DOCSLIB.ORG

Montana Indiansindians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Montana Indiansindians MontanaMontana IndiansIndians • Their History and Location • Montana Indians Their History and Location Division of Educational Opportunity and Equity Linda McCulloch, Superintendent Montana Office of Public Instruction PO Box 202501 Helena, Montana 59620-2501 www.opi.state.mt.us February 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Montana Indians Historical Overview ............................................................................................................. 2 Early Tribal Distribution (Map)........................................................................................................................ 8 Montana Indian Reservations (Map) .............................................................................................................. 9 Montana Tribal Information .......................................................................................................................... 10 Blackfeet Reservation............................................................................................................................... 11 Crow Reservation ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Flathead Reservation ............................................................................................................................... 27 Fort Belknap Reservation ......................................................................................................................... 39 Fort Peck Reservation .............................................................................................................................. 47 The Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians ............................................................................................................... 53 Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa ................................................................................................................... 54 Northern Cheyenne Reservation .............................................................................................................. 59 Rocky Boy’s Reservation.......................................................................................................................... 65 Montana’s Urban Indians.......................................................................................................................... 71 Chronologies ................................................................................................................................................ 77 Bibliographies............................................................................................................................................... 87 Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................................................. 97 INTRODUCTION In this handbook we are attempting to give a brief look at Montana’s Indians. We have organized the material by reservation areas, even though in some cases, more than one tribal group lives on one reservation. There are also many Indians who are not tribal members or members of the reservation on which they reside. A section on Montana’s “Landless” Indians, now known as the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa, is also included. We are especially interested in providing information on the contemporary status of Montana’s Indian groups. Much has been written about their history, but many people don’t know who they are and how they live today. For those readers who want more information, we have included a chronology of important events and dates, a bibliography for children and adults, maps, and a miscellaneous section. Please be advised this booklet is not meant to be all inclusive, but should be used merely as a guide. If there are any questions about this information or content, please do not hesitate to contact us for clarification. You may also check with the local tribal authorities or Indian education committees. For additional information you may contact the Indian Education Specialist at the Office of Public Instruction, Helena, Montana 59620, (406) 444- 3013. We wish to thank the following individuals for their help with this publication: Lea Whitford (text), David Nolt (photography)—Blackfeet Reservation Sharon Peregoy (text), Nick Nolte (photography)—Crow Reservation Julie Cajune (text), Annie Warren (photography)—Flathead Reservation Minerva Allen (text), Louisa Kirby (photography)—Fort Belknap Reservation Dr. Joseph McGeshick (text)—Fort Peck Reservation Stan Strom (text)—Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Conrad Fisher (text)—Northern Cheyenne Reservation Russell Gopher (text), Garrett Cheen (photography)—Rocky Boy’s Reservation Murton McCluskey (text)—Urban Indians Denise Juneau and Julie Cajune—Editing of Text -1- Montana Indians Historical Overview -2- very well trained. Some reservations employ Indian doctors, nurses, MONTANA INDIANS lawyers, engineers, social workers, and other highly skilled profession- als. Montana is the home of approximately 66,000+ people of Indian Economically, Indian tribes have made tremendous strides in order extraction. The majority of these people reside on one of the seven large to improve the financial conditions of each reservation. Major employers Indian reservations while many others live in the major cities of Missoula, on all reservations are the local tribe, the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Billings, Great Falls, Butte, Helena and Miles