PAST – PRESENT – FUTURE Lee C. Drickamer November 2009 PLAN OF ACTION y INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS
y HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
y RECENT DECADES AND THE PRESENT
y FUTURE PATHWAYS
2 INTRODUCTION
yPersonal History yLadder of Life ySources of Questions yModel System yTinbergen’s Four Questions
3 PERSONAL HISTORY y FAMILY OF ACADEMICS – UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS y UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL y OBERLIN y MICHIGAN STATE y NORTH CAROLINA STATE y PUERTO RICO y WILLIAMS COLLEGE y SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY y NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY
4 LADDER OF LIFE - I y CHEMISTRY y ORGANELLES y CELLS y TISSUES y ORGANS y ORGAN SYSTEMS y ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
5 LADDER OF LIFE - II
y ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y POPULATION y COMMUNITY y ECOSYSTEM y BIOSPHERE (BIOMES)
6 SOURCES OF QUESTIONS yOBSERVATION – NATURAL HISTORY yTESTING THEORY yTECHNOLOGY CHANGES yAPPLIED
7 OBSERVATIONS y DUCKLINGS FOLLOWING MOTHER y TWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS y MOBBING BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS
y SPEND TIME WITH SUBJECT ANIMAL(S) IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT y UMWELT CONCEPT
8 TESTING THEORY yFORAGING THEORY
yKIN SELECTION THEORY
ySEXUAL SELECTION
9 NEW TECHNOLOGIES
yRADIO-TRACKING
yDNA TECHNOLOGY
yHORMONES – COLLECTIONS & ASSAYS
10 APPLIED
yAGRICULTURE
yPETS
yCONSERVATION
11 Systems & Animal Behavior
Environment Environment Nervous Organism
Genes
Endocrine Immune
Environment Environment TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS yULTIMATE QUESTIONS yFUNCTION yEVOLUTION
13 TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS yPROXIMATE QUESTIONS yPHYSIOLOGY- MECHANIMS yDEVELOPMENT
14 G. STANLEY HALL
15 CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN
16 C. LLOYD MORGAN
17 Douglas Spalding
18 George John Romanes
19 WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER
20 NIKO TINBERGEN
21 NIKO TINBERGEN
23 KONRAD LORENZ
24 Wolfgang Schleidt
25 JOHN B. WATSON
26 B.F. SKINNER
27 WILLIAM H. THORPE
28 R.A. Fisher
29 T.C. SCHNEIRLA
30 John Paul Scott
31 GERARD BAERENDS
32 VINCENT DETHIER
33 ROBERT HINDE
34 Frank Beach
35 Daniel Lehrman
36 AUBREY MANNING
37 Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
38 HARRY HARLOW
39 PETER MARLER
40 E.O. WILSON
41 John Maynard Smith
42 W.D. HAMILTON
43 JOHN A. KING
44 RICHARD ALEXANDER
45 George C. Williams
46 AMOTZ ZAHAVI
47 Robert Trivers
48 JEANNE ALTMANN
50 JOHN KREBS
51 MARIAN DAWKINS
52 SARAH HRDY
54 STEPHEN EMLEN
55 MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD
56 JOE WHO?
57 HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
ANCIENT HISTORY
GREEKS AND ROMANS
10TH-18TH CENTURIES
19TH CENTURY
58 ANCIENT HISTORY
Early Humans Food – Hunting Predators
59 ANCIENT HISTORY Early Humans yArtwork and Artifacts yDomestication Companion Animals Livestock
60 DOMESTICATION
y (1) COMPANIONSHIP & PROTECTION
y (2) FOOD
y (3) ANIMAL PARTS FOR CLOTHING & UTENSILS
y (4) TRANSPORTATION
61 ANCIENT HISTORY
Early Humans yAgriculture *Pest Organisms – Rodents & Insects & Birds
62 GREEKS y(1) Anatomy – yUnderstanding the Human Body (2) Natural History – ySystematic Observations
63 SCIENTIFIC ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (1) ARISTOTLE – Marine Biology, Birds, Fish y First Real Ethograms (2) SYSTEMATIC RECORDED NATURAL HISTORY - Consistent Methods of Observing & Recording (3) USE OF COMPARATIVE METHOD y Reproductive Systems (4) APPLIED ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR y Domestic Stocks (5) CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
64 ROMANS (1) EMPHASIS ON ANATOMY Galen – Relating Anatomy to Function (Locomotion) (2) NATURAL HISTORY Pliny – 37 Volumes on Natural History (3) TRAVEL – EXPLORATION More Exotics Brought to Rome
65 MIDDLE EAST & ASIA
(1) RELIGIONS Animal Depictions, Myths, Deities
(2) ARAB AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION y Food Chains y Struggle for Existence y Environmental Determinism
66 10TH –16TH CENTURIES y MIDDLE AGES – Plague, Not Much Else y RENAISSANCE – Renewal of Science y AGE OF EXPLORATION – Late 15th Century y NATURAL PHILOSOPHY – Splits Into Disciplines y BELIEF IN SOME VITAL SPIRIT OR 67 CREATOR 17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES
(1) NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION (2) SYSTEMATICS – LINNEAUS (3) SHIFT AWAY FROM RELIGION AS FOUNDATION
68 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES (4) Descartes – Discourse on Method
yDivide the Problem into Separate Parts and Work on Those Individually
yConduct Investigation in Stepwise Fashion
yAll Information Must Be Factual and Objective
69 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES
(1) ZOOLOGICAL PARKS – Private Until 1860s (2) MUSEUMS (3) SOCIETIES (4) JOURNALS – Really Shared Papers
70 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES yLamarck yBuffon yLinneaus yErasmus Darwin yMalthus yGilbert White yJohn Bartram 71 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEGINS Charles G. Leroy – Versailles Menagerie 1750s – 1780s Game Keeper Wrote on Animal Intelligence
Describes Ethogram Life History Traits Compares Herbivores & Carnivores
