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Biology 666 Animal Behavior

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Biology 666 Animal Behavior BIOLOGY 666 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PAST – PRESENT – FUTURE Lee C. Drickamer November 2009 PLAN OF ACTION y INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS y HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y RECENT DECADES AND THE PRESENT y FUTURE PATHWAYS 2 INTRODUCTION yPersonal History yLadder of Life ySources of Questions yModel System yTinbergen’s Four Questions 3 PERSONAL HISTORY y FAMILY OF ACADEMICS – UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS y UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL y OBERLIN y MICHIGAN STATE y NORTH CAROLINA STATE y PUERTO RICO y WILLIAMS COLLEGE y SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY y NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY 4 LADDER OF LIFE - I y CHEMISTRY y ORGANELLES y CELLS y TISSUES y ORGANS y ORGAN SYSTEMS y ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 5 LADDER OF LIFE - II y ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y POPULATION y COMMUNITY y ECOSYSTEM y BIOSPHERE (BIOMES) 6 SOURCES OF QUESTIONS yOBSERVATION – NATURAL HISTORY yTESTING THEORY yTECHNOLOGY CHANGES yAPPLIED 7 OBSERVATIONS y DUCKLINGS FOLLOWING MOTHER y TWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS y MOBBING BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS y SPEND TIME WITH SUBJECT ANIMAL(S) IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT y UMWELT CONCEPT 8 TESTING THEORY yFORAGING THEORY yKIN SELECTION THEORY ySEXUAL SELECTION 9 NEW TECHNOLOGIES yRADIO-TRACKING yDNA TECHNOLOGY yHORMONES – COLLECTIONS & ASSAYS 10 APPLIED yAGRICULTURE yPETS yCONSERVATION 11 Systems & Animal Behavior Environment Environment Nervous Organism Genes Endocrine Immune Environment Environment TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS yULTIMATE QUESTIONS yFUNCTION yEVOLUTION 13 TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS yPROXIMATE QUESTIONS yPHYSIOLOGY- MECHANIMS yDEVELOPMENT 14 G. STANLEY HALL 15 CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN 16 C. LLOYD MORGAN 17 Douglas Spalding 18 George John Romanes 19 WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER 20 NIKO TINBERGEN 21 NIKO TINBERGEN 22 KONRAD LORENZ 23 KONRAD LORENZ 24 Wolfgang Schleidt 25 JOHN B. WATSON 26 B.F. SKINNER 27 WILLIAM H. THORPE 28 R.A. Fisher 29 T.C. SCHNEIRLA 30 John Paul Scott 31 GERARD BAERENDS 32 VINCENT DETHIER 33 ROBERT HINDE 34 Frank Beach 35 Daniel Lehrman 36 AUBREY MANNING 37 Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt 38 HARRY HARLOW 39 PETER MARLER 40 E.O. WILSON 41 John Maynard Smith 42 W.D. HAMILTON 43 JOHN A. KING 44 RICHARD ALEXANDER 45 George C. Williams 46 AMOTZ ZAHAVI 47 Robert Trivers 48 JEANNE ALTMANN 49 FRANS DE WAAL 50 JOHN KREBS 51 MARIAN DAWKINS 52 SARAH HRDY 53 RICHARD DAWKINS 54 STEPHEN EMLEN 55 MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD 56 JOE WHO? 57 HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR ANCIENT HISTORY GREEKS AND ROMANS 10TH-18TH CENTURIES 19TH CENTURY 58 ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans Food – Hunting Predators 59 ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans yArtwork and Artifacts yDomestication Companion Animals Livestock 60 DOMESTICATION y (1) COMPANIONSHIP & PROTECTION y (2) FOOD y (3) ANIMAL PARTS FOR CLOTHING & UTENSILS y (4) TRANSPORTATION 61 ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans yAgriculture *Pest Organisms – Rodents & Insects & Birds 62 GREEKS y(1) Anatomy – yUnderstanding the Human Body (2) Natural History – ySystematic Observations 63 SCIENTIFIC ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (1) ARISTOTLE – Marine Biology, Birds, Fish y First Real Ethograms (2) SYSTEMATIC RECORDED NATURAL HISTORY - Consistent Methods of Observing & Recording (3) USE OF COMPARATIVE METHOD y Reproductive Systems (4) APPLIED ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR y Domestic Stocks (5) CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 64 ROMANS (1) EMPHASIS ON ANATOMY Galen – Relating Anatomy to Function (Locomotion) (2) NATURAL HISTORY Pliny – 37 Volumes on Natural History (3) TRAVEL – EXPLORATION More Exotics Brought to Rome 65 MIDDLE EAST & ASIA (1) RELIGIONS Animal Depictions, Myths, Deities (2) ARAB AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION y Food Chains y Struggle for Existence y Environmental Determinism 66 10TH –16TH CENTURIES y MIDDLE AGES – Plague, Not Much Else y RENAISSANCE – Renewal of Science y AGE OF EXPLORATION – Late 15th Century y NATURAL PHILOSOPHY – Splits Into Disciplines y BELIEF IN SOME VITAL SPIRIT OR 67 CREATOR 17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES (1) NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION (2) SYSTEMATICS – LINNEAUS (3) SHIFT AWAY FROM RELIGION AS FOUNDATION 68 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES (4) Descartes – Discourse on Method yDivide the Problem into Separate Parts and Work on Those Individually yConduct Investigation in Stepwise Fashion yAll Information Must Be Factual and Objective 69 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES (1) ZOOLOGICAL PARKS – Private Until 1860s (2) MUSEUMS (3) SOCIETIES (4) JOURNALS – Really Shared Papers 70 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES yLamarck yBuffon yLinneaus yErasmus Darwin yMalthus yGilbert White yJohn Bartram 71 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEGINS Charles