City. The Indian population local school districts. Although these provide employment for a great in our state has grown steadily and significantly as the U.S. Census number of Indian people, the unemployment rate is still staggering– Bureau improves procedures for identification of our Indian citizens. running anywhere from 50-80 percent. To deal with this, tribes have There are about 16,324 Indian students enrolled in public and private sought economic development through industry and several reserva- schools in Montana with the largest single enrollment in Browning Public tions now operate industrial plants. The Blackfeet tribe operates a pencil Schools (1,857) and the second largest enrollment in the Billings Public factory which makes several types of pens, pencils and markers, while Schools (1,076). the Assiniboine and Sioux tribes operate A & S Industries, which produces medical kits and camouflage netting. In addition to this, other Each of the seven Indian reservations in Montana is governed by a tribes have used natural resources like water, timber, coal, oil and land group of elected officials called a Tribal Council. The exception to this is to stimulate the economy of their reservations. on the Crow Reservation where a true democracy or “town meeting” form of government is used to make decisions that affect their tribe. The Tribal To obtain more information about the Montana Indian tribes, their Council works in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and reservations, cultural ceremonies, powwows, schools, etc., please feel local, county and state governments to carry on tribal business. free to write directly to the addresses in the directory section pages 99- 100. In addition to having both public and private elementary and second- ary schools on or near each reservation, there are Head Start programs and tribal community colleges located there also. These tribal colleges allow a great number of reservation-based people the opportunity to secure quality training or complete two-year degree programs without leaving their home area. As a result, educational training on reservations can begin at age three in Head Start and continue two years after high school graduation in the tribal college. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, since the dropout rate of Indian students is still 20-50 percent in many Indian communities. Most students drop out in junior high school or ninth or tenth grades. In terms of educational attainment, Montana Indian people have done tremendously well considering the economic and social problems of some reservation communities. For example, many communities now employ school superintendents, principals, and many teachers and paraprofessionals of Indian descent. Tribal Council members now have college degrees and BIA and tribal employees are -3- other plateau peoples, belonged to the Salishan language group. The HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF Flatheads (the origin of whose name is disputed) were the eastern most of all the Salishan tribes. Prior to the invasion of eastern Indians after MONTANA’S INDIANS 1600, they lived in the Three Forks area and ranged as far eastward as the Big Horn Mountains. Before 1700, the arrival first of Shoshonis from the south, and the Blackfeet from the northeast, forced them to retreat All of Montana’s Indian tribes migrated into this region, most of them westward into the mountains. Their homeland, by the time Lewis and within the last 300 years. Most of the Indian people came to what we know Clark found them in 1805, centered in the beautiful Bitterroot Valley. as Montana in search of better hunting grounds or because they were pushed here by other groups. The boundaries of Indian tribes were not The Flatheads combined in roughly equal parts, the cultures of the fixed. No one tribe owned land as we know it, but each claimed its use and plains and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Handbook of Crow Indian Laws And
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface 3 Introduction: 5 Treaties 6 The Basis and Scope of Federal Power over Indians 7 The Scope of Tribal Self-Government 8 Allotments 10 Treaties-Group I 13 Agreements-Group II 19 Acts of Congress-Group III 29 Appendix A-Maps of Land Cession 45 Appendix B-1920 Act Complete 51 Chronological Index (With Amendments) 60 Subject Index 65 PREFACE Since 1950 members of the Crow Tribe have become generally interested in the political affairs of the tribe. Controversial issues have stimulated participation in political activities and have even split the tribe into political factions. The younger generations have challenged the leadership and power control of old line politicians. Within a short time, many members of the tribe have become skill-full parliamentarians, able speakers, shrewd party organizers, election managers, etc. Comparatively few, however, have ready knowledge of the treaties, legislative laws, and other legal regulations which directly and specifically regulate and affect the affairs of the Crow Tribe and its members. No other tribe, perhaps with the exception of the Osages, has been the subject of so many treaties, agreements, Acts of Congress, etc. than the Crow Tribe. The purpose of this booklet is to make available to the members of the Crow Tribe, and other interested parties, a ready reference or handbook on specific treaty and legislative laws and other legal regulations directly affecting the affairs of the Crow Indians. In order to keep it to a pamphlet size and easy to read and understand this handbook is written in outline or summary .form.
