NANCY E. GWINN

CLR and Preservation

The deterioration of library materials has become an increasingly critical problem . Many of the programs devoted to finding solutions during the last twenty-five years have been sponsored by the Council on Library Resources (CLR), a private, operating foundation. CLR grants supported chemical. and applied research in the causes of paper deterioration, helped to establish conservation laboratories, and supported development of new equipment and tests. CLR also has assisted in attempts to establish cooperative pres­ ervation programs and to spell out a national strategy. Recent events show a heightened awareness of the problem; several new programs and promise of increased funding give hope for the future.

IN A FULL-PAGE COLOR PHOTOGRAPH in the remains. "2 It persists because the deteriora­ April 1980 issue of Smithsonian magazine, tion is passive, largely unnoticed by the li­ Library of Congress restoration officer Peter brary user until a book or journal is re­ Waters stands enveloped in a shower of quested and the pages begin to crumble in paper fragments, the remains of a scholarly the hand. work blown from his open hand by a puff of Much of what has been accomplished in exhaled air. No more dramatic testimony is the last quarter of a century has been made needed to illustrate the danger the United possible through an array of grants fur­ States is in "of losing its mind. " 1 The his­ nished and programs administered by the tory of why millions of books, journals, Council on Library Resources, Inc. (CLR), manuscripts, and other paperbound records an independent, private, operating founda­ of our cultural and intellectual inheritance tion established in 1956 by the F6rd Founda­ are deteriorating has been carefully tion. In recognition of the seriousness of documented. Indeed, in the last twenty-five the problem of deterioration of library years, a litany of shocking examples of de­ materials, within its first year of operation cay and calls to action has rung repetitiously CLR initiated a study of the causes. Since through the literature, often with quite that time, the council has authorized ex­ positive results. Activity on many fronts has penditures of more than $2.5 million on led to substantial chemical research and preservation-related activities. laboratory testing, to the establishment of Periodically, however, it is necessary for preservation programs in individual institu­ the foundation to .reassess its role, review tions, and to cooperative efforts to ensure its past efforts, and use the insights gained preservation of specific categories of mate­ to devise new strategies for the future. This rials. Yet, despite this attention, the dispar­ is in part a desire to analyze and learn from ity that Edwin Williams pointed out in 1969 past failures and build on successes. But it "between the alarming statements that have is also a response to change, both external been published and the alarm that has been and internal. A recent change in the coun­ generated in individuals, even historians, cil's presidency provided the occasion for a total review of its programs and priorities. A Nancy E . Gwinn, fonnerly program officer at change from the single benefaction of one the Council on Library Resources, is associate foundation to multifoundation support of the director for program coordination for the Re­ council's program reinforced the need for search Libraries Group, Inc., Stanford, California . such a review. But of more importance,

104 I CLR and Preservation I 105

perhaps, is the increased attention of tory that bore his name. A document restor­ others, some such as the National Endow­ er at the Virginia State Library, Barrow in­ ment for the Humanities (NEH) and the vented a lamination process to protect valu ~ Department of Education with far greater able manuscripts and records. But he wor­ resources, to the possibility of loss of part of ried that papers would continue to deterio­ our heritage and the impact of that loss on rate inside the lamination, and this stimu­ the future of scholarship. lated him to begin a series of investigations The purpose of this paper is to review concerning causes and remedies. His study and summarize the council's preservation ended only with his death in 1967, although program, to discuss its present activities, the work he started subsequently continued and to set forth some ideas on the future of for some time. council activity in this critical area. The Prior to becoming the first president of council has in the past also worked hard to the council, Verner W. Clapp worked for assist in improving microform technology, many years at the Library of Congress (LC). which has considerable benefit both for pre­ An amateur bookbinder, Clapp acquired var­ serving the intellectual content of books, ious responsibilities at the library, which journals, and other documents and for mak­ included the repair of