with known historic events at such a late date (Molaug, 1972). 320 ± 100 T-1148. Isegran I AD 1630 Wood (treenails). 210 ± 100 T-1149. Isegran II AD 1740 Wood (treenails). 730 ± 100 T-1349. Verne Kloster boat AD 1220 Caulking of animal hair from wreck of ship or boat from depth .5m in drainage ditch at ca +1.5m, Verne Kloster, Rygge, Ostfold (590 20' N, 100 40' E). Coll 1972 by A E Christensen Jr, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo; subm 1972 by Univ Oldsaksamling. Comment (AEC): date fits within limits suggested on evidence of shipbuilding technique. 740 ± 110 T-1429. Moen log-boat AD 1210 Wood (Finns) from monoxyl found at depth .5m near an old brook during drainage work in l\Toen, Solum, Telemark (59° 10' N, 9° 20' E). Coll 1972 by A E Christensen, Jr; subm 1973 by Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Comment (AEC): monoxyls cannot be dated on archaeol criteria. 290 ± 100 T-1348. Helleso boat AD 1660 Wood (treenail) from partly submerged wreck of boat close to shore in Helleso, Bamle, Telemark (58° 50' N, 9° 30' E). Coll 1972 by A E Christensen Jr; subm 1972 by Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Comment (AEC): wreck not dateable on shipbuilding criteria. REFERENCES Aarseth, Inge and Mangerud, Jan, 1974, Younger Dryas endmoraines between Hardan- gerfjorden and Sognefjorden, Western Norway: Boreas, v 3, p 3-22. Andrews, J T, 1969, The shoreline relation diagram: Physical basis and use for predict- ing age of relative sea levels: Arctic Alpine Research 1, 67-78. Bertelsen, p Reidar, 1970, Steinhaug pa Saerheim: Fra haug og heidni, bd IV, p 68-71. Blehr, 0, 1973, Traditional reindeer hunting and social change in the local communi- ties surrounding Hardangervidda: Norwegian Archaeol Review, v 6, no. 2, 102-112. p 1972, Hva dyregravene pa Hardangervidda forteller om villreinfangst: Vik- ing bd XXXVI 1972, p 115-130. Boe, Johs, 1942, Til hogfjellets forhistorie: Bergen Mus Skr no. 21, 96 p, Bergen, 1942. Danielsen, A, 1970, Pollen-analytical late Quaternary studies in the Ra district of Ostfold, Southeast Norway: Bergen Univ Arb 1969, Mat Nat vit R no. 14, 146 p. Farbregd, 0, 1971, Arkeologisk utgraving pa A i Snillfjord 1970: Fosen Historielags Arb 1971, p 15. 1972a, Emballasjen like viktig som innhaldet: Nicolay, no. 12, p 14. 1972b, Kolgroper og keltartidsproblem: Viking bd XXXVI 1972, p 154. Gulliksen, Steinar, 1972, Low cost electronics and a twin counter assembly: 8th internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, Proc, Wellington, New Zealand, Oct 1972. Hafsten, U, 1956, Pollen-analytical investigations on the late Quaternary development in the inner Oslofjord area: Bergen Univ Arb, Nat vit R no. 8, p 1-161. Hoeg, H I, 1972, En pollenanalytisk undersokelse i Skaitidalen, Saltdal kommune, Nordland: Unpub thesis, Univ Oslo. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 395

Hoeg, H I, 1974, En pollenanalytisk undersokelse i Slidereasen i Vestre Slidre: Viking bd XXXVIII 1974, p 137-160. Indrelid, Svein, 1973, Hein 33-En steinalderboplass pa Hardangervidda: Bergen Univ Arb, Humanistisk ser 1972, no. 1, 108 p. Johansen, Arne, 1969, Hoyfjellsfunn ved Laerdalsvassdraget I: Universitetsforlaget Bergen/Oslo, 159 p. 1972, Hoyfjellsfunn ved Laerdalsvassdraget II: ms in prep. Johansen, Else and Odner, Knot, 1968, Arkeologiske undersokelser pa Mortensnes ved Varangerfjorden: Viking bd XXXII 1968, p 57-84. Lundqvist, G, 1951, Beskrivning till jordartskarta over Kopparbergs Lan: Sveriges Geol Unders, Ca 21, 213 p. 1969, Beskrivning till jordartskarta over Jamtlands Lan: Sveriges Geol Unders, Ca 45, 418 p. Mangerud, Jan, 1973, Hordalands natur, under og like ester siste istid: Fra Fjon til Fusa, Arb for Nord- og Midt-Hordland Sogelag, 26, arg, p 7-43, Bergen, 1973. Martens, Irmelin, 1972, Mosstrand i Telemark-en jernproduserende fjellbygd for svartedauen: Viking bd XXXVI, p 83-114. 1973, Gamle fjellgarder fra strdkene rundt Hardangervidda: Univ Oldsak- samlings Arb 1970-71, p 1-84. Moe, D, 1973a, Tilveksten av enkelte myrer pa Hardangervidda: Norges Offentlige Utredninger NOU 1974: 30B, p 76-79. 1973b, Studies in the Holocene vegetation development on Hardangervidda, Southern Norway I. The occurrence and origin of pollen of plants favoured by man's activity: Norwegian Archaeol Rev, v 6, no. 2, p 67-73. Molaug, Svein, 1972, Batene fra Isegran: Norsk Sjofartsmus Arsberetning 1972, 3 p. Myhre, Bjorn, 1972, Bronsealders jordhauger i Etne i Sunnhordland: Arkeo, Univ Bergen 1972, no. 1, p 12. 1973a, I en aker pa Gjerland i Forde: Arkeo, Univ Bergen 1973, no. 1, p 15. 1973b, Nausttuft fra eldre jernalder: Arkeo, Univ Bergen 1973, p 20. Negaard, Hj, 1911, Hardangerviddens aeldste befolkning. Undersokelser og fund: Ber- gen Mus Arb 1911, hist antikv R no 4. Nydal, Reidar, 1965, Ten years trial and error with the CO2 proportional counting technique in Trondheim: 6th internatl conf radiocarbon and tritium dating, Proc, Pullman, Washington, June 7-11, 1965. Nydal, Reidar et al, 1972, Trondheim natural radiocarbon measurements VI: Radiocar- bon, v 14, p 418-451. Simonsen, A, 1971, Breiavatnet og Stavangers eldste historie: Stavanger Mus Arb 1971, p 39-49. 1972, Da bondene kom til Gjedlestadvige: FrO haug og heidni, no. , v IV, p 217-240 (Local archaeol paper for the Rogaland area). Slomann, W, 1971, Gravfeltet omkring Einangsteinen i Slidreasen i Valdres: Viking bd XXXV 1971, p 11-87. Solberg, Ole, 1909, Eisenzeitfunde aus Ostfinmarken: Christiania, 1909. Tallantire, P A, 1972, The regional spread of spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) within Fennoscandia: a Reassessment: Norwegian Jour Bot, v 19, p 1-16. UndSs, I, 1950, Om morener, israndstadier, marine grenser og jordskorpas stigning ved den seinglasiale Oslofjord: Bergen Univ Arb, Mat-Nat vit R no. 1, 72 p. Utne, Astrid, 1971a, En hellerbosetning fra yngre steinalder: Ottar, no. 67, p 10-24. 197lb, Storbathallaren i Flakstad, Vest-Lofoten: Nicolay, no. 9, p 14-16. Vorren, Tore, 1973, Glacial Geology between Jostedalsbreen and Jotunheimen, S Nor- way: Norges geol unders, no. 291, p 42. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 396-406] UCR RADIOCARBON DATES II R E TAYLOR Department of Anthropology, Center for Social and Behavioral Science Research, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Riverside, California 92502 UCR I (R, 1974, v 16, p 395-401) previously reported measurements carried out jointly by the UCR and UCLA radiocarbon laboratories be- tween November 1972 and September 1973 and interlaboratory check samples used to calibrate the UCR 1.7L counter. This list reports the measurements of the UCR laboratory from September 1973 to August 1974. Samples were subjected to accepted HC1, NaOH or other special chemical pretreatments depending on specific conditions to exclude con- tamination. All bone samples were measured using the collagen method of Berger et al (1964). Samples are combusted in a stream of oxygen and argon or acidified with 2N HC1 and the resultant CO2 is passed through 2 washing bottles containing 1N AgNO.; solutions, a CuO furnace main- tained at 800°C, 2 solutions of ca 100gm of K2Cr2O2 dissolved in H2S04, 2 additional . l N AgNO solutions, and is collected in liquid N2 traps. After combustion or evolution of the CO2 is completed, the sample is iso- lated in the vacuum system and the remaining excess 02 and other non- condensable gases are pumped off. The sample is then expanded into a separate 1OL system containing a Cu furnace maintained at 400°C. A fan unit in the system circulates the CO2 continuously through the Cu for at least a 10-hr period. Between each sample, the Cu is reduced by the intro- duction of H2. Following circulation through the Cu furnace, the CO2 is again collected in a liquid N2 trap and pumped with a mercury-diffusion pump until a vacuum of 10-3mm Hg or less is attained. The sample is then stored in stainless steel pressure bottles to allow radon to decay. Samples are introduced into a 1.7L counter at 760mm pressure nor- malized to 20°C. Concentration of electro-negative impurities in the sam- ples gases is monitored by noting the ratio between meson events falling into 2 energy channels as a function of change in the high voltage. A 2-channel discriminator unit has been set so that, at given voltage with the anti-coincidence system deactivated, counting rates in the 2 channels are approximately equal when the purity of the sample gas is acceptable for counting purposes. If the voltage is >10 volts above the standard volt- age setting, the sample is recycled through the Cu furnace for an addi- tional period. Background CO2 is obtained from the acidification of marble of Pennsylvanian age. Calculated radiocarbon ages are based on the 5568 yr half-life; the standard for the contemporary biosphere is .95 NBS oxalic acid and AD 1950 constitutes the zero reference year. The measured 13C/ 12C ratio of the oxalic acid standard gas is -19.74 per mil relative to PDB. The interlaboratory check sample results were reported in UCR I. 396 R E Taylor 397

