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● Pratitya samutpada - dynamic picture of how five aggregates interact to generate duhkha and bring cessation of duhkha ○ All things arise and pass away due to certain conditions. When necessary conditions are present to support a thing’s existence, it comes to be. As conditions change, the thing changes. When conditions are removed, the thing ceases to be. ○ Everything that comes into being has a cause ○ Everything that exists is impermanent and change when the cause ceases to exist ○ == dependent arising

● Anatman ○ Buddha’s teaching of no-self in response to rejecting the notion of the atman (the essential self) ○ The idea that there is a self is an illusion--we are attached to the idea that there is a self but we lack an underlying self ○ The self is actually continuously taking on new forms and is not continuous ○ The individual is a collection of karmic constituents called the Five Aggregates/Skandhas ■ 1. rupa (form), ■ 2. vedana (feeling), ■ 3. sanna (perception), ■ 4. sankhara (mental formations), ■ 5. vinnana (consciousness) ■ these skandhas constantly change and endure for different amounts of time, they are not permanent ■ as the cause of the aggregates begins to cease to exist the aggregates begin to go too (dependent arising) ■ sankhara is reactions to vedana and is where karma collects ● sankhara outlasts the other aggregates and at death, will attach itself to a new form in birth (process of rebirth) ● sankhara is exhausted when a person is enlightened and an enlightened person does not act angrily, ignorantly, or wrongly to vedana.

● Tripitika - canon, put together at first council which consisted of 500 monks; senior monks; within a few months of Buddha’s ○ Three parts – Pitika = basket ■ Sutra pitika – recited at first council; Buddha’s teachings (Ananda made responsible at first council) ■ pitika – recited at first council; rules/codes (Upali made responsible at first council) ■ – systematic philosophy; evolved later

● Vinaya 2

○ is the code of monastic discipline whose rules are thought of as created by and coming from the Buddha in response to actual life events ○ All early Buddhist traditions shared the essential contents of the Vinaya, however as the expanded several additional rules have been added to its original context. ■ vinaya – 227 rules for bhikshus; 311 for bhikshunis ■ Mahasanghika vinaya – 219 rules for monks ■ Mulasarvastivadin (Tibetin Gelukpa) vinaya – 253 rules ○ Different vadas (views/ schools) had different number of rules. ■ The Theravada School had different amount of rules depending on gender (bhikshunis, ordained nuns, had more) ■ This divergence shows the division of the Sangha over time. ○ (the Discipline) expounded by Upali ■ Recorded changes which took place during the Sangha’s formative years ■ Move away from asceticism ■ Monks settled down to specific places and didn’t move ■ Individual possessions were limited, communal not so much ■ Lived life well enough not to be distracted by hunger, but not well off enough to over indulge

● Nikaya ○ literally means “volume” in Pali. It is most commonly used in reference to the of the Sutra Piṭ aka. ○ monastic division - caused by differences in the vinaya that resulted in splits because of the recitation of the pratimoksha (the Mahayana is NOT a nikaya- nikaya divisions translated into Mahayana as well; they are splits caused by differences in vinaya translations, not fundamental ideals) ■ Different sects of monks who practice different Pratimokshas could not practice it together ● These separations arose not out of fundamental differences but rather because some different sects had more or less rules than others due to geographical constraints or dissensions over practice ● Sthaviravada ○ literally "School Of The Elders" in Sanskrit ○ one of the that resulted from the Great Schism ○ originated at the Second Buddhist Council at Vaisali ○ ancestors of the Theravadins ○ were labeled Hinayana, “lesser vehicle” by Mahayana adherents

● Theravada ○ literally "Teaching Of The Elders" in Pali ○ oldest surviving branch of . ○ descend from the Sthaviravadans. ○ Theravadin accounts of its own origins mention that it received the teachings that were agreed upon during the under the patronage of the 3

Indian Emperor , around 250 BCE. These teachings were known as the Vibhajjavada.

● Hinayana ○ a Sanskrit term literally meaning: the "Inferior Vehicle", "Deficient Vehicle", the "Abandoned Vehicle", or the "Defective Vehicle", applied to the Śrāvakayāna, the Buddhist path followed by a śrāvaka who wishes to become an . ○ often contrasted with Mahāyāna, which means the "Great Vehicle." ○ Difference between Mahayanists and Hinayanists is that Mahayanists venerate the bodhisattvas and read the Mahāyāna sūtras, while Hinayanists venerate the . They both, however, use the Vinaya, abide by the 5 precepts, and practice the Four Noble Truths.

● Bhikshu/Bhikshuni ○ an ordained male Buddhist monastic. A female monastic is called a Bhikshuni (Skt: Bhikṣ u ṇ ī). The life of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis is governed by a set of rules called the patimokkha within the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline.Their lifestyle is shaped to support their spiritual practice, to live a simple and meditative life, and attain Nirvana. ○ Task of monks (BHIKSHU/BHIKSHUNI) ■ pursue own path to Nirvana n ■ serve as a field of merit for the laity ■ teaching and performing rituals for the laity ■ preserving teachings

● Pancha Śila - Five precepts (precepts that the laity would follow) ○ Abstain from killing things (killing) ○ Abstain from taking things that are not given (stealing) ○ Abstain from sexual misconduct (sex) ○ Abstain from telling lies (lying) ○ Abstain from alcohol and other intoxicants (intoxicants)

● Ten precepts- ○ abstain from killing living things ○ abstain from taking things that are not given (stealing) ○ abstain from sexual misconduct ○ abstain from false speech (lies, slander) ○ abstain from alcohol and other intoxications ○ abstain from eating at inappropriate times (afternoon) ○ abstain from entertainment (singing, dancing, performing) ○ refrain from decorative accessories (cosmetics, perfumes, garlands, ointments) ○ refrain from sleeping on high beds ○ abstain from using gold or silver (handling money) 4

○ *observed by monks, novices, and the laypeople (only one day a month/when they choose) ○ laypeople are expected to only observe the five precepts (the first 5 of the 10 precepts)

● Pratimoksha - rules governing the monks’ individual lives ○ Individual examples given to lend character and credence to each rule ○ Allowed monks to publicly confess faults they had committed and submit themselves to the penalty, however many time’s the singular act of confessing the fault was in itself punishment. ○ Was expressive of the Sangha’s purity ○ Monk must attend at least once every fortnight ○ Meant as a way to keep the Sangha as one unitary body ○ Groups of monks who practice a different Pratimoksha cannot practice it together, they must perform it separately ○ Separate pratimokshas arose from dissensions over practice, as well as differences in geographic location

● Paramita (be able to name them, at least in English) ○ Giving (dana) ○ Morality (sila) ○ Patience (ksanti) ○ Vigor (virya) ○ Meditation (dhyana) ○ Wisdom (pragna/pragya) ○ Skillful means (upaya) ○ Resolution/Determination (pranidhana) ○ Strength/spiritual power (bala) ○ Knowledge (jnana)

● A perfection (there are six, sometimes ten depending on the literature) that is to be cultivated in Buddhist spirituality; to a person who has attained Nirvana, these perfections flow naturally from the mind and heart of the person- they do not have to struggle or toil to cultivate them anymore; the that the Buddha relays during his teachings are tales of the perfection of different paramitas such as the perfection of giving in the Jataka Tale about the Buddha (in a former life) giving away his kingdom, possessions, wife, and children

● Mahayana ○ Formed during time of 3rd Buddhist council ○ Key characteristics: emergence of Boddhisattva as a figure and an ideal