documents, binding, ing them more accessible. Projects involv­ and preservation. He and Barrow became ing the design of prototype equipment or acquainted, and a warm personal and cre­ systems have not been included here, nor ative professional relationship developed have CLR-supported microfilming projects, that was to have a fruitful result, as re­ unless their principal objective was for pres­ vealed in a 1968 letter from Clapp to Bar­ ervation. row's son: Although the limits to its resources have, While I was still at LC your father and I used to from its genesis, prevented the council from discuss the need for research in the book­ assisting individual institutions in preserving materials area. However, while I was able to their collections, the council has consistent­ throw small commissions his way, LC had no re­ ly searched for programs that would ad­ search money. But in 1956 I became president of vance the knowledge and techniques of all the Council on Library Resources, Inc., and the libraries by attacking the root causes of the road to research suddenly opened up. The rest is 3 problem and assisting the development of history. mechanisms to overcome them. CLR pro­ Convinced that acid was the chief cause grams thus can be readily grouped into two of paper decay, in the 1940s Barrow de­ categories: (1 ) research, analysis, and dis­ veloped a deacidification process based on semination; and (2) national planning. the submerging of paper in baths of calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, and/or RESEARCH, ANALYSIS, AND DISSEMINATION magnesium bicarbonate. He continued valu­ Lack of information about the causes of able studies of inks and old papers and pub­ deterioration, coupled with a lack of under­ lished his findings with the help of Clapp, standing about what was in fact known, was who had become his collaborator and un­ clearly the most critical problem in the field official editor. By 1957 Barrow was eager to of preservation in the 1950s. The obvious begin an organized program of testing. In need was for research, both pure, chemical that year he was given the opportunity, research to determine the reasons for the under the auspices of the Virginia State Li­ increasingly swift decay of paper, and ap­ brary and with funding from CLR in one of plied research to develop techniques to its first grants. By determining resistance to combat it. Finally, dissemination of results, tearing and folding, Barrow tested paper procedures, and techniques to those in a from 500 books, published from 1900 to position to act was imperative. 1949, that had "spent sheltered and tem­ perate lives in the scholarly atmosphere of William]. Barrow Research Laboratory Virginia institutions. "4 Similar results were Central to any discussion of council activ­ produced by testing freshly manufactured ity in preservation research is the figure of papers to which artificial aging techniques William J. Barrow and the research labora- were applied. And the results were stagger- 106 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 ing. "It seems probable," he said, "that On September 16, 1960, the American most library books printed in the first half Library Association and the Virginia State of the 20th century will be in an unusable Library called a conference on permanent/ condition in the next century. "s durable paper, to which were invited scien­ As part of the same project, Barrow col­ tists who served Barrow as consultants, rep­ lected papers from the seventeenth and resentative librarians, archivists, book pub­ eighteenth _centuries and subjected them to lishers, book designers, printers, papermak­ chemical analysis. As he reported in Sci­ ers and merchants, paper chemists, and ence, the "acidity of the weakest papers is, others. The purpose was "to explore the on the average, from six to ten times as potential benefits for the users of books great as that of the strongest. "6 This was not offered by the new chemical wood pulp a new discovery, nor was Barrow's identifi­ paper. ... " 10 While there was enthusiasm cation of alum-rosin sizing and residual among the participants familiar with the chlorides from bleaching as the perpetra­ paper for its potential, the critics raised tors. But in this first investigation and more issues that have a familiar ring: "it would be extensive later ones, also funded by CLR, wasteful and costly to try to upgrade the the facts were documented as they never paper used for all books; much that was had been before. 