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his gratitude to W F Libby and Rainer Berger for their continuing assistance. The dedicated laboratory work of Marvis Kelly, Peter Slota, and Stanley Sheldon is also very much appreci- ated. Support from the UCR Intramural Research Fund is gratefully acknowledged. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. California Myoma Dunes series Samples from coprolite beds exposed in sand dunes adjacent to shore- line of former Lake Cahuilla (LeConte), Riverside Co, Calif (33° 45' N, 116° 12' W) by deflation. Coll 1973 and subm by P J Wilke, Dept An- thropol, Univ California, Riverside. 365 ± 140 UCR-124. Coprolite Bed D AD 1585 Human coprolite from shallow latrine. Coprolites and decomposing fragments thereof contained seeds of Cucurbita pepo id by T Whitaker, US Dept Agric, La Jolla, California. Comments (PJW): significance of cucurbit seeds at this date awaits completion of coprolite analysis, which is in progress. (RET): interlab check sample, UCLA-1889: 420 ± 80. <100 UCR-125. Coprolite Bed B Modern Human coprolite from 15cm below surface of deposit. Comments (PJW): date suggests recent deposit. Componential analysis of coprolites is in progress. (RET): interlab check sample, UCLA-1887: <100 yr. UCR-152. Coprolite Bed A-terrestrial 240 ± 150 fraction AD 1710 Seed coats of Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) screened from upper 10cm of decomposing bed of coprolites atop shoreline dune. Comment (PJW): sample dates terrestrial plant remains consumed by man. 235 ± 150 UCR-153. Coprolite Bed A-aquatic fraction AD 1715 Seeds of Scirpus acutus and S validus, id by Norah van Kleeck, Cali- fornia Dept Agric, Sacramento, screened from residue of decomposing coprolites. Provenience same as UCR-152. Comment (PJW): same ap- parent age as terrestrial fraction from same deposit. <150 UCR-163. Structure Modern Charcoal, probably Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) from a beam of burned pole and brush structure from the deflating surface of Myoma Dunes, Area A. Comment (RET): interlaboratory check sample, UCLA- 1918: 100 ± 60, AD 1850. 398 R E Taylor General Comment (PJW): coprolites from Bed A include abundant re- mains of aquatic plants and animals. Dates on coprolite constituents sug- gest a late stand of Lake Cahuilla, which was not anticipated. The num- ber and duration of late stands of Lake Cahuilla has not yet been deter- mined. 115 ± 80 UCR-120/UCLA-1868. Tahquitz Canyon AD 1835 Charcoal from hearth (Feature A) in Unit E, Exposure 3, Loc TC- 27N, alluvial fan of Tahquitz Canyon (33° 50' N, 1160 32' W) Coachella Valley, California. Coil 1972 by G Jefferson, subm by P J Wilke, Dept Anthropol, Univ California, Riverside. Comment (PJW): date indicates occupation of site into late prehistoric or historic time. 3160 ± 150 UCR-212. Simomo site 1210 BC Marine shell (Chicone undatella simillima [Sowerby], Argopecten circularis aeguisulcatus [Carpenter], and Euspira lewisi [Gould]) from 350 to 365cm at Simomo site (4-Ven-26), Ventura Co, California (35° 10' N, 119° 10' E). Coil 1959 by C Rozaire, L A Co Mus Natl Hist. Subm by R E Taylor. Santa Cruz Island series A series of test excavations were conducted by Univ California, Santa Barbara on Santa Cruz, one of the channel islands off the coast of Southern California. Radiocarbon dates of this series are being used for chronology of changes in exploitation of marine resources by prehistoric inhabitants of Santa Cruz I. Theoretically, as population density in- creased, kelp fish and eventually schooling fish were added to intertidal food resources in the aboriginal diet. Dates correlate with screened col- umn samples from which subsistence remains are being extracted for analysis. Excavations are supported by a Natl Sci Foundation Grant (GA-36573) to A Spaulding and M A Glassow. Samples subm by M A Glassow, Dept Anthropol, Univ California, Santa Barbara. 1685 ± 100 UCR-130. Christi Beach, 185 to 195cm AD 265 Wood charcoal from 185 to 195cm in Column 1 at UCSB site SCrI- 236 (34° 1' N, 119° 52' W). Coll 1973 by MA Glassow. 4435 ± 100 UCR-131. Christi Beach, 238 to 248cm 2485 BC Marine shell (Haliotis sp) from 238 to 248cm in Column 1. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. 1535 ± 150 UC1I-132. Christi Beach, 205 to 220cm AD 415 Wood charcoal from burnt timber from 205 to 220cm in Column 2. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. UCR Radiocarbon Dates II 399 960 ± 150 UCR-156. Prisoner's Harbor, 185 to 200cm AD 990 Charcoal from Level A2, 185 to 200cm above main datum at UCSB site SCrI-240 (34° 01' N, 119° 40' W). Coll 1973 by S P Home. 1650 ± 150 UCR-157. Prisoner's Harbor, 115 to 125em AD 300 Charcoal from Level E, 115 to 125cm above main datum. Coll 1973 by S P Home. 1735 ± 150 UCR-158. Prisoner's Harbor, 33 to 36cm AD 215 Charcoal from Level 0, 33 to 36cm below main datum. Coil 1973 by S P Home. 1795 ± 150 UCR-159. Prisoner's Harbor, 133 to 155cm AD 155 Charcoal from Level X, 133 to 135cm below main datum. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. 980 ± 100 UCR-127. Prisoner's Harbor, 0 to 16cm AD 970 Charcoal from Level L, 0 to 16cm above main datum. Coll 1973 by S P Home. Comment (RET): interlab check sample UCLA-1891: 1160 ± 80. 1015 ± 100 UCR-128. Prisoner's Harbor, 64 to 78em AD 935 l'Iarine shell (Mytilus calff orianus) from Level I,, 64 to 78cm above main datum. Coll 1973 by S P Home. Comment (RET): interlab check sample, UCLA-1892: 1170 ± 80. 4430 ± 150 UCR-164. Prisoner's Harbor, 248 to 256cm 2480 BC Charcoal from Level HH, 248 to 256cm below main datum. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. 2825 ± 150 UCR-165. Prisoner's Harbor, 193 to 216em 875 BC Charcoal from Level DD, 193 to 216cm below main datum. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. 2290 ± 125 UCR-166. Prisoner's Harbor, 171 to 177em 340 BC Charcoal from Level AA, 171 to 177cm below datum. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. 2190 ± 150 UCR-167. Prisoner's Harbor, 88 to 102cm 240 BC Charcoal from Level S, 88 to 102cm below datum. Coil 1973 by M A Glassow. General Comment (MG): UCR-130 and -132, from a strata-cut made into a cross sec of midden exposed by seacliff erosion, date intermediate levels 400 R E Taylor of SCrI-236 (UCSB designation), and UCR-131 dates lowermost stratum at same site. UCR-127 and -128, -156-159, and -164-167 are derived from a 50 to 50cm column sample from a stream-cut cross sec of Site SCrI-240 (UCSB designation). All measurements are from a datum plane 231cm below uppermost portion of column. Sequence of samples, from top to bottom, is UCR-156, -157, -128, -127, -158, -167, -159, -166, and -164. The lowermost deposits, which lie below the water table, have not yet been reached. UCR-157 and -159 appear to be anomalous dates in that they are significantly later in time than date directly above, respectively. Farmington series Samples were coil as part of excavations conducted by Univ of Cali- fornia, Davis at the Farmington loc, San Joaquin Co, (37° 50' N, 121° 10' W). Samples coil 1973 and subm by B W Hatoff, Dept Anthropol, Univ California, Davis. <150 UCR-178. Farmington, 90 to 100cm Modern Charcoal from Unit 2-C, 90 to 100cm below datum. 250 ± 150 UCR-179. Farmington, 110 to 120cm AD 1700 Charcoal from Unit 2-C, 100 to 110cm below datum. <150 UCR-180. Farmington, 110 to 20cm Modern Charcoal from Unit 2-C, 110 to 120cm below datum. General Comment (BWH): modern dates from the Farmington rock shelter do not correlate with dates obtained from nearby Farmington complex locations (Heizer, 1964; Treganza, 1952, 1955). Based on internal agreement and disparate dates for rock shelter and Farmington gravels, 2 separate archaeologic entities are involved; therefore UCR-178, -179, -180 dates should not be considered erroneous. Northern and Central California archaeologic series The Cultural Resources Sec, California State Dept Parks & Recrea- tion studied several archaeologic localities in Central and Northern California in the last decade. Significance of these results will be discussed elsewhere. All samples subm by F A Riddell, Dept Parks & Recreation, California. 3630 ± 300 UCR-137. Commanche, Burial 58 1680 BC Bone collagen from Burial 58, 150cm depth, from Site Ca-Cal-236, Commanche, California (38° 13' N, 120° 53' W) in foothills of Central California Sierra range. Coil 1963 by J J Johnson, subm by F A Riddell. Comment (ET): preservative on bone removed by continuous benzene extraction in Sohset extractor. Comment (FAR): sample should date early component at site, attributed to central California Early period, Wind- miller pattern. UCR Radiocarbon Dates II 401 1850 ± 150 UCR-138. Sutter's Fort, Burial 9 AD 100 Human bone collagen (left femur) from Burial 9, 60cm depth, from Site Ca-SAc-34 (38° 34' N, 121 ° 28' W), Sutter's Fort State Historic Park, Sacramento, California. Coil 1959 by W H Olsen and L A Payen. Com- ment (FAR): sample should date early component at site attributed to Central California Middle period. 3300 ± 150 UCR-139. Franklin, Burial 19 1350 BC Human bone collagen (right tibia) from Burial 19, an intrusive burial 120 to 156cm depth near base of midden deposit at Site Ca-Sac-145 (38° 20' N, 121° 27' W) near Franklin in Lower Sacramento Valley, Cali- fornia. Coil 1971 by W E Pritchard. Comment (FAR): sample should date Middle period, Berkeley pattern at site. 2860 ± 150 UCR-140. Stockton, Burial 25 910 BC Human bone collagen (right femur) from Burial 25, 80cm depth, at Site Ca-SJo-112 (38° 01' N, 121° 20' W) near Stockton in San Joaquin Valley, California. Coil 1958 by W H Olsen. Comment (FAR): sample should date to terminal portion of Central California Early period, Wind- miller pattern. 3200 ± 150 UCR-141. Stockton, Burial 34 1250 BC Human bone collagen (left tibia) from Burial 34, 94cm depth, at Site Ca-SJo-112 (38° 01' N, 121° 20' W) near Stockton in N San Joaquin Val- ley, California. Coil 1958 by W H Olsen. Comment (FAR): sample should date to terminal portion of Central California Early period, Wind- miller pattern, but should be older than UCR-140. 