    [Show full text]
  • Montana Forest Insect and Disease Conditions and Program Highlights
    R1-16-17 03/20/2016 Forest Service Northern Region Montata Department of Natural Resources and Conservation Forestry Division In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Navigation on the Yellowstone River
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1950 History of navigation on the Yellowstone River John Gordon MacDonald The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation MacDonald, John Gordon, "History of navigation on the Yellowstone River" (1950). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2565. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2565 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HISTORY of NAVIGATION ON THE YELLOWoTGriE RIVER by John G, ^acUonald______ Ë.À., Jamestown College, 1937 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Mas­ ter of Arts. Montana State University 1950 Approved: Q cxajJL 0. Chaiinmaban of Board of Examiners auaue ocnool UMI Number: EP36086 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Ois8<irtatk>n PuUishing UMI EP36086 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulary • 1895 Agreement – in 1895, the Blackfeet Indians and Representatives of the United States Agreed That the United States Could Purchase Land from the Tribe
    Vocabulary • 1895 Agreement – In 1895, the Blackfeet Indians and representatives of the United States agreed that the United States could purchase land from the tribe. This agreement was ratified (made official) by Congress in 1896, and the land eventually became the eastern half of Glacier National Park. Not all of the Blackfeet signed the agreement, however, and members of the tribe have disputes with the U.S. government concerning certain provisions (conditions) within the Agreement. See “Ceded Strip.” • Agricultural activities - Related to producing crops or livestock and other domestic animal products for sale or use. • Allotment - Something given out in portions. • Alpine Meadow - Type of habitat above tree line with short summers, long winters, and composed mainly of grasses and wildflowers. • Avalanche - A large mass of snow or ice that suddenly falls from a mountain slope. • Bergschrund - A deep crack near the head of a mountain glacier. • Bison (buffalo) - Bison are part of the family Bovidae, to which Asian buffalo, African buffalo and domestic cattle and goats belong. Because American bison resembled in some ways old world buffalo (Asian and African buffalo), early explorers to North America began to call them buffalo. The name buffalo is still used interchangeably with bison. • Blackfeet – The Blackfeet are a group of tribes in the United States and Canada, including the Piegan/Pikuni, Blood/Kainai, Blackfoot, and Siksika. Today these bands or tribes have reserved lands in Montana and Canada, but recently their historical homeland included northern Montana east of the Continental Divide and south-central Alberta. Many Blackfeet tribal members have been part of Glacier Park’s activities since its beginning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Army Post on the Northern Plains, 1865-1885
    The Army Post on the Northern Plains, 1865-1885 (Article begins on page 2 below.) This article is copyrighted by History Nebraska (formerly the Nebraska State Historical Society). You may download it for your personal use. For permission to re-use materials, or for photo ordering information, see: https://history.nebraska.gov/publications/re-use-nshs-materials Learn more about Nebraska History (and search articles) here: https://history.nebraska.gov/publications/nebraska-history-magazine History Nebraska members receive four issues of Nebraska History annually: https://history.nebraska.gov/get-involved/membership Full Citation: Ray H. Mattison, “The Army Post on the Northern Plains, 1865-1885,” Nebraska History 35 (1954): 17-43 Article Summary: Frontier garrisons played a significant role in the development of the West even though their military effectiveness has been questioned. The author describes daily life on the posts, which provided protection to the emigrants heading west and kept the roads open. Note: A list of military posts in the Northern Plains follows the article. Cataloging Information: Photographs / Images: map of Army posts in the Northern Plains states, 1860-1895; Fort Laramie c. 1884; Fort Totten, Dakota Territory, c. 1867 THE ARMY POST ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS, 1865-1885 BY RAY H. MATTISON HE opening of the Oregon Trail, together with the dis­ covery of gold in California and the cession of the TMexican Territory to the United States in 1848, re­ sulted in a great migration to the trans-Mississippi West. As a result, a new line of military posts was needed to guard the emigrant and supply trains as well as to furnish protection for the Overland Mail and the new settlements.1 The wiping out of Lt.