7 published was intended to be of only tem­ Barrow's findings disputed the prevailing porary use or was not in any case worth theory of the time that paper deterioration preserving; anything worth preserving was caused primarily by polluted urban, or would be repri~ted if there was a need for industrial, atmosphere and that paper made it or if it became a 'classic'; it was impracti­ entirely from rag would ipso facto be the cal to publish part of an edition on penna­ strongest. Although pollution does play a nent/durable paper unless a large group of role (and in some areas, such as New York libraries subscribed for all copies in such an City, a critical one), Barrow identified edition; there would be problems of print­ manufacturing processes as the principal ability; and manufacturers would be hesitant cause of paper decay; in a later investigation to increase paper prices simply to increase of book papers manufactured from 1800 to permane nce or durability on a large 1899, he was able to trace historically the scale." 11 It was also noted that while con­ loss of strength in papers in a time line that sumers demanded much of publishers and matched the introduction by paper mills of papermakers, permanence and durability alum sizing and the use of cheaper and were seldom high on the list. shorter fibers. ts The conference group voted unanimously, Barrow was convinced that a permanent however, to "invite the American Library and durable paper could be made that Association to establish a continuing group, would avoid the pitfalls of the manufactur­ constituted to represent the various in­ ing process and still be economical. Accord­ terested groups here, which would find ingly, he developed specifications using necessary support to continue some discus­ chemical wood pulp and an alkaline sizing sion of this proble m , looking toward (Aquapel) that had recently come onto the mutually agreeable solutions. " 12 Thus the market. An experimental run at the Herty ALA Joint Committee on Permanent/Dur­ Foundation and later tests at a commercial able Paper was born and was charged with mill proved successful. 9 Testing showed that reviewing Barrow's tentative specifications the paper had an expectation of longevity and, based on this review, with developing comparable to that of the fine book papers "acceptable standard specifications for paper of the past, yet it was within a medium of this or similar type, to establish standards price range. Named Permalife, the paper on a national scale, to establish a suitable was manufactured for fifteen years by the designation, to determine costs, to promote Standard Paper Company. When Standard use, to develop a quality control program closed in the mid-1970s, Howard Paper including testing, and to stimulate further Mills, Inc., of Dayton, Ohio, purchased the research. " 13 It proved to be too great a task. rights to Permalife, as well as Standard's in­ After one meeting, a stalemate occurred be­ ventory. cause of disagreements on, among other CLR and Preservation I 107 things, testin·g procedures. While an dards for library binding. Barrow and his attempt was made to assess the printability staff participated in the research and de­ and ease of handling of permanent/durable velopment phase of this project, during papers along with other promotional efforts, which they established criteria for the per­ in 1968 ALA requested the council's per­ formance of bindings used in libraries and mission to dissolve the committee because, designed testing equipment so that the per­ as constituted and administered, it "was un­ formance could be measured. wieldy and thus relatively ineffectual in The results of Barrow's work on many of accomplishing the assignment. " 14 The coun­ these matters appeared in a series of book­ cil concurred, noting that the committee lets entitled Permanence/Durability of the was "unable to realize the hopes that led to Book. His reputation was growing in nation­ its establishment. "1s al and international spheres. In 1967, the Up to the time -of the 1960 conference, American Library Association asked him to Barrow's investigations had been carried out travel to England to consult with British with the meager resources of his restoration paper manufacturers to ensure that a shop in the Virginia State Library. In 1961, permanent/durable paper could be used for at Clapp's suggestion and with the aid of the pre-1956 imprint edition of the National council funds, he took advantage of the hos­ Union Catalog, a work subsequently pub­ pitality of the Virginia Historical Society to lished by Mansell in more than 700 construct in its building a paper-testing volumes. The final volumes are scheduled laboratory employing the most exacting con­ to be issued in 1981. Barrow found three trols of temperature and humidity and de­ British mills skilled in the use of alkaline voted exclusively to problems of preserva­ size and eager to learn his techniques for tion of library materials. On August 1 he properly preparing the necessary long signed the first of a series of contracts with fibers. He subsequently tested the paper the council that continued for the next six­ produced and of that which was finally teen years. selected (manufactured by Guard Bridge Assembling a small staff, Barrow opened Paper Company, Ltd.) said: "This has the his laboratory with an investigation of an