1870 ± 250 UCR-142. Thornton, Burial 1 AD 80 Human bone collagen from Burial 1, 10 to 15cm depth, at Site Ca- SJo-145 (38° 14' N, 121° 27' W) near Thornton in San Joaquin Valley, California. Coil by P Schulz. Comment (FAR): should date to Central California Early period, Windmiller pattern. Burial disturbed. Discrep- ancy with other dates for Windmiller pattern. 900 ± 250 UCR-143. Thornton, Burial 2 AD 1050 Human bone collagen from Burial 2, 20 to 30cm depth, at Site CA- SJo-145 (38° 14' N, 121° 27' W) near Thornton in N San Joaquin Valley, California. Coil 1973 by P Schulz. Comment (FAR): see comments on UCR-142. 2500 ± 200 UC1I-144. Thornton, Burial 3 550 BC Human bone collagen from Burial 3, 30 to 40cm depth, at Site Ca- SJo-145 (38° 14' N, 121° 27' W) near Thornton, in N San Joaquin Valley, 402 R E Taylor California. Coil 1973 by P Schulz. Comment (FAR): sample should date to Central California Early period. 865 ± 150 UCR-145. Verona, Burial 14 AD 1085 Wood charcoal assoc with Burial 14, 37cm depth, at Site Ca-Yol-13 (38° 47' N, 121° 37' W) near Verona, Sacramento Valley, California. Coil 1957 by F A Riddell and W H Olsen. Comment (FAR): sample should date upper portion of Early Phase I, Late period cemetery at site. 815 ± 150 UCR-146. Verona, Burial 65 AD 1135 Wood charcoal assoc with Burial 65, 81cm depth, at Site Ca-Yol-13 (38° 47' N, 121° 37' W) near Verona, Sacramento Valley, California. Coil 1957 by F A Riddell and W H Olsen. Comment (FAR): sample should date early phase of Central California Late period. 1850 ± 100 UCR-122/UCLA-1797. Lower Willow Creek site AD 100 Bone collagen from human bone from Karlo period, Lower Willow Creek site, Lassen Co, California (40° 23' N, 120° 26' W). Comment (FAR): sample provides another date for Elko series of projectile points in Great Basin. Obsidian hydration readings were obtained from artifacts from this burial (Riddell, 1975). UCR-121. Fort Ross, California >35,000 Wood (Sequoia sempervirens) within alluviated stream course within basal blue clay near base of original stream bed from Fort Ross State Historic Park, Sonoma Co, California (38° 31' N, 123° 13' W). Coil 1973 by R Hatch. Subm by F A Riddell, California Dept Parks & Recreation. Comment (RET): interlab check sample, UCLA-1870: >40,000. Potter Creek Cave series Excavations conducted in Potter Creek Cave (40° 47' N Lat, 122° 17' W Long), Shasta Co, California, during 1902 and 1903 disclosed tool-like polished bone splinters, a flaked river pebble, and charcoal in apparent assoc with extinct fauna (Sinclair, 1904; Putnam, 1906). This controversial contention (see Heizer, 1964, p 119-120) was restudied with support by Univ California, Davis. Samples will help establish temporal relationship between cultural materials and Pleistocene from cavern. Samples coil 1965 and subm by L A Payen, Dept Anthropol. 1915 ± 150 UCR-148. Dart shaft AD 35 Unid. wooden atlatl dart shaft fragment from cache in Upper Cave. Comment (LAP): sample helps establish hiatus believed to exist between human use of cave and deposition of extinct animal remains. Sample dates 1st autochthonous atlatl reported from N California (Payen, 1970). UCR Radiocarbon Dates II 403 1910 ± 150 UCR-150. Midden station AD 40 Wood charcoal from superficial midden stratum resting on yellow clay containing Pleistocene faunal remains in 2nd chamber of Upper Cave. Comment (LAP): sample will help establish temporal hiatus be- tween human use of cave and extinct faunal remains. 2010 ± 150 UCR-151. Dart shaft 60 BC Unid. wooden atlatl dart shaft fragment from cache in Upper Cave. Comment (LAP): see UCR-148. 990 ± 150 UCR.-123. Sayles site AD 960 Bone collagen from human bone, from pit excavated into sterile alluvium ca 70cm below surface of Sayles site, Crowder Canyon, San Bernardino Co, California (340 19' N, 1170 27' W). Sayles complex was provisional dated by Kowta to between 1000 BC and AD 1000. Coll 1973 and subm by C White, Dept Anthropol, Univ California, Los Angeles. B. Nevada Fremont Point series Excavations were made at Fremont Point, Moapa Valley, S E Nevada (36° 39' N, 114° 35' W) to determine temporal and cultural relationships between i\Ioapa Valley and Anasazi area of prehistoric SW United States. Coll 1973 and subm by T Soule, Dept Anthropol, Univ California, Riverside. 880 ± 150 UCR-161. Fremont Point, pit house AD 1070 Bone collagen from intrusive child burial in fill of burned pit house 100cm deep, assoc with P III ceramic. 1420 ± 150 UCR-162. Frem.ont Point, pit house AD 530 Charcoal from wooden beam, 90cm in fill of burned pit house. General Comment (TS): prior to above determinations, no radiocarbon values were available for Moapa Valley at Fremont Point site. Temporal and cultural relationships between Moapa Valley and Anasazi area is in- dicated from Classic BM III to early P III periods. 1610 ± 150 UCR-170. Mt Grant, Nevada AD 340 Limber pine (Pines flex ilis) from grove of dead trees at 3048m on Mt Grant, Nevada (38° 20' N, 115° 30' W). Date determines time of favorable conditions for tree growth on W slope of mt range. Coll 1974 by M Lepper, Dept Botany, Univ California, Davis. Subm by M G Barbour, Dept Botany, Univ California, Davis. 404 R E Taylor C. Mexico 180 ± 100 UCR-129. Quintero Ixtlahaucan, Colima AD 1770 Charcoal assoc with Capacha complex from looted burial context from Quintero Ixtlahuacan, Colima, W Mexico (18° 45' N, 103° 40' W). Coil 1973 and subm by I Kelly, Tepepan, Mexico. Comment (RET): in- terlab check sample, UCLA-1888: 190 ± 60. Obviously, samples does not relate to Capacha complex, but derives from period of burial looting. C. Egypt 3750 ± 110 UCR-126. Sesostris III funerary boat 1800 BC Wood from deck board from funerary boat of Sesostris III obtained in 1948 from Chicago Mus Natl Hist at request of W F Libby. Comment (RET): interlab check sample, UCLA-900: 3640 ± 80 (Berger et al, 1965), C-81: 3621 ± 180 (Libby, 1955). II. PALEOENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES Black Butte series Creosote (Larrea divaricate) wood samples from Black Butte, Los Angeles Co (34° 33' N, 117° 42' W) were measured to determine pattern and rate of vegetative reproduction for this species, in situations in which living creosote bushes cluster in a ring shape around dead creosote rem- nants. All samples coil 1974 by F Vasek and H Johnson. Subm by F Vasek, Dept Biol, Univ California, Riverside. 295 ± 150 UCR-171. Black Butte B-1 AD 1655 Wood, 8cm under surface, 40cm from nearest living creosote material. 280 ± 150 UCR-172. Black Butte B-2 AD 1670 Wood from possible root in sand mound, 30 to 40cm from surface, 100 to 130cm from nearest living creosote material. 390 ± 150 UCR-173. Black Butte B-4 AD 1560 Wood from possible root in sand mound, ca 30cm from surface, 110cm from nearest living creosote material. UCR-173 and -176 taken 70cm apart on same piece of wood. 640 ± 150 UCR-174. Black Butte B-5 AD 1310 Wood from near surface of sand mound, 100cm from nearest living creosote material. UCR-174 and -175 taken 3 to 4cm apart on same piece of wood. 730 ± 125 UCR-175. Black Butte B-8 AD 1220 Wood from near surface of sand mound, 100cm from nearest living creosote material. See description of UCR-174. Comment (FV): previous UGR Radiocarbon Dates II 405 estimate of age of remnant creosote was ca 100 yr. Based on these samples, such material can be as old as ca 700 yr. Rates of formation calculated from these samples, suggest that some other remnant structure may be as old as 6000 to 7000 yr. Such an age, if supported, would greatly aid the study of population dynamics and age structure within populations of this species of creosote. 585 ± 150 UCR-154. Sacramento Mts AD 1365 Wood from dead center of bush coil 100m N of Hwy I-15 in Sacra- mento Mts, California. Coil 1974 and subm by F Vasek, Dept Biol, Univ California, Riverside. 520 ± 100 UCR-177. Lloyd's Meadow AD 1430 Manzanita wood (Arctostaphylos patula) from Lloyd's Meadow, Tulare Co, California (35° 55' N, 118° 30' W) from granitic bedrock at 1830m alt, ca 4m from nearest living bush. Lucerne Valley, California Paleoclimatic series A series of middens of wood rat (Neotoma) were excavated to pro- vide paleoclimatic data for and Holocene periods in W Mohave Desert of interior S California. Samples were subm by T Jackson King, Jr and R E Taylor, Dept Anthropol, Univ California, Riverside. 1610 ± 150 UCR-133. Lucerne Valley Midden #15 AD 340 Wood twigs from bottom level of concreted wood rat midden under overhang on S facing granitic outcropping on Negro Butte (34° 29' N, 116° 46' E), Lucerne Valley, California at alt ca 1005m. Coil 1974 by T Jackson King, Jr. 5880 ± 250 UCR-134. Sunset Cove Midden 3930 BC Wood twigs and O puntia basilaria cactus pad from bottom level of concreted wood rat midden within cave on N facing slope on Granite Mt, Lucerne Valley, California at alt ca 963m (34° 27' N, 117° 00' E). Coil 1973 by T Jackson King, Jr. 5800 ± 250 UCR-135. Lucerne Peak Midden 3850 BC Single twig from bottom level of concreted wood rat midden located within vertical crevice betwen 2 rockfaces on E facing slope near Lucerne Peak, Lucerne Valley, California (34° 33' N, 116° 59' E) at alt ca 1097m. Coil 1974 by T Jackson King, Jr. 12,100 ± 400 UCR-181. Lucerne Valley Midden #13 10,150 BC Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) seeds and twigs from level A, ca 1m deep into Lucerne Valley GM-5 midden (34° 29' N, 116° 46' W). Coil 1974 by T Jackson King, Jr and R E Taylor. 406 R E Taylor 11,850 ± 550 JCR-149. Ord Mountain Midden 9900 BC Juniper (Jun iperus osteosperrna) seeds from Level 1 of concreted wood rat midden within horizontal crevice framed between 2 boulders on Ord 1\/It (34° 40' N, 116° 47' E) Lucerne Valley, California at alt ca 1219m. Coil 1974 by T Jackson King, Jr.