G. Leroy – Versailles Menagerie 1750s – 1780s Game Keeper Wrote on Animal Intelligence Describes Ethogram Life History Traits Compares Herbivores & Carnivores 72 19TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF y Cuvier – St. Hillarie Debate Nature-Nurture Discussion y Charles Lyell – Geology Continual Changes Over Time Slow & Gradual y Notions About Populations & Communities y Physiology Comes of Age 73 19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF y Darwin and Evolution Dominate y Douglas Spalding Experimental Approach Bird Flight Instinct Guides Learning y George John Romanes Invertebrates and Physiology Animal Intelligence & Mental Evolution in Animals 74 19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF y Charles Otis Whitman (MBL Founder) Pigeons Zoology as Independent Discipline Evolutionary Bases for Behavior y C. Lloyd Morgan Morgan’s Canon Animal Behavior – First ‘Textbook’ in this Field Comparing Animal and Human Minds 75 19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF y Jacques Loeb – Animal Movements, Tropisms y Jakob von Uexkill – Umwelt Concept y William Morton Wheeler – Social Life of Ants y Jean Henri Fabre – Insect Behavior & Descriptions 76 THREE THREADS EMERGE y PSYCHOLOGY – AMERICAN y ETHOLOGY – EUROPEAN y ZOOLOGY – AMERICA & EUROPE 77 20TH CENTURY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y 1900-1950s – BEGINNING OF MODERN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y 1950s-1970s – GROWTH OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE y 1970s – 1990s – MATURATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE 78 1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS yPSYCHOLOGY – Thorndike Watson Skinner Yerkes 79 1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS yZOOLOGY W.C. Allee Sewall Wright G.K. Noble 80 1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS yETHOLOGY Oskar Heinroth William Thorpe Karl von Frisch Gerard Baerends Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz 81 1950s-1970s – GROWTH y JOURNALS BEHAVIOUR ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR y SOCIETIES ASAB ABS (from ESA and ASZ) IEC APA – Section 6 82 1960s – 1990s – MATURATION y TEXTBOOKS Marler & Hamilton – Mechanisms of Behavior Hinde – Behaviour Manning – Patterns of Animal Behaviour Alcock – Animal Behavior Drickamer & Vessey – Animal Behavior 83 1970s – 1990s – MATURATION y Peak in Positions for Animal Behaviorists y MANY More Journals y More Societies & Meetings y KEY – Maturation Means Specialization 84 BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY y G.C. Williams y E.O. Wilson y Robert Trivers y John Maynard Smith y W.D. Hamilton y These and Others – Underpinnings of the Surge in Behavioral Ecology 85 NEUROBIOLOGY y1990s – Decade of the Brain yPhysiological Psychology yBrain Imaging 86 JOINING APPROACHES y Behavioral Ecologists – Started to ask about what is happening inside the animal y Neurobiologists – Started to ask about the meaning of their findings in the whole animal and in nature y Simplified View – But, connections have begun and are growing 87 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS y INTEGRATION y IMMUNOLOGY y PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY y MATHEMATICS FOR MODELS AND THEORY y NEW TECHNOLOGIES y STRONG INFERENCE WITH ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES 88 INTEGRATION y FIELD & LABORATORY y PROXIMATE & ULTIMATE CAUSATION y Wingfield – birds and stress y Bass – neurobiology and fish communication y Ryan – frog calls and mating systems 89 IMMUNOLOGY y STRESS & IMMUNE FUNCTION Good and Bad Aspects y SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & IMMUNE FUNCTION y IMMUNE FUNCTION, DISEASE RESISTANCE & MATE SELECTION y IMMUNE SYSTEM, CNS, & ENDOCRINES y ANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES 90 PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY y ALTERNATE NAMES Phenotypic Plasticity Developmental Plasticity y EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Eco-Evo-Devo y EPIGENETICS – WADDINGTON Epigenetic Landscape Pathways Canalization 91 Types or Levels of Evolution y NATURAL SELECTION y SEXUAL SELECTION y KIN SELECTION & RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM y GROUP SELECTION y COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM SELECTION y OTHERS? 92 MODELS - I y WORD MODELS Learning Processes y MATHEMATICAL MODELS Shuster Foraging Behavior Mate Choice – Mate Selection y COMPUTER MODELS Input Information Æ Iterations & Output Populations of House Mice y SIMULATION MODELS 93 MODELS - II y ROBOTICS – Models of Sensory System y ANIMAL MODELS 94 NEW TECHNOLOGIES y FREE-RANGING TELEMETRY & SATELLITES y DNA ANALYSES GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS POPULATION GENETICS y FREE-RANGING SAMPLE COLLECTION HORMONES y BRAIN IMAGING 95 METHODS – STRONG INFERENCE y RETURN TO TESTABLE HYPOTHESES y TOUGHTFUL EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATIONS y BUILD ANSWERS IN STEPS y USE OF MODELS FOR GENERATING IDEAS AND PREDICTIONS 96 RESEARCH ANIMALS y CONTINUED INTEREST IN PRIMATES & HUMANS y OTHER VERTEBRATES y CONSERVATION EFFORTS y INVERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES, INSECTS 97 CLOSING THOUGHTS y COLLABORATIONS y MULTI-DISCIPLINARY y COMBINING LABORATORY AND FIELD WORK y TRAINING STUDENTS – BROADER VIEW MODELING STATISTICS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN KNOWLEDGE OF ALL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 98.
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