highest strength characteristics and one of aerosol deacidification method that could be the best rates of deterioration of any 20th used on whole books, rather than separate century book paper that we have tested in pages, and with the development of this laboratory. " 16 methods for predicting the longevity of Throughout the 1960s Barrow worked polyvinyl adhesives suitable for perfect tirelessly to awaken the general public to bindings. He continued to study what had the gravity of paper deterioration and the happened to book papers from the fifteenth potential loss to society of its recorded through the nineteenth centuries, and he heritage. He wrote extensively, stimulated began to look at the effects storage tempera­ others to publicize the enormity of the tures have on the permanence of paper. He problem, and was himself the subject of developed spot-testing procedures so that li­ several articles. Perhaps because of his brarians and archivists would have a quick nonscientific background, he was able to tell and easy method of distinguishing stable his story in terms easily understood. An from unstable book and record papers. Not editorial, "The Paper Man," in the Rich­ all of his work, however, was done under mond News Leader of June 8, 1963, is am­ direct council sponsorship. ple illustration: In 1959 the American Library Association began its Library Technology Project with So off we went to Battle Abbey (the building the aid of a council grant. The project staff housing the Virginia Historical Society), past rows engaged the Barrow Research Laboratory of great Virginians peering with portrait eyes, down stairs to talk to Mr. Barrow over a bowl of on several efforts. One investigation led to apples and pears. "See," he said, taking a yel­ an improved paper stock for use in the lowed book off a shelf of yellowed books. It was manufacture of library catalog cards. But an old cookbook, "Printed in 1905," he said, as the most important was the laboratory's page 282 came out in his fingers. We folded the assistance in A LA's development of stan- paper over; then back. Two folds were all the 108 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 paper could take. The page fell into two pieces, some modern papers for the Library of and the recipe for Chicken a Ia Terrapin was cut Congress and others, although care was in half. taken throughout the history of the labora­ There were, of course, critics of Barrow's tory to keep its focus on research rather results. Some thought Barrow's specifica­ than quality control. But its first major tions for permanent/durable paper might be activity under Dupuis' direction was to eval­ "excessively high" or "not really practical" uate a British vapor-phase paper-deacidifica­ for all except a few percent of the users of tion method. This activity laid the ground­ printed materials. Indeed, a later project of work for the laboratory's principal focus for the laboratory, under ~on tract with CLR the next ten years. · and the Library of Congress, was a revision In 1966, W. H. Langwell, a British liquor of the specifications, but they were not sub­ chemist, developed a vapor-phase deacid­ stantially lowered, and eight of thirty-two ification process for books and documents. commercial papers were found to meet The process used cyclohexylamine carbon­ them. The close relationship between Bar­ ate (CHC), which was applied by interleav­ row and the Standard Paper Company was ing books with treated absorbent paper or viewed with disfavor by some manufactur­ by placing granules of pellets, loose or in ers, who thought that Barrow did not give sachet form, in manuscript boxes. Informed enough recognition to others who were pro­ of the matter by a British colleague, Louis ducing alkaline papers. It was reported B. Wright, the council's vice-chairman, that the rag paper manufacturers had their alerted Verner Clapp who, with Barrow's own group that as a whole had been ques­ agreement, thought the method should be tioning Barrow's accomplishments in the tested. permanent/durable paper field. But his In its conclusions, the laboratory stated reputation and the quality of his work sur­ that CHC increased the pH of book papers vived these mild criticisms, and his efforts as well as their resistance to folding and continue to inspire those who are working tearing. It appeared to affect the rosin siz­ today on finding solutions to one of the li­ ing, however, and also decreased the brary world's most baffiing problems. brightness and fluorescence of the papers Following Barrow's death, his wife and treated. son determined to carry on the laboratory, More important, however, the laboratory and the council agreed to support a con­ confirmed that CHC hydrolyzes to cyclo­ tinuance of the projects Barrow had begun. hexylamine, an odorous and toxic chemical, Dr. R. N. Dupuis, retired from a position on exposure to moist air often found in li­ as vice-president in charge of research at braries. An opinion from the Food and the General Foods Corporation and one of Drug Administration confirmed that "Cyclo­ Barrow's consultants, was hired to direct hexylamine has both carcinogenic and P.1uta­ the laboratory on a part-time basis. In 1971, genic potential. . .. " 17 As a result of the it was determined that the laboratory would laboratory's report, the Process Materials benefit from full-time direction, and Dr. Corporation, a U.S. distributor of the CHC Bernard F. Walker, formerly corporate products, which had already suspended director of research for the Huyck Corpora­ sales, removed the products completely tion, a manufacturer of components for the from the market. 