REFERENCES Berger, Rainer, Homey, A G, and Libby, W F, 1964, Radiocarbon dating of bone and shell from their organic components: Science, v 144, p 999-1001. Heizer, R F, 1964, The western coast of North America, in: Jennings, J D and Norbeck, E, (eds), Prehistoric man in the new world, p 117-148, Chicago, Univ Chicago Press. Libby, W F, 1955, Radiocarbon dating, 2nd ed: Chicago, Univ Chicago Press, ix, 175 p. Payen, L A, 1970, A spearthrower (Atlatl) from Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, Cali- fornia, in: Papers on California and Great Basin prehistory, Center for Archaeol Research, Univ California, Davis, pub 2, p 155-170. Putnam, F W, 1906, Evidence of the work of man on objects from Quaternary caves in California: Am Anthropologist, v 8, p 229-235. Riddell, F A, 1974, A dated burial from Honey Lake Valley, California: paper read at Great Basin Anthropol Conf, Sept 14, 1974, Carson City, Nevada. Sinclair, W J, 1904, The exploration of Potter Creek Cave: Univ California, pubs in Am Archaeol & Ethnol, v 2, p 1-27. Taylor, R E, 1974, University of California, Riverside radiocarbon dates I: Radiocar- bon, v 16, p 395-401. Treganza, A E, 1952, Archaeological investigations in the Farmington reservoir area, Stanislaus County, California: Univ California Archaeol Survey rept 14, Berkeley. Treganza, A E and Heizer, R F, 1955, Additional data on the Farmington complex: Univ California Archaeol Survey rept 22, p 28-38. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 3, 1975, P. 407-412] UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI RADIOCARBON DATES IV K L ELDRIDGE, J J STIPP, J HATTNER, and E McDOUGAL Department of Geology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida The following list of dates are selected from geologic and archaeo- logic samples measured in late 1974. The technique employed is liquid scintillation counting of wholly synthesized benzene as described in (R, v 16, p 402-408). Errors are reported as one standard deviation. Sample descriptions and comments were written in collaboration with collectors and submitters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to D Evans, Dept Biology, for the supplemental use of his Packard Tri-Garb 2003 liquid scintillation spectrometer. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. United States Uchee Creek series Two shell samples from S bank of Uchee Creek, Columbia Go, Georgia (33° 35' 30" N, 82° 08' 53" W). Coll and subm 1974 by R L Smith, Dept Sociol, Florida Technol Univ, Orlando, Florida. General Comment (RLS): fiber-tempered pottery from Stalling's I, Georgia, dates 2000 to 2500 BC. Pottery found downstream from Uchee Creek is thought to be earliest among aboriginals of SE North America. 3915 ± 85 UM-340. Pit 2 1965 Bc 3860 ± 75 IJM-341. Pit 6 1910 BC Delaney Creek series Shell and charcoal from various depths, Delaney Creek shell midden, Tampa Bay, Florida (27° 54' 50" N, 82° 24' 50" W). Dates time of habita- tion by S Florida Indians. Coll 1972 and subm 1974 by R Williams, Dept Anthropol, Univ South Florida, Tampa, Florida and R Cathcart. General Comment (RW): maximum date of Perico Island period pottery assoc with midden is 1000 BC. 1955±60 UM-292. Level 7 5 BC Charcoal from .5m beneath surface. 3640 ± 75 1JM-293. Level 4 1690 BC Carolina marsh clam from .25m beneath surface. 2815 ± 90 i1M.294. Level 6 865 BC Pelcypods and gastropods from .5m beneath surface. 407 408 K L Eldridge, J J Stipp, J Hattner, and E McDou gal 1815 ± 70 UM-295. Level 7 AD 135 Charcoal from .5m beneath surface. 2610 ± 70 UM-296. Level 7 660 BC Shell from .5m beneath surface. 2100 ± 65 UM-297. Level4 150 BC Charcoal from .25m beneath surface. II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. United States Hillsborough County series Four peat samples from core taken in NW Hillsborough Co, Florida (28° 02' 30" N, 82° 35' 00" W). Results date depositional accumulation of relict peat. Coll and subm 1974 by R W Pratt, Law Engineering Testing Co, Tampa, Florida. All samples were pretreated with hot 5% NaOH, hot 10% HC1, rinsed with deionized H2O and dried. + 1805 32,610 -2330 UM-372. S-14, depth 15m 30,660 BC + 1970 35,530 -2615 UM-373. S-22, depth 26m 33,580 BC UM-374. S-24, depth 30m >35,200 +2525 37,545 -3700 UM-375. S-27, depth 37m 35,595 BC Pourtales Terrace series Corals and carbonate sediments from carbonate platform, Pourtales Terrace, off SE coast of Florida. Dates establish drowning and post-drown- ing sedimentary sequence. Coll 1971 by D Gomberg, RSMAS, Miami, Florida; subm 1974 by E McDougal. 7730 ± 110 UM-197. GS49R 5780 BC Conglomerate calcarenite boundstone from 150m water (24° 36' 06" N, 80° 35' 30" W). 13,030 ± 200 UM-198. GS-14 11,080 BC Coarse-grained skeletal calcarenite from 260m water (24° 15' 42" N, 81 ° 34' 42" W). University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates IV 409 UM-199. 71.14A Modern Stylasterine coral from 200m water (24° 31' 30" N, 80° 40' 00" W). Sample cleaned with 10% hot HCI. 355 ± 60 UM-200. GS-21A AD 1595 Solitary corals coil in 200m water (24° 18' 18" N, 82° 06' 12" W). Sample cleaned with 10% hot HC1. 14,540 ± 300 UM-201. 26 GY 12,590 BC Cemented internal sediments from 200m water (24° 22' 36" N, 81° 37' 45" W). UM-202. 26 GA >30,680 Cemented internal sediments from 200m water (24° 22' 36" N, 81° 37 45 W). 9990 ± 150 UM-203. 71.7 BA 8040 BC Bioclastic sand from 200m water (24° 43' 36" N, 80° 27' 12" W). 26,240 ± 1360 UM-204. 71.7 BB 24,290 BC 1\1g-calcite from 200m water (24° 43' 36" N, 80° 27' 12" W). 12,790 ± 170 UM-270. 30.1 10,840 BC Calcareous algal boundstone from 183m water (24° 25' 30" N, 81° 25' 12" W). Organic matter removed with 5% hot NaOH. Sample cleaned with 10% hot HC1. 11,800 ± 150 UM-271. 30.7 9850 BC Calcareous algal boundstone from 183m water (24° 25' 30" N, 81° 25' 12" W). Organic matter removed with 5% hot NaOH. Sample cleaned with 10% hot HC1. 8780 ± 190 UM-272. 30.8 6830 Bc Calcareous algal boundstone from 183m water (24° 25' 30" N, 81° 25' 12" W). Organic matter removed with 5% hot NaOH. Sample cleaned with 10% hot HC1. 11,790 ± 180 1JM-273. 31.1 9840 Bc Flat-layered, calcareous algal deposit from 183m water (25° 25' 54" N, 81° 16' 42" W). 14,990 ± 460 1JM-274. 31.2 13,040 Bc Flat-layered, calcareous algal deposit from 183m water (25° 25' 54" N, 81° 16' 42" W). Surface of chipped layers lightly etched with 10% HCI. 410 K L Eldridge, J J stipp, J Hattner, and E McDougal B. Bahamas Frazers Hog Cay series Carbonate sediment from various cores, Frazers Hog Cay, Bahamas. Samples date sedimentary sequence of Holocene bank transgression. Coil 1962 by J Imbrie; subm 1974 by H Buchanan and P Crevello. 1440 ± 50 UM-298. Core 784-AR AD 510 Indurated carbonate from 15cm within core. From 1.5m water (25° 27' 25" N, 77° 53' 14" W). 2570 ± 80 UM-299. Core 861.10 620 BC Indurated carbonate from 95cm within core. From 2.45m water (25° 26' 52" N, 77° 55' 16" W). 1010 ± 70 UM-300. Core 886N AD 950 Carbonate skeletal sediments and pellet mud from 198cm within core. From shoreline (25° 28' 49" N, 77° 52' 21" W). 1960 ± 80 UM-301. Core 777B 10 BC Carbonate skeletal sediments and pellet mud from 550cm within core. From shoreline (25° 28' 49" N, 77° 52' 21" W). 2160 ± 80 UM-302. Core 858-N 210 BC Indurated carbonate from 128cm within core. From 2.2m water (25° 27' 09" N, 77° 53' 56" W). 2370 ± 80 UM-303. Core 784BN 420 BC Indurated carbonate from 85cm within core. From 1.5m water (25° 27'25"N, 77°53'14"W). 2020 ± 90 UM-304. Core 859SH 70 BC Indurated carbonate from 37cm within core. From 1m water (25° 28' 26" N, 77° 51' 02" W). 3890 ± 140 UM-305. Core 860-N 1940 BC Indurated carbonate from 150cm within core. From 1.5m water (25° 28' 06" N, 77° 53' 20" W). C. East Pacific Rise East Pacific Rise series Three cores of pelagic ooze from East Pacific Rise. Samples date sedi- mentation rate of active spreading ridge. Core A (14° 47' 09" S, 113 ° 30' 01" W) and Core B (12° 60' 01" S, 105 ° 04' 00" W) are gravity cores. Core C (14° 47' 09" S, 113 ° 30' 01" W) is a piston core. Coil 1972 by K Bostrom, RSMAS, Miami, Florida; subm 1974 by J Hattner. University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates IV 411 General Comment (KB): dates possibly affected by slumping, overturning, marine organisms or inclusion of inorganic carbonate. 9690 ± 100 UM-290. Core A, 0 to 20cm 7740 BC 28,430 ± 700 1JM-291. Core A, 40 to 60em 26,480 BC 26,030 ± 790 UM-316. Core A, 80 to 100cm 24,080 BC 31,200 ± 1470 1JM-317. Core A, 120 to 140cm 29,250 BC 16,760 ± 200 UM-285. Core B, 0 to 15cm 14,810 BC 18,730 ± 570 UM-286. Core B, 25 to 35cm 16,780 BC 30,630 ± 1320 UM-287. Core B, 55 to 65cm 28,680 BC 31,190 ± 1380 UM-288. Core B, 85 to 95em 29,240 BC 27,260 ± 1220 UM-289. Core C, 50 to 57cm 25,310 BC D. Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Bilge series Two cores of pelagic ooze from crest of Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Samples date sedimentation rate of slow spreading ridge. Core A (000 48' 48" N, ° 31 27' 00" W) and Core B (04° 27' 36" N, 25° 09' 03" W) are both gravity cores. Coll 1970 by K Bostrom, RSMAS, Miami, Florida; subm 1974 by D Grigoriev. General Comment (KB): dates possibly affected by slumping or overturn- ing of sediments. 4850 ± 100 UM-276. Core A, 0 to 15cm 2900 BC 20,640 ± 560 UM-277. Core A, 40 to 45cm 18,690 BC 23,230 ± 410 UM-278. Core A, 80 to 95em 21,280 BC 31,200 ± 1000 UM-279. Core A, 120 to 135cm 29,250 BC 412 K L Eldridge, J J Sti pp, J Hattner, and E McDou gal 2620 ± 140 UM-281. Core B, 0 to 18cm 670 BC 23,410 ± 740 UM-282. Core B, 45 to 63cm 21,460 BC 29,240 ± 1670 UM-283. Core B, 95 to 103cm 27,290 BC UM-284. Core B, 138 to 155cm >35,000 REFERENCE Stipp, J J, Eldridge, K L, Cohen, S J, and Weber, K, 1974, University of Miami radio- carbon dates I: Radiocarbon, v 16, p 402-408. [RADIOCARBON, VoL.17, No. 3, 1975, P. 413-424] LABORATORIES * Inactive Laboratories 1 The 2H-Laboratorium of this institute (directed by Klaus Frohlich) should be ad- dressed separately. 18 Lists from this laboratory have not been submitted to RADIOCARBON. See Gdansk I, Acta Physica Polonica, vol 22, p 189, 1962 Gdansk II, ibid, vol 32, p 39, 1967. 2 This designation Gif supersedes both Sa (Saclay) and Gsy (Gif-sur-Yvette). The only Gsy date list to be published is Gsy I (Coursaget and Le Run, RADIOCARBON, v 8). a From January 1, 1961 the Gro numbers have been replaced by GrN numbers. "New" dates are referred to the NBS oxalic-acid standard. Early dates from this laboratory were given a code designation that represents the name of the sponsoring institution, e g, I (AGS) for American Geographical Society (Heusser, RADIOCARBON SUPPLEMENT, v 1). Formerly Hazelton Nuclear: code designation HNS has been dropped. Some dates from this laboratory were published with the code designations S (Pringle et al, 1957, Science, v 125, p 69-70). ' See SM. 8 See Gif. Some dates from this laboratory have been published with the code designation RC (Flint and Gale, 1958, AM JOUR SCI, v 256, p 698-714). The code designation MP published in volume 1 of the RADIOCARBON SUPPLEMENT (1959, p 216) has been changed to SM in conformity with the wishes of the laboratory, and is explained by the change of the company's name from Magnolia Petroleum Company to Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc. io Formerly Texas-Bio-Nuclear, then Kaman Instruments. The laboratory is no longer operating. 11 Moved to Ahmedabad. See PRL. A ARIZONA Dr Austin Long Laboratory of Geosciences Department University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 ALG ALGIERS 0 Rahmouni Bd Frantz Fanon BP 1147 Algiers, Algeria ANL ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY Mr James Gray, Jr Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439 ANU AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Mr H A Polach ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory c/-Research School of Earth Sciences The Australian National University Canberra ACT, Australia 2600 B BERN Prof H Oeschger Physikalisches Institut Universitat Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 Bern, Switzerland 413 414 Laboratories Ba BRATISLAVA Prof S Usacev and Dr P Povinec Department of Nuclear Physics Comenius University Mlynska dolina Fl 816 31 Bratislava Czechoslovakia Birm BIRMINGHAM R E G Williams Department of Geological Sciences, PO Box 363 University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT, England Bin BERLIN Ing Gunther Kohl Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR Zentralinstitut fur Alte Geschichte and Archaologie 1199 Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 6 Germany BM BRITISH MUSEUM Mr Richard Burleigh Research Laboratory The British Museum London WC 1 B 3DG, England BONN BONN Dr H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig Institut fur Bodenkunde Universitat Bonn Bonn, Germany