    [Show full text]
  • Blackfeet Nation Fish and Wildlife
    About Us BFW Home Blackfeet Fish and Wildlife Contact Us Directions Free Info Permits Resources 2009 - 2010 RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY Big Game Hunts A. Camping. Camping, other than camping on private lands with the owner or occupant's permission, is permitted only at designated privately owned or tribally owned campsites. The following regulations shall be followed at tribally owned campgrounds: Recreational Activity • Care of Property. The defacement or destruction of signs, tables, or Fishing Regulations improvements is prohibited. • Vehicles. All wheeled vehicles, including trailers, must be kept on Code of Regulations the designated campsite parking areas. • Firewood. Only dead and downed wood in designated areas may Licensed Outfitters be gathered for firewood. Campers should check with the campgound manager to locate these areas. Bundles of firewood may be purchased Non Tribal Members at or near concessionaire facilities. • Disturbance of Plant or Animal Life. Plants or animals shall not be Map of Reservation disturbed in any way. The driving of nails into trees or the stripping of bark, leaves or branches from trees or shrubs is prohibited. Land Use • Digging. The natural terrain shall not be altered in any way. The leveling of the ground or digging for any purpose is prohibited. Fishing Report • Dogs, Cats and Pets. All dogs, cats, or other pets must be kept on a leash or under physical restrictive control at all times while in a Director's Update campgound. • Draining and Refuse from Trailers. Trailer owners must provide Photo Gallery receptacles to contain waste water. Such water shall be disposed of only at public restrooms, at holding tank disposal units in major camgrounds, or at tribally owned disposal units for a fee.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Strategies Against Violence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Tribal Strategies Against Violence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study Author(s): V. Richard Nichols ; Anne Litchfield ; Ted Holappa ; Kit Van Stelle Document No.: 206034 Date Received: June 2004 Award Number: 97-DD-BX-0031 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Tribal Strategies Against Violence Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study Prepared by ORBIS Associates V. Richard Nichols Principal Investigator Anne Litchfield Senior Researcher/Editor Ted Holappa Investigator Kit Van Stelle Criminal Justice Consultant January 2002 NIJ # 97-DD-BX0031 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, by ORBIS Associates under contract # 97-DD- BX 0031. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine Wheels
    The central rock pile was 14 feet high with several cairns spanned out in different directions, aligning to various stars. Astraeoastronomers have determined that one cairn pointed to Capella, the ideal North sky marker hundreds of years ago. At least two cairns aligned with the solstice sunrise, while the others aligned with the rising points of bright stars that signaled the summer solstice 2000 years ago (Olsen, B, 2008). Astrological alignments of the five satellite cairns around the central mound of Moose Mountain Medicine Wheel from research by John A. Eddy Ph.D. National Geographic January 1977. MEDICINE WHEELS Medicine wheels are sacred sites where stones placed in a circle or set out around a central cairn. Researchers claim they are set up according to the stars and planets, clearly depicting that the Moose Mountain area has been an important spiritual location for millennia. 23 Establishing Cultural Connections to Archeological Artifacts Archeologists have found it difficult to establish links between artifacts and specific cultural groups. It is difficult to associate artifacts found in burial or ancient camp sites with distinct cultural practices because aboriginal livelihood and survival techniques were similar between cultures in similar ecosystem environments. Nevertheless, burial sites throughout Saskatchewan help tell the story of the first peoples and their cultures. Extensive studies of archeological evidence associated with burial sites have resulted in important conclusions with respect to the ethnicity of the people using the southeast Saskatchewan region over the last 1,000 years. In her Master Thesis, Sheila Dawson (1987) concluded that the bison culture frequently using this area was likely the Sioux/ Assiniboine people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance Elizabeth
    17 The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance 1 Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence TUFTS UNIVERSITY For many tribes of Plains Indians whose bison-hunting culture flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Generally held in late spring or early summer, the rite celebrates renewal-the spiritual rebirth of participants and their relatives as well as the regeneration of the living earth with all its components. The sun dance reflects relationships with nature that are characteristic of the Plains ethos, and includes symbolic representations of various animal species, particularly the eagle and the buffalo, that once played vital roles in the lives of the people and are still endowed with sacredness and special powers. The ritual, involving sacrifice and supplication to insure harmony between all living beings, continues to be practiced by many contemporary native Americans. For many tribes of Plains Indians whose buffalo-hunting culture flowered during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Although details of the event differed in various groups, certain elements were common to most tribal traditions. Generally, the annual ceremony was held in late spring or early summer when people from different bands gathered together again following the dispersal that customarily took place in winter. The sun dance, a ritual of sacrifice performed by virtually all of the High Plains peoples, has been described among the Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboin, Bannock, Blackfeet, Blood, Cheyenne, Plains Cree, Crow, Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Kiowa, Mandans, Ojibway, Omaha, Ponca, Sarsi, Shoshone, Sioux (Dakota), and Ute (Spier, 1921, p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pain Experience of Traditional Crow Indian by Norma Kay