1H paper industry, was appointed. Dr. Dupuis Nevertheless, the thought that someone continued his association with the labora­ had found a vapOI" capable of deacidifying tory, however, as an official CLR represen- , entire books excited laboratory · staff, who tative, serving on site in Richmond as began searching for a nontoxic substance liaison in scientific and policy matters. that might achieve the same end. At a July In the post-Barrow period, work con­ 1969 meeting of the laboratory's advisory tinued at the laboratory on the effects of group, to which were added representatives temperature and humidity on the perma­ of the American Library Association (ALA), nence and durability of paper. Laboratory the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), staff also continued studying the characteris­ the Center for Research Libraries, and tics of centuries-old book papers and tested others, the possibility of discovery of new C LR and Preservation I 109 methods of vapor-phase deacidification re­ pound. The process could be used without ceived serious attention as one of the three likelihood of damage to 99 percent of the highest priorities for the laboratory. "What normal books found in libraries, and their is needed," the group concluded, "is a one­ life expectancy could be expected to be im­ time mass process not requiring unbinding proved on the average about two and one­ of the treated books. "a1 half times. The laboratory experimented with several The process did, however, occasionally substances, even securing a patent on one cause color changes on pyroxylin book cov­ (a vapor caused by the reaction of ammonia ers, noticeably changed the color of leather, and formaldehyde · to form a solid, hexa­ and occasionally caused groundwood papers methylenetetramine), but none seemed en­ to show visible yellowing. The process did tirely satisfactory. Then, in July 1970, one not work equally well on every paper nor, of the laboratory's consultants suggested unfortunately, did it strengthen paper that that morpholine, a common chemical used had already deteriorated. A capital invest­ at that time in many floor waxes and ment in equipment would, of course, be polishes, be used to stabilize cellulose with required. 20 respect to pH. By December, the labora­ In May 1977, just before the field trial tory was able to report surprising results in ended, CLR and NEH gathered a group of terms of the capacity of morpholine to scientists, librarians, and conservationists to deacidify paper. The laboratory tested study the safety and efficacy of the _process several other amines, but morpholine con­ and consider where and how it. should best tinued to be the most satisfactory. Sophisti­ be used. At the same time, the Library of cated hardware for administering the vapor­ Congress' Preservation and Testing Office phase treatment was also designed and tested the process extensively and generally tested. After years of painstaking experi­ corroborated the findings of the lengthy and mentation patents were obtained on two thorough testing previously carried out by versions of the process, one using a strong the Barrow Laboratory. concentration of morpholine, the other a The NEH-CLR review panel recom­ mild. While the strong process prodticed mended further testing on the question of excellent results when applied to unbound whether the morpholine process presented books, the mild version was considered a health hazard to library patrons or staff. In more suitable for mass deacidification users, response, a check with the National Insti­ since it could be used without harm to tute for Occupational Safety and Health in­ books bound with pyroxylin-impregnated dicated that this agency did not consider cloth, a c:ommon feature of library bindings. morpholine a carcinogen. To further cor­ In 1975, the laboratory phase of the de­ roborate this point, samples of morpholine­ velopment of the morpholine deacidification treated book paper were sent to Litton process was brought to a close. With match­ Bionetics, Inc., to be tested using the Ames ing funds from the National Endowment for mutagenicity technique, which showed a the Humanities and the council, the Virgin­ negative response, i.e., no evidence of car­ ia