*C CHICAGO Dr W F Libby Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California 90024 CRCA CAIRO Dr Shawki M Nakhla Cairo Carbon-14 Dating Laboratory Center of Research and Conservation of Antiquities Organization of Egyptian Antiquities Midan El Tahrir Cairo, Egypt *CT CALTECH Dr Don M Yost Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chemistry California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91109

D DUBLIN Prof G F Mitchell Department of Botany Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Dak DAKAR Dr Cheikh Anta Diop Directeur du Laboratoire de Radiocarbone IFAN Universite de Dakar Republique du Senegal Laboratories 415 DAL DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY J Gordon Ogden, III Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5 DE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY L J Schroder U S Geological Survey Denver Federal Center, Bldg 82 Lakewood, Colorado 80225 DIC DICAR CORPORATION I C Stehli Radioisotope Laboratory Dicar Corporation 2040 Adelbert Rd Cleveland, Ohio 44106 F FLORENCE Dr C M Azzi, L Bigliocca, and E Piovan Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Istituto di Antropologia University di Firenze Via del Proconsolo 12 50122, Florence, Italy Frl FREIBERG Dr Klaus Frohlich Sektion Physik Bergakademie Freiberg DDR 92 Freiberg *FSU FLORIDA STATE James R Martin, H G Goodell, and D S Phelps Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Geology Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 "G GOTEBORG Dr E Ehn Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola Goteborg, Sweden GaK GAKUSHUIN UNIVERSITY Prof K Kigoshi Gakushuin University Mejiro, Toshima-ku Tokyo, Japan Gdl GDANSK Prof W Moscicki, Gliwice Politechnika Slaska Katedra Fizyki Zaklad Fizyki Technicznej C-14 Laboratory Poland Gif' GIF-SUR-YVETTE Dr J Labeyrie or Mme G Delibrias Centre des Faibles Radioactivites Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA 91190-Gif-sur-Yvette, France 416 Laboratories *GL GEOCHRONOLOGICAL LABORATORY Institute of Archaeology 31-34 Gordon Square London, WC1, England

Gro$ GRONINGEN GrN Dr W G Mook Natuurkundig Laboratorium der Rijks Universiteit Westersingel 34 Groningen, Netherlands

GSC OTTAWA Mr J A Lowdon Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada *Gsyz GIF-SUR-YVETTE GU GLASGOW UNIVERSITY Dr M S Baxter Department of Chemistry The University Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland GX GEOCHRON LABORATORIES INC Harold W Krueger Geochron Laboratories Division Krueger Enterprises, Inc 24 Blackstone Street Cambridge, Mass 02139 H HEIDELBERG Prof K 0 Munnich, D Berdau, and M Munnich Institut fiir Umweltphysik der Universitat Heidelberg D-69 Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, West Germany HAR HARWELL R L Otlet Carbon-l4/Tritium Measurements Laboratory Bldg 10.46 AERE, Harwell Didcot, Berkshire 0X11 ORA, England HIG HAWAII INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS Robert W Buddemeier Hawaii Institute of Geophysics University of Hawaii 2525 Correa Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Hv HANNOVER Dr M A Geyh Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Bodenforschung D-3000 Hannover-Buchholz, Postf 510153 West Germany I' TELEDYNE ISOTOPES James Buckley Teledyne Isotopes 50 Van Buren Avenue Westwood, New Jersey 07675 Laboratories 417 IGS INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES E Welin Laboratory for Isotope Geology S-104 05 Stockholm 50, Sweden IRPA INSTITUT ROYAL DU PATRIMOINE ARTISTIQUE M Dauchot-Dehon and J Heylen Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique 1 Parc du Cinquantenaire Brussels 4, Belgium ISGS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dennis D Coleman Section of Analytical Chemistry Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 *IVI( CARACAS Dr Carlos Schubert Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Departamento de Ecologia Apartado 1827 Caracas 101, Venezuela K COPENHAGEN Dr Henrik Tauber Geological Survey of Denmark and National Museum DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark KAERI KOREA ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Dr Kvung Rin Yang Radioanalytical Division Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute PO Box 7, Cheong Ryang Seoul, Korea KI KIEL Dr H Willkomm and Dr H Erlenkeuser Institut fur Reine and Angewandte Kernphysik Universitat Kiel 23 Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40-60 Germany KN KOLN Dr J C Freundlich Universitat Koln, Institut fur Ur-und Fruhgeschiclite C14-Laboratorium Koln-Lindenthal Weyertal 125, W Germany L LAMONT Manik Talwani Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Columbia University Palisades, New York 10964 LAR LIEGE STATE UNIVERSITY Prof Dr Jean Govaerts Lab d'application des radioelements 9 Place du XX Aout Liege, Belgium LE LENINGRAD Radiocarbon Laboratory Institute of Archaeology (Leningrad Section) Dvortsovaya Nab 18 Leningrad 192041, USSR 418 Laboratories LJ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Dr H E Suess Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 LP LA PLATA Laboratorio de Radiocarbon Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Paseo del Bosque La Plata, Argentina Lu LUND Prof Bjorn Berglund and Mr Soren Hakansson Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Lund Tunavagen 29 S-22363 Lund, Sweden Lv LOUVAIN LA NEUVE Prof P C Capron and Mr E Gilot Laboratoire de Carbone 14 Chemin du Cyclotron 2 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Ly UNIVERSITY OF LYON Mr J Evin Laboratoire de Radiocarbone Institut de Physique Nucleaire 43, Boulevard du II Novembre 1918 69, Villeurbanne-Lyon France MICHIGAN Dr James B Griffin University Museums Building The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 *Ma6 MANITOBA MC MONACO Dr J Thommeret or Dr J L Rapaire Laboratoire de Radioactivite Appliquee Centre Scientifique de Monaco Avenue Saint Martin Monaco ML MIAMI Dr H G Ostlund Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami Miami, Florida 33149 Mo VERNADSKI INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY Vernadski Institute of Geochemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow, USSR Address: Academician A P Vinogradow Vorobevskoye shosse,d47-A Moscow, USSR MP' MAGNOLIA PETROLEUM N RIKEN (TOKYO) Dr F Yamasaki The Institue of Physical and Chemical Research Wako-shi, Saitama Pref Japan 351 Laboratories 419 NPL NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY Mr W J Callow and Miss G I Hassall Division of Radiation Science National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex, England NSW NEW SOUTH WALES D J Carswell, Assoc Prof Department of Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry University of New South Wales PO Box 1 Kensington, New South Wales, 2033, Australia NTU NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY Yuin-Chi Hsu Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, China Ny NANCY Pr Rene Coppens et Dr Pierre Richard Centre de Recherches Radiogeologiques ENS de Geologie Appliquee et de Prospection Miniere Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine BP 452 54001 Nancy Cedex, France