72 19TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF y Cuvier – St. Hillarie Debate Nature-Nurture Discussion y Charles Lyell – Geology Continual Changes Over Time Slow & Gradual y Notions About Populations & Communities y Physiology Comes of Age
73 19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF y Darwin and Evolution Dominate y Douglas Spalding Experimental Approach Bird Flight Instinct Guides Learning y George John Romanes Invertebrates and Physiology Animal Intelligence & Mental Evolution in Animals
74 19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF y Charles Otis Whitman (MBL Founder) Pigeons Zoology as Independent Discipline Evolutionary Bases for Behavior y C. Lloyd Morgan Morgan’s Canon Animal Behavior – First ‘Textbook’ in this Field Comparing Animal and Human Minds
75 19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF y Jacques Loeb – Animal Movements, Tropisms y Jakob von Uexkill – Umwelt Concept y William Morton Wheeler – Social Life of Ants y Jean Henri Fabre – Insect Behavior & Descriptions
76 THREE THREADS EMERGE
y PSYCHOLOGY – AMERICAN
y ETHOLOGY – EUROPEAN
y ZOOLOGY – AMERICA & EUROPE
77 20TH CENTURY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR y 1900-1950s – BEGINNING OF MODERN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
y 1950s-1970s – GROWTH OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE
y 1970s – 1990s – MATURATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE
78 1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS
yPSYCHOLOGY – Thorndike Watson Skinner Yerkes
79 1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS
yZOOLOGY W.C. Allee Sewall Wright G.K. Noble
80 1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS
yETHOLOGY Oskar Heinroth William Thorpe Karl von Frisch Gerard Baerends Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz
81 1950s-1970s – GROWTH y JOURNALS BEHAVIOUR ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR y SOCIETIES ASAB ABS (from ESA and ASZ) IEC APA – Section 6
82 1960s – 1990s – MATURATION y TEXTBOOKS Marler & Hamilton – Mechanisms of Behavior Hinde – Behaviour Manning – Patterns of Animal Behaviour Alcock – Animal Behavior Drickamer & Vessey – Animal Behavior
83 1970s – 1990s – MATURATION
y Peak in Positions for Animal Behaviorists
y MANY More Journals
y More Societies & Meetings
y KEY – Maturation Means Specialization
84 BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
y G.C. Williams y E.O. Wilson y Robert Trivers y John Maynard Smith y W.D. Hamilton
y These and Others – Underpinnings of the Surge in Behavioral Ecology
85 NEUROBIOLOGY
y1990s – Decade of the Brain
yPhysiological Psychology
yBrain Imaging
86 JOINING APPROACHES
y Behavioral Ecologists – Started to ask about what is happening inside the animal
y Neurobiologists – Started to ask about the meaning of their findings in the whole animal and in nature
y Simplified View – But, connections have begun and are growing
87 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS y INTEGRATION y IMMUNOLOGY y PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY y MATHEMATICS FOR MODELS AND THEORY y NEW TECHNOLOGIES y STRONG INFERENCE WITH ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES 88 INTEGRATION
y FIELD & LABORATORY y PROXIMATE & ULTIMATE CAUSATION y Wingfield – birds and stress y Bass – neurobiology and fish communication y Ryan – frog calls and mating systems
89 IMMUNOLOGY
y STRESS & IMMUNE FUNCTION Good and Bad Aspects y SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & IMMUNE FUNCTION y IMMUNE FUNCTION, DISEASE RESISTANCE & MATE SELECTION y IMMUNE SYSTEM, CNS, & ENDOCRINES y ANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES
90 PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY y ALTERNATE NAMES Phenotypic Plasticity Developmental Plasticity
y EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Eco-Evo-Devo
y EPIGENETICS – WADDINGTON Epigenetic Landscape Pathways Canalization
91 Types or Levels of Evolution
y NATURAL SELECTION y SEXUAL SELECTION y KIN SELECTION & RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM y GROUP SELECTION y COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM SELECTION y OTHERS?
92 MODELS - I y WORD MODELS Learning Processes y MATHEMATICAL MODELS Shuster Foraging Behavior Mate Choice – Mate Selection y COMPUTER MODELS Input Information Æ Iterations & Output Populations of House Mice y SIMULATION MODELS
93 MODELS - II y ROBOTICS – Models of Sensory System y ANIMAL MODELS
94 NEW TECHNOLOGIES
y FREE-RANGING TELEMETRY & SATELLITES y DNA ANALYSES GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS POPULATION GENETICS y FREE-RANGING SAMPLE COLLECTION HORMONES y BRAIN IMAGING
95 METHODS – STRONG INFERENCE
y RETURN TO TESTABLE HYPOTHESES y TOUGHTFUL EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATIONS y BUILD ANSWERS IN STEPS y USE OF MODELS FOR GENERATING IDEAS AND PREDICTIONS
96 RESEARCH ANIMALS
y CONTINUED INTEREST IN PRIMATES & HUMANS
y OTHER VERTEBRATES
y CONSERVATION EFFORTS
y INVERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES, INSECTS
97 CLOSING THOUGHTS y COLLABORATIONS y MULTI-DISCIPLINARY y COMBINING LABORATORY AND FIELD WORK y TRAINING STUDENTS – BROADER VIEW MODELING STATISTICS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN KNOWLEDGE OF ALL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
98