State Library and the Barrow Laboratory cinogenic or mutagenic property. Finally, began a large-scale test of the process using on the question of whether it was likely that custom-made equipment, manufactured by the known carcinogen nitrosomorpholine the Vacudyne Altair Corporation of Chica­ would be formed in significant amounts go, capable of processing fifty books at a through the combining of morpholine in time. At a meeting, sponsored by the treated books with oxides of nitrogen found American Chemical Society in 1976, the in polluted air, an opinion was sought from laboratory's director, Dr. Walker, summa­ Dr. Robert Taylor, associate chairman of rized the advantages and disadvantages of the Department of Chemistry at the Uni­ the process. versity of Michigan and a CLR consultant The morpholine process, he stated, deacid­ on the Barrow project. Based on his inves­ ified about eighty to ninety pounds of books tigation, Dr. Taylor concluded that the in sixty minutes, at an estimated total cost likelihood of this occurrence "is extremely (at that time) of about thirty-two cents a low and the hazard negligible. "21 110 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981

Throughout the development of the mor­ lieved had been a good investment as well pholine deacidification process, the council as being unique among organizations work­ had been in close touch with the Research ing in the conservation field. But it recog­ Corporation,. a nonprofit foundation for the nized that the laboratory was handicapped advancement of science and technology that by its relative intellectual and geographic makes new inventions available in the pub­ isolation from the scientific and library com­ lic interest. Research Corporation took over munities and recommended that the council the patenting and licensing of the process explore alternatives to the laboratory as it and in August 1979 announced that the first was presently constituted and sited. In par­ license had been granted to the Pacific ticular, it was recommended that the Northwest Conservation Laboratory of Port laboratory be reestablished on a university Orchard, Washington. campus, where contact with the related sci­ While the work on the morpholine pro­ ences and technologies and with a large li­ cess was proceeding, Barrow Laboratory brary would be possible. staff engaged in other investigations. Under However, the council was beginning to a contract with the Library of Congress, the recognize that the expense of operating an laboratory reviewed the specifications for independent laboratory was growing and in­ permanent/durable paper qriginally estab­ hibiting the council's ability to respond to lished by W. J. Barrow in 1960. The review other equally pressing problems. Although took into account the changes in manufac­ the council approved further support for the turing and technology during the period laboratory, it did so in the hope that the and resulted in revised specifications. additional funds for its continuation could

Several existing commercial papers1 it was be found elsewhere. shown, could readily meet them. 22 As noted earlier, funds were secured Other work included investigations of the from the National Endowment for the effects of storage humidity and temperature Humanities for a project involving large­ on paper, improvement of the equipment scale testing of the morpholine process. for testing fold endurance, and continued Prospects for other funding, however, were testing of various kinds of paper for charac­ not good, nor was it likely that the labora­ teristics of permanence and durability. Just tory could be relocated easily. Then, just as before the laboratory closed, plans had been the large-scale testing was drawing to a laid for a project to look for a vapor-phase close, Dr. Walker, the laboratory's director, method of strengthening paper. suddenly died. With this combination of The council's relationship with the W . J. events, the council regretfully concluded Barrow Research Laboratory was described that in view of its "many obligations to li­ by Verner Clapp as that of " a full, if a braries and its own funding situation, and junior partner. " 23 The council "proposed because of the increasing costs of the inde­ topics for research, . . . followed the reports pendent laboratory, it could no longer be in detail, . . . made suggestions for im­ supported. "24 Following the discontinuance provements, alternative approaches, etc." of CLR funding, the Barrow family decided He described this "climate of active col­ to shut down the laboratory, and much of laboration on a matter of mutual concern the specialized equipment was placed on in­ and excitement" as rewarding, and history definite loan at the Carnegie-Mellon Insti­ has shown it to be of profit to libraries as tute of Research, Carnegie-Mellon Uni­ well. When Clapp died on June 15, 1972, versity, where it was to be used in the insti­ his role with