NZ NEW ZEALAND Dr T A Rafter Institute of Nuclear Sciences DSIR, Private Bag Lower Hutt, New Zealand

*0 HUMBLE-ESSO PRODUCTION RESEARCH COMPANY General Manager, Geologic Research Esso Production Research Company Affiliate of Humble Oil & Refining Co PO Box 2189 Houston, Texas 77001

*OR[NS OAK RIDGE ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES Dr John E Noakes, Director Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 *OWU OHIO WESLEYAN ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES Dr J Gordon Ogden, III Department of Botany and Bacteriology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, Ohio 43015

*OX US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE L L McDowell Agricultural Research Service Soil and Water Conservation Research Division Sedimentation Laboratory PO Box 30 Oxford, Mississippi 38655

P PENNSYLVANIA Dr Elizabeth K Ralph and Mrs Stuart Lawn Department of Physics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174 420 Laboratories Pi PISA Prof E Tongiorgi Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare dell'Universita Via S Maria, 22 Pisa, Italy *PIC PACKARD Dr Ariel G Schrodt Low Level Counting Laboratory Packard Instrument Co, Inc 2200 Warrenville Road Downers Grove, Illinois 60515 Pr PRAGUE Alois Dubansky Laboratory for Isotopes Geochemistry and Geological Institute Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Prague-8 Na Hrazi 26 PRL PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY D Lal and D P Agrawal Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura Ahmedabad-380009, India

Pta PRETORIA Dr J C Vogel Natural Isotopes Division National Physical Research Laboratory CSIR PO Box 395 Pretoria, South Africa

Q CAMBRIDGE Dr R G West or Dr V R Switsur University Sub-Department of Quaternary Research Botany School Downing Street Cambridge, England

QL QUATERNARY ISOTOPE LABORATORY Minze Stuiver Quaternary Research Center University of Washington Ak-60 Seattle, Washington 98195

R ROME Dr F Bella, Istituto di Fisica and Dr C Cortesi, Istituto di Geochimica Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Rome Citta Universitaria 00100-Rome, Italy

RL RADIOCARBON, LTD Charles S Tucek Radiocarbon, Ltd Route 2, Box 21E Lampasas, Texas 76550 Laboratories 421 RT REHOVOT GEOISOTOPE LABORATORY Dr A Kaufman and Mr I Carmi Geoisotope Laboratory Department of Isotope Research Weizmann Institute of Sdence Rehovot, Israel RU RICE UNIVERSITY J A S Adams Department of Geology Rice University Houston, Texas 77001 S SASKATCHEWAN Mr A Rutherford Saskatchewan Research Council University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada *Sae SACLAY SI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Dr W H Klein, Director Radiation Biology Laboratory Dr Robert Stuckenrath C14 Laboratory 12441 Parklawn Drive Rockville, Maryland 20852 *SL SHARP LABORATORIES *SM' MOBIL OIL CORPORATION Dr H F Nelson Mobil Oil Research and Development Corp Field Research Laboratory PO Box 900 Dallas, Texas 75221 SMU SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY Dr Herbert Haas Institute for the Study of Earth and Man Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 75275 SR SALISBURY, RHODESIA Dr J G Sheppard Gulbenkian Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Rhodesia PO Box MP 167 Salisbury, Rhodesia SRR SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH AND REACTOR CENTRE Dr D D Harkness and Prof H W Wilson Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre East Kilbride Glasgow G75 OQU, Scotland St STOCKHOLM Dr Eric Welin Laboratory for Isotope Geology Swedish Museum of Natural History S-104 05 Stockholm 50, Sweden Su FINLAND Aulis Heikkinen, Lic Phil Geological Survey of Finland SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland 422 Laboratories SUA SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA Assoc Prof R B Temple or Mr R Gillespie Dept of Physical Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006, Australia T TRONDHEIM Dr Reidar Nydal, Mr Steinar Gulliksen, and Mr Knut Lovseth Radiological Dating Laboratory The Norwegian Institute of Technology Trondheim, Norway TA TARTU A Liiva and E Ilves Geo-biochemistry Laboratory Institute of Zoology and Botany Academy of Sciences of the Estoiiian SSR Vanemuise St 21 Tartu, Estonia, USSR

TAM TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY Dr William M Sackett Dept of Oceanography Texas A & M University College Station, Texas 77843

TB TBILISI A A Burchuladze Radiocarbon Laboratory Tbilisi University 1 Chavchavadze Avenue Tbilisi, USSR 380028

*TBNC10 KAMAN NUCLEAR Kaman Nuclear Garden of the Gods Road Colorado Springs, Colorado

*TFIl TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Prof D Lal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road Bombay-5 BR, India

TK UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO Dr Naotune Watanabe Carbon Dating Laboratory coo Department of Anthropology Faculty of Science University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Tin TALLIN j M Punning Institute of Geology Academy of Sciences Tallin, Estonia puiestee 7 ESSR

TUNC TEHRAN UNIVERSITY NUCLEAR CENTRE Dr A Mahdavi Tehran University Nuclear Centre PO Box 2989 Tehran, Iran Laboratories 423 Tx TEXAS Mr S Valastro, Jr or Dr E Mott Davis Radiocarbon Laboratory Balcones Research Center, Rt 4, Box 189 University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78757 U UPPSALA Dr Ingrid U Olsson Institute of Physics University of Uppsala Box 530 5-75121 Uppsala, Sweden UB BELFAST Mr G W Pearson or Dr J R Pilcher Palaeoecology Laboratory The Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland UCLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES Dr Rainer Berger and Dr W F Libby Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California UCR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Dr R E Taylor Department of Anthropology Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California Riverside, California 92502 UGa THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA John E Noakes, Betty Lee Brandau The University of Georgia 4 GGS Bldg Geochronology Laboratory Athens, Georgia 30601 UM UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI Dr J J Stipp and Mrs K L Eldridge Geochronology Laboratory Department of Geology University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida 33124 UW UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Dr A W Fairhall Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 *\7 VICTORIA Anne Bermingham Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Science Museum of Victoria 304-328 Swanston Street Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3000 VRI VIENNA RADIUM INSTITUTE Dr H Felber Institut fur Radiumforschung and Kernphysik Boltzmanngasse 3 A-1090 Vienna, Austria 424 Laboratories W US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dr Meyer Rubin US Geological Survey National Center, 971 Reston, Virginia 22092 WIS WISCONSIN Dr Margaret Bender Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Center for Climatic Research Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin 1225 W Dayton St Madison, Wisconsin 53706 WRD US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION Dr F J Pearson, Jr US Geological Survey Isotope Hydrology Laboratory National Center, MS 432 Reston, Virginia 22092 WSU WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Dr John C Sheppard Radioisotopes and Radiations Laboratory College of Engineering Research Division Pullman, Washington 99163 X WHITWORTH COLLEGE Dr Edwin A Olson Department of Earth Science Whitworth College Spokane, Washington 99218 *Y YALE Dr Minze Stuiver Radiocarbon Laboratory Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Z ZAGREB Dr Adela Sliepcevic and Dr Dulan Srdoc Institute "Ruder Bolkovic" 41001 Zagreb, POB 1016, Yugoslavia INDEX Volume 17, Nos 1, 2, and 3, 1975 All samples published in Volume 17, Nos 1, 2, and 3, 1975 are listed here in index form. They appear alphabetically, by laboratory, and in numerical order. Page numbers for each sample are indicated.

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

Birm Birm IGS -462 255 -521 -463 256 -522 -464 256 -523 -465 256 -524 -468 266 -525 -469 270 -526 2 -470 270 -527 2 -4711 270 -528 2 -472 270 -529 3 -473 270 -530 3 -477 267 -531 1 -478 267 -532 1 -480 267 -533 3 -481 256 -534 1 -482 257 -535 1 -483 274 -536 1 -484 274 -546 1 -485 257 -547 1 -486 257 -548 2 -487 257 -552 2 -488 257 -553 2 -489 258 -554 -490 265 -555 -491 267 -556 -492 263 -557 -493 264 -559 -494 264 -560 -495 264 -561 -496 264 -562 -497 264 -563 -498 264 -564 -499 258 -565 -500 258 -566 -501 258 -567 -502 267 -568 -503 267 -582 -504 259 -587 -505 259 -588 -506 259 -589 -507 260 -590 -508 260 -591 -509 270 -186 -510 271 IGS -511 271 -C14/96 -512 271 -C/141 -513 271 -C/142 -514 271 -C/143 -515 272 -C/144 -516 272 -C/145 -517 272 -C/146 -518 272 -C/147 -519 272 -C/148 -520 273 -C/149 425 426 Index

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

KI KI KI -563.02 297 -620.09 -563.03 297 -620.11 -585 278 -620.20 -586 288 -620.24 -586.000 288 -620.36 -586.001 288 -620.37 -588 278 -620.45 -595 284 -620.47 -596.01 278 -620.50 -596.02 278 -620.61 -597.001 285 -620.74 -599.001 285 -620.86 -600 291 -620.98 -604.001 291 -620.472 -610 291 -621 -610.01 292 -621.091 -610.02 292 -621.094 -610.03 292 -621.099 -610.08 292 -621.104 -611 278 -621.109 -612 278 -621.114 -613 285 -621.118 -613.011 285 -621.121 -613.021 285 -621.122 -614 278 -629 -615 285 -629.011 -615.010 286 -629.020 -615.011 285 -629.021 -615.021 286 -630.011 -616 284 -631 -617 284 -632 -618.000 288 -633.021 -618.001 288 -633.031 -619 293 -633.051 -619.01 293 -633.061 -619.02 293 -633.081 -619.03 293 -640 -619.06 293 -641 -619.07 293 -649 -619.08 293 -650 -619.11 293 -651.001 -619.14 293 -652 -619.16 293 -655 -619.18 293 -656.001 -619 22 293 -619.26 293 -658.01 -619.28 293 -619 29 293 . 05 -619.30 293 -659 294,295 -736.08 297 -619.31 293 -659.01 295 -736.11 297 -619.32 293 -659.02 295 -736.14 297 -619.34 293 -659.03 295 -736.16 297 -620 294 -659.04 295 -736.18 297 -620.01 295 -659.08 295 -736.21 297 -736 . -620 02 295 -660 294,295 297 -620.03 295 -736.27 297 -620.04 295 -660.01 295 -738 296, 297 -620.05 295 -660.02 295 -738.01 297 -620.06 295 -660.04 295 -738.02 297 -620.07 295 -660.06 295 -738.05 297 -833.021 289 u--dLcccd+lnccccLccccccccd'icicc cc cc -1r+-++-cc--cc cc cc CU CV ,-+ cc cc cc di cc Lcdcc c-cccccc c-cCV c-cCicv---CV c-cccccccccc c-c err +cici------cicicic-cccecc-cc-ccicci - r+cic cc - Ctcic-ccc c-c c-cGVcicf-- cicf

c-i L7 ccc-- ccO ciccdc'cc O-- Lcci-- ccccccccfccdccc-- cc cc i-- cc cc cc cc cc ciccccdL^cc cc -GVGc}+uccc c-- -CV cc cc -- cc CO O O *-+ cf 'c-c- cicc >nicc- LcLcicc 'c-c-ic-c OC O ccccc ----- cfci Lccccccccccccccccc --- cicfctcicictcVCVic'ccccLr`Lr)1C GG GO C -,--I a CnCnGCnCnGn K)CnCnCnCnCnG< Cn if L7L^lY)1C)LC)Lr`L^,11^1C Lr L1f L7 lc) lc; Lc cc cc c cc- I I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 1 CN1 1 I 1 1 I I 'I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1