    The pain experience of traditional Crow Indian by Norma Kay Krumwiede A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Nursing Montana State University © Copyright by Norma Kay Krumwiede (1996) Abstract: The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore the pain experience of the traditional Crow Indian people. An understanding of the Crow people's experience of pain is crucial in order to provide quality nursing care to members of this population. As nurse researchers gain understanding of these cultural gaps and report their findings, clinically based nurses will be better equipped to serve and meet the unique needs of the traditional Crow Indian. Ethnographic interviews were conducted with 15 traditional Crow Indians currently living on the reservation in southeastern Montana. The informants identified themselves as traditional utilizing Milligan's (1981) typology. Collection of data occurred through (a) spontaneous interviews, (b) observations, (c) written stories, (d) historical landmarks, and (e) field notes. Spradley's (1979) taxonomic analysis method was used to condense the large amount of data into a taxonomy of concepts. The taxonomy of Crow pain evolved into two indigenous categories of “Good Hurt” and “Bad Hurt”. The Crow view “good hurt” as being embedded in natural life events and ceremonies, rituals and healing. The Crow experience "bad hurt” as emanating from two sources: loss and hardship. The Crow believe that every person will experience both “good hurt” and “bad hurt” sometime during their lifetime. The Crow gain knowledge, wisdom and status as they experience, live through, and learn from painful events throughout their lifetime.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NFS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012) FEB 1 9 2010 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NAT. RreWTEFi OF HISTORIC '• NAPONALPARKSEFWI NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM 1. Name of Property historic name: Kiwanis Meeting Hall other name/site number: Kiwanis Chapel 2. Location street & number: 17863 Beaver Creek Road (Camp Kiwanis) not for publication: n/a Beaver Creek County Park city/town: HAVRE vicinity: n/a state: Montana code: MT county: Hill code: 041 zip code: 59501 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As tr|e designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify t that this X nomination _ request for deti jrminalon of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Regist er of Historic Places and meets the pro i^duraland professional/equiremants set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X meets _ _ does not meet the National Register Crlt jfria. I JecommendJhat tnis propeay be considered significant _ nationally _ statewide X locally, i 20 W V» 1 ' Signature of certifj^ng official/Title/ Date / Montana State Historic Preservation Office State or Federal agency or bureau ( See continuation sheet for additional comments.) In my opinion, the property _ meets _ does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting or other official Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I, hereby certify that this property is: Date of Action entered in the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined eligible for the National Register *>(.> 10 _ see continuation sheet _ determined not eligible for the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ removed from the National Register _see continuation sheet _ other (explain): _________________ Kiwanis Meeting Hall Hill County.
    [Show full text]
  • BLACK MOON: the MINNECOUJOU LEADER by Ephriam D
    BLACK MOON: THE MINNECOUJOU LEADER By Ephriam D. Dickson III Salt Lake City, Utah Joseph White Bull (Ptesan Hunka) recorded in 1931 that, prior After several years struggling to survive in Canada, the majority to settling on the reservation, the Minnecoujou recognized six of the exiled Lakota returned to the U.S. and surrendered to hereditary leaders within their tribe. In addition to White Bull's military authorities, culminating in the surrender of Sitting Bull father, Makes Room, these men included Black Shield, Lone at Fort Buford in July 1881. A small number of Lakota however Horn, White Hollow Horn, White Swan, and Comes Flying. He elected to remain in Canada, divided into small groups under the added that there were also two men who became renowned war leadership of men such as Black Moon, the Hunkpapa headman leaders among the Minnecoujou, presumably rising through the No Neck, and a Brule named Black Bull who claimed to be a ranks of the men's warrior societies. "They were treated as nephew of Sitting Bull. In what is today south Saskatchewan, chiefs because of this," White Bull explained. "They wore shirts these Lakota families lived near frontier communities such as decorated with scalps." He identified these two leaders as Lame Moose Jaw and Willow Bunch, establishing relationships with Deer and Black Moon.; the Canadians in the region. Black Moon's daughter, Mary, married Thomas W. Aspdin, a corporal in th~ Royal Mounted Not to be confused with the prominent Hunkpapa leader by the Police stationed at nearby Fort Walsh. Black Moon was same name, Black Moon (Wi Sapa) was born about 1821.
    [Show full text]