regard to the laboratory was tute's planned research program on paper assumed by CLR program officer Carl M. preservation. Spaulding, who continued a careful over­ From 1957 to 1977, CLR appropriated both sight of laboratory activities. Periodically, directly and indirectly through the Virginia review groups were assembled to evaluate State Library more than $1.67 million in the laboratory's work and to assist in the grants in support of the work performed by setting of future goals and priorities. Such a W. J. Barrow and subsequently the labora­ group assembled in 1973 recommended the tory that bore his name. The accomplish­ continuance of the laboratory, which it be- ments for this investment were many. The CLR and Preservation I 111 principal causes of paper deterioration were Between 1959 and 1973, LTP engaged in identified and documented; permanent/ a number of preservation-related projects. durable paper and card stock were created Several involved the testing of supplies and continue to be available commercially; used by conservators, including pressure­ attention to this problem, spotlighted by sensitive tapes used in the repair and mark­ Barrow's work, contributed to a growing ing of books, polyvinyl acetate adhesives availability of acid-free papers in the United used in mending, laminating equipment, States and Great Britain; testing equipment and film coatings and rejuvenation treat­ (e. g., universal book tester, openability ments designed to improve the resistance of plate) was developed and made available microfilm to scratching and abrasions caused and other equipment improved; specifica­ by use. The tests were usually conducted tions for permanent/durable paper and stan­ under contract with both commercial and dards for binding were promulgated; a mass nonprofit laboratories, such as Barrow or deacidification process was devised and the Chicago Paper Testing laboratories, and tested; and a series of publications d·rew the results were published in the official attention to the problems of preservation ALA journal. and assisted many to an understanding of In addition to testing various products, their nature and possibilities for solution. LTP also atte\npted to improve what was available. Under contract with the Barrow Laboratory, for example, specifications were ALA's Library developed for a permanent/durable card Technology Project stock, which would add to the longevity of The establishment and operation of the the millions of catalog cards filed by the na­ Barrow Laboratory commanded much of the tion's libraries on a daily basis. In 1961, attention and resources of the council. But with the assistance of the Institute of Paper in the area of preservation, as in other Chemistry and on behalf of the Public Ar­ areas, CLR has consistently sought a variety chives Commission of the state of Delaware, of mechanisms to attack the basic problems LTP attempted to develop specifications for and has attempted to coordinate several cardboard stock for manuscript boxes that different approaches. An example of this is would make them more suitable for library the work performed by the laboratory under and archival use in terms of reduced acid­ contract with the Library Technology Proj­ ity, insect repellency, and fire and moisture ect (L TP) of the American Library Associa­ resistance. Unlike the former project, tion, also funded by CLR. The project's ac­ where successful commercial runs of a suit­ tivities, however, were not restricted to able card stock were made, the emphasis in preservation, nor were its preservation ac­ the latter project was on treatments of ex­ tivities always connected with Barrow. isting stocks. While it was found possible to When the council approved the establish­ build each characteristic into the board, the ment of the ALA Library Technology Proj­ cost was considered excessive for practical ect in 1959, four principal goals were stated: · use. 1. To improve the quality of library In 1960, with the cosponsorship of the equipment, supplies, and systems. Special Libraries Association (SLA), LTP 2. To save money expended on inferior embarked on a six-year project to develop products or systems. performance standards for library bindings, 3. To save inordinate expenditure of time which, in many cases, deteriorate faster in ascertaining existing knowledge on these than the papers they encase. Although spe­ matters. cifications had existed since the 1930s for 4. To produce knowledge where now class A library bindings and were amended there is none. from time to time, they were considered to The council provided administrative funds be inadequate for two reasons. First, they for the project, but it required that separate did not satisfy all of the binding require­ proposals be made for testing programs, ments in libraries (e. g., heavily used as each of which would be evaluated on its opposed to lesser-used materials), and merits. second, they concentrated far