OOcicfccccc-cdccfcict001-OO----ccccccc OCc- c-- l-- ccc c-c c-cd- u; cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cccccfclcfcicicc cc cc- cccicfcicf cc cc --cc c- ccc - cc cccc c-c-cc-roocc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc

+cVdLCcc0O-c1ccc ccd" Lccc-cc-ccO-IdiLcDI-ccccto0cc-cfccd+cc1cOO-CVNLcc1-GGcc,- I-1/--cicicc-ciciciciciccc cccccccccdirt+`+didddddiInicc lc)>ccLcic;cccLniccicc cc cc cc cc cc cc 1c-1L--OGcc di OOO-i ac-cc cc cI 1 I 1 I I G»cccccccccccccccccccicccccccccccccc+I I 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I 1 ccccccccccccccccOccc1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1

cciccc»ccccc- l-- ucc inccc OO--1-1--I--c-- cocccLcccc cc cc cc icicL^,ccc cccc c-cd+LccccccccccccccccccccOOOOOc- cc- 00cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc i-i--l--ccc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c-iii--i--L--ccc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c-L--1--1--1--i--1--c--1--00cc cc cc cc cc- c- I--I r-I I-I r-I 1-'-I --I r-I I-I 1--I I-i r--I ri T- 1-I r"1 r-I r-1 r-1 1-i 1-I 1-i 1-i /-i 1-i 1-i 1-1 1""1 1--I 1--i !-i I-I 1--i 1-i Ti 1--1 1--1 1-i 1-I 1--I r-I ri 1--I H H 1-i r-1 I-I r-1 /--'I r--I 1- 1-I 1-i r-1 H T-'H r-i !-i -cici OOcOCCCCCCcc1-cccic-cccciGtc-cc c-Lcc-OOcO-Icc-c(cccc-Ciccccc-oocccccc-cGVGc[}+Lc,cccccccLcccc-ccca-clccd+ccc d d1cccc--- c--- c--- c-- c--- c- cccc)cccc c-cc did+dic)u)c1c- ic)lnccccccccccccccccccc-c--c--c--000000G000GG00ccccccccccccccc a ocao0ocoo0000oao00000oco00oco0-- 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0oco00000ovo000oco0000000cc c.c I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I cc1 I I I I

cc cc cc cc cc cc *- --r-+OOOOOOOOOOOOCUcc-- rc- c-- c-- -c- c- I--- clctciccic- c^di 00 00 00 cc ci cc 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 cc cc ci cc cc cc cc cc cc Q) cc c) c, ci cc cc ci cc 00 00 00 00 00-- 00 cc 00 00 x 00 00 0G 00 00 cc 00 cc cc a 00 cc 00 0G cicfcfcfciciciLVciGVcicic1CVcfcVCVCVcicciclctciCVcfciciCVciGVGVCVCVCVGVGVctCVGVciCVCVGVCVCVcIcfcfciciciCVciccic a r,---a /"' 0 --- r-I ccc- - cc -cvcndccccc c-00cc- cc- c-cc O 00 occc-cO O 00000000000 0O 0 000O O r.l Cn Cn Cn Cn G L CD i OO C+) O I--i cc5K) Cn Gn cn cn Cn Cn Cn cn Cn cn I d0 OO CA 00 00 -I CSI Gn d L^, (0 1 cI G rN L^ CC O0 C O --i CJ CP) * cf C^, rN L' cc 0-1cccrN Cn ah Cn Cc) Cn c Cn Cn Ch c c r}+ + + }+ }+ }+ + r}+ }+ }' r}+ + }+ }+ Lr) L^, icc1c Lc ,cc CC Cc CC Cc C: cc C; c- L--c- c- c GC O0 G0 00 "-I GO 00 00 00 00 GC 00 00 00 00 00 GO GC 00 U 00 00 00 GO GO GO 00 00 GC OG 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OG OG 00 00 00 00 0G 00 OC Ui G0 00 00 00 O0 GG OC 00 00 LC) Lr) 1L; L^ 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I i I I 1 1 I I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 1 I I 428 Index

Sample Page Sample Page no. no. no. no.

Ly Ly Ly P -613 7 -706 -621 23 -707 -625 25 -708 -626 25 -719 -627 25 -720 -628 25 -721 -630 12 -722 -631 29 -723 -632 12 -725 -648 13 -726 -649 13 -727 -650 13 -749 -651 11 -750 -652 12 -751 19 -653 11 -752 19 -654 32 -753 -655 32 -754 19 -656 32 -755 19 -657 32 -756 -658 32 -757 -659 32 -758 5 -660 17 -759 -661 17 -760 P -662 27 -766 -663 27 -768 -664 18 -769 -671 30 -770 -672 30 -771 -673 30 -773 204 -675 30 -774 204 -676 30 -775 -677 30 -776 -678 30 -777 -679 30 -778 -680 4 -779 -681 8 -780 -682 7 -781 -683 7 -782 -684 8 -783 -685 8 -784 209 -686 8 -785 209 -687 6 -786 -688 19 -787 -689 19 -788 -690 17 -795 -691 5 -796 -692 25 -798 -693 25 -799 -694 5 -800 -695 9 -801 -696 8 -802 -697 28 -803 -698 28 -812 -699 28 -813 -700 29 -814 -701 17 -815 212 -702 18 -816 -703 18 -817 -704 18 -821 -705 18 -822 -1724 199 -2130 200 Index 429

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

P Q Q R -2143 208 -1158 -2143-A 208 -1159 -2144 208 -1160 -2145 208 -1161 -1162 40 -1297 Q -1163 48 -761 47 -1164 -788 44 -1165 -789 44 -1171 -799 45 -1172 -800 45 -1173 -870 47 -1175 319 -872 38 -1176 -875 38 -1179 -879 38 -1180 R -880 38 -1181 -1032 49 -1182 -1033 49 -1183 -1037 43 -1184 -1101 43 -1193 -1102 43 -1194 -1103 43 -1195 S -1104 41 -1196 a -1105 42 -1201 -1106 42 -1202 -1107 42 -1203 -1108 42 -1204 -1109 42 -1205 -1110 42 -1206 -1111 42 -1207 -1112 42 -1208 42 -1209 -1114 43 -1213 -1116 45 -1228 -1117 45 -1229 -1118 45 -1230 -1120 39 -1231 -1121 38 -1232 -1122 50 -1233 -1123 37 -1234 45 -1235 -1131 46 -1236 46 -1237 46 -1238 -1134 47 -1239 -1135 47 -1240 -1136 47 -1241 -1137 47 -1242 -1138 47 -1251 -1139 47 -1252 -1148 38 -1253 -1149 37 -1254 -1150 36 -1281 -1151 36 -1282 -1152 36 -1283 -1153 36 -1284 -1154 36 -1285 -1155 37 -1286 -1156 37 -1287 -1157 37 -1288 306 -984a 317 -578 334 430 Index

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

S S SMU T -580 335 -714 -581 335 -715 -582 335 -716 -583 335 -717 -584 336 -721 -585 336 -722 -586 336 -723 -587 336 -724 -588 336 -729 -589 337 -730 -590 337 -731 -591 337 -735 -592 337 -736 -600 344 -737 -608 338 -738 -609 338 -747 -610 338 -748 -611 338 -749 -612 339 -750 -613 339 -751 -614 339 -752 -617 339 -753 -618 339 -777 -620 340 -782 -623 340 -783 -624 331 -784 -625 331 -820 -626 331 -821 -627 331 -822 -628 331 -823 -629 340 T -630 340 SMU -631 340 -88 -632 341 -89 -634 331 -91 -635 332 -92 -636 332 -93 -648 332 -94 -649 341 -96 -650 341 -98 -655 341 -99 -656 341 -101 -657 342 -102 -658 342 -109 -665 346 -110 -668 334 -111 -669 342 -112 -670 342 -113 -671 342 -115 -672 343 -116 -673 343 -117 -674 343 -118 -681 344 -119 -682 344 -120 -683 344 -121 -684 345 -122 -692 345 -123 -711 345 -124 -712 345 -125 -713 346 -126 360 -1011 392 -1166 393 Index 431

Sample Page Sample no. no. no. T T T -1167 371 -1305 -1173 367 -1306 -1174 366 -1308 -1175 366 -1311 -1176 367 -1314 -1178 381 -1315 -1179 381 -1316 -1180 387 -1317 -1181 387 -1318 -1182 387 -1319 -1183 387 -1320 -1184 388 -1321 -1185 388 -1325 -1186 375 -1326 -1195 372 -1327 -1196 372 -1328 -1198 375 -1329 -1200 375 -1330 -1201 382 -1332 -1210 381 -1334 -1212 379 -1335 -1213 380 -1336 -1217 391 -1337 -1218 391 -1338 -1219 391 -1339 -1228 388 -1340 -1229 374 -1341 -1230 374 -1342 -1231 374 -1343 -1233 374 -1344 -1234 374 -1345 -1236 374 -1348 -1241 378 -1349 -1242 378 -1376 -1243 375 -1377 -1249 367 -1378 -1250 367 -1.391 -1251 388 -1392 -1252 379 -1394 -1253 379 -1395 -1278 382 -1396 -1279 383 -1397 -1280 382 -1398 -1283 370 -1404 -12841 371 -1405 -128411 370 -1406 -1285 371 -1419 -1286 371 -1420 -1287 384 -1421 -1288 384 -1422 -1289 373 -1423 -1292 380 -1424 -1293 380 -1426 -1294 380 -1427 -1295 380 -1428 -1296 380 -1429 -1297 380 -1430 -1302 389 -1439 -1303 388 -1440 -1304 388 -1441 381 -225 218 -700B 85 Cd) 0000OIIIIITIIT1000::7tPPPPPr{FPPPPPPCCCcUCCCOcDCDCO00"''!"rrig""'"''JOODDCO:ODCDCfl:CCJDcfl;,p;QD;flCpCJC0:OC0'J:OOc.CCDCfl:flCfl:OCOCJ00000OGOG0000o0000000000000o00Ci0001T 0oT1TTC7tUpPPPPPOO -Occ00-1?PCCCcD00IC)CJtPCI-+OCD000oCCDCD00ISIC)C)PCF -©cOOtCC7tPCct\0 -OCD00000-TOOC00o10C7tFCn

C) cat cv`c cn 3t cJt C7t cvt C) C) C) C) C) CTt 0o GO 47 ------CD CD CD CD c O O c cn cat cJt C) 0000 c cst CA 0000000000000000000000000000 O Occcccccc00OOPPccO00-ICDcccccc0000000000 cocCCC00cc000roc) c c7tc+ictC)c crccrtcicicnc

-+OOOOOOOOOOOOOO©©000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 -I - -I -I -I -I -I -I -I C) C) C) Ut C c hI IC I') II hI -+ -1-I -I -I -I -1 O C) C) C7t C7t C7t C7t CJt P N P P P P P rP C) Cat rP II O CD 0000 Clt .Tt' -+ - hI - a - O .OCD00IPC) rPhI Occ 00ICI C3t- aOOUtfPC- dnaG>OC)C)Ut-C)Occ 00-I- O.D00IC)C7tCI ci Cli Cli Cli cli cli Cli cli cli Cli Cli ccli Cli Cli C)C)C)0cccccccccc'cccccccccccccca0000-1 -1 C)C)C)C)C)a0000-i --I Cli CltCCli Cli Cli C) C) -C)C)C)cJiCncnc7tCJiC7i000000ca0000-I--:Ttcncaivtcnvt0i p p p pcc --- Iccfl -I -I --T --hh©O0000-I--Iccc -cPrP--

II II II II II I II II II II II 1I II I II II II II II I II II II II h II II II II h II II II II II II II h II II II II II II II II hI -+ ----+ .- r-+ H OOOOOOOOOOcccccccccOcc 000- >< cc00-IC)C7ip. h-OCJ00-C)cli sh-OCD00-i C) cli clh -- C)cli cl hI-O0000-IC)Ci Clh-Oc00-IC)ClPCoh-OCD00-

C7i C7t c CJt C7i CJi Cn Ct Cat c i Cat Cat Cn O Cn C7t Cn Ct - 00 -I -I-I -I -I -I -I -I -I - -i -I -i -i -I -I -I -I -I -100 -I -I -I -I CJt C) C) CJt cl O Ut Cat Ct CJt CJi CTt Cii -IOC)-I-1-IOC)C)-IC)C)C)OrPrP0000- IIC3icliC7iCatCngyp.PP :7irPPPIIIIIIhUt--hI-hIIIII--coCo- Co -0000-I-I-I-I) -I

H H N -+ F-+ -+ I-+ i-+ N H+ -- N r+ N H-+ r- I-r + ' -- F"r -- -' -+ i-- i-- r--+ F- H H-+ I-- F-r F-+ N -- N --+ -+ H-+ -- I-+ ' --I--i I-r F..i I--i H-+ N F-r F-r PPPCCooCa9CoCoCohhIIIIIIIIIIIIII-F-'------OOOOOccccDcCc0-I-I-IC)aC)C)C)C)C)C)C)C)CdtCiCiCtC3tCiCooCoCoCoCoCoCoCoCoCoCoCoCoCooCoCNsCoCoCNCa7oCoCoCooco CoCoCoco CocoCoIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIhIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIhII H II-Occ )Ct{acII-Occ -IC)chiPCoII-Occ 00-IC)CsirPCoII-000-I)-Occ 00-IC)Ut IC-Oc000-IC)CltPco I-O CO cc CoII-O

CC '.o cc c -I -I -I -I cc CO cc CD -1-I -I C) C) ) C) -1-I --I -I --I -I --I --I -I -I -I -I -100 C) C) ) C) O C) -I -I C) C) Q) C) C) cc CO O cc cc cc c CO 0000 Cn Cat Cat Cn -I-IC)C)-000FPrPPPOOOccccococ codo UoceCoc ceohhhceo OO00 00 00 00 - -oo Ihhh--r- ---hhC)C)-I-I Index 433

Sample Page Sample no. no. no. Tx Tx UB -1343 97 -1477 -1344 97 -1478 -1345 97 -1479 -1346 97 -1528 -1347 96 -1529 -1348 96 -1530 -1349 98 -1531 -1351 89 -1532 -1352 89 -1533 -1354 90 -1534 -1355 89 -1535 -1356 89 -1536 -1357 90 -1537 -1358 90 -1538 -1359 89 -1539 -1360 89 -1540 -1361 89 -1541 -1390 90 -1542 -1391 90 -1543 -139 76 -1544 -1396 76 -1545 -1397 76 -1546 -1398 76 -1547 -1399 76 -1548 -1405 73 -1549 -1406 55 -1550 -1407 63 -1567 -1408 64 -1568 -1409 64 -1614A -1410 64 -1614B -1411 65 -1626 -1412 65 -1627 -1413 55 -1628 -1450 84 -1629 84 -1698 -1452 63 -1699 -1453 65 -1700 -1454 65 -1701 -1455 65 -1702 -1456 66 -1765 -1457 66 -1766 -1458 66 -1767 -1459 55 -864 -1460 55 UB -1461 55 -666 -1462 55 -667 -1463 55 -674 -1464 63 -676 -1465 63 -677 -1466 64 -736 -1467 64 -737 -1468 64 -751 -1469 64 -753 -1470 64 -754 -1471 64 -755 -1472 64 -758 -1473 64 -767 -1474 65 -768 -1475 65 -769 -1476 65 -791 -447 106 434 Index

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

UGa UGa UM -448 106 -650 -449 104 -651 -450 104 -652 -451 104 -654 -452 106 -655 -462 107 -656 -494 101 -657 -496 101 -660 -497 99 -680 -498 99 -681 -499 99 -682 -500 109 -688 -503 99 -689 -507 100 -691 240 -508 100 -692 -512 106 -693 -513 100 -694 -514 100 -695 -515 110 -163 -517 110 UM 246 -520 100 -5 -521 100 -6 -522 100 -7 -523 100 -8 -524 100 -10 -533 108 -44 -534 108 -45 -535 108 -54 -536 107 -55 -537 107 -56 -538 100 -57 -539 100 -58 -540 101 -59 -541 101 -60 -542 101 -61 -543 101 -79 -546 106 -80 -547 110 -81 -548 111 -84 -564 101 -85 -580 109 -88 -583 107 -89 -584 107 -90 -602 105 -91 -603 105 -92 -604 105 -93 -605 105 -94 -609 102 -95 -610 102 -96 -611 102 -97 -612 102 -103 -620 105 -104 -621 105 -105 -622 106 -106 -623 105 -107 -624 103 -108 -625 102 -109 -626 103 -117 -633 102 -118 -649 103 -122 113 -225 243 -293 407 Index 435

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

UM VRI WIS -294 407 -368 -295 408 -369 -296 408 -370 -297 408 -383 -298 410 -387 -299 410 -388 -300 410 -391 -301 410 -392 -302 410 -393 -303 410 -395 -304 410 -396 -305 410 -397 -311 242 -674 -312 242 WIS -313 243 -475 -314 243 -507 -315 242 -602 -316 411 -610 -317 411 -611 -340 407 -612 -341 407 -613 -372 408 -614 -373 408 -615 -374 408 -616 -375 408 -617 -619 128 -689 VRI -620 128 -268 253 -621 -269 253 -622 -288 253 -625 -289 253 -626 -290 253 -627 -291 253 -630 -292 253 -631 -293 254 -635 -300 252 -637 -316 247 -638 -317 247 -639 -318 249 -640 -319 249 -641 -321 252 -642 -323 252 -643 -324 252 -644 -329 254 -645 -331 253 -646 -332 253 -647 -333 253 -648 -336 250 -649 -337 250 -650 -340 251 -651 -341 251 -652 -349 249 -653 -350 251 -654 -351 251 -655 -352 251 -656 -353 251 -657 -359 249 -658 -365 249 -659 -366 249 -660 -367 250 -661 132 -78 144 -168 142 436 Index

Sample Page Sample Page Sample Page Sample Page no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no.

WRD WRD Z Z -169 142 -195 147 -234 150 -256 150 -170 142 -196 141 -236 150 -257 150 -171 139 -197 141 -238/I 153 -260 150 -172 139 -198 141 -238/II 154 -261 151 -176 147 -199 141 -239/I 154 -262 151 -177 147 -200 141 -239/II 154 -264 151 -178 147 -201 141 -240 / I 154 -267 151 -179 147 -202 141 -240/II 154 -268 151 -180 147 -203 141 -241 154 -269 150 -181 147 -204 141 -243 154 -270 151 -182 147 -205 141 -244/I 154 -278 152 -183 147 -244/II 154 -279 155 -184 147 Z -245 154 -283 151 -185 147 -227 153 -246/I 154 -296 152 -186 147 -231 153 -246/II 155 -297 152 -187 147 -231/I 153 -247 155 -298 152 -188 147 -231/II 153 -248/I 155 -299 152 -189 147 -231/IV 153 -248/II 155 -305 152 -190 147 -232/I 153 -249/I 155 -306 152 -191 147 -232/II 153 -249/II 155 -307 152 -192 147 -233 150 -250 155 -314 152 -193 147 -233A 149 -251 150 -315 152 -194 147 -233B 149 -255 150 -316 153 -317 153

CORRECTIONS N-1430, Vol 16, no. 3, p 356 should read: N-1438. OWU-323, Vol 15, no. 2, p 354 should read: OWU-332, p 365. M-2087, Vol 14, no. 1, p 203 should read: M-2078. M-1378, Vol 8, p 271 should be identified as Feature 5, not Feature 7. ALG-5, Vol 14, no. 1, p 4 should read: ALG-45. RT-157, Vol 13, no. 2, p 414 should read: RT-147. RT-195, Vol 13, no. 2, p 417 should read: RT-191. IRPA-30, Vol 15, no. 2, p 304 should read: IRPA-130. Lv-556, Vol 15, no. 1, p 127 should read: Lv-554. SMU-86, Vol 16, no. 3, p 378 should read: Macho Site III and should fol- low SMU-83 and -84, p 377.

o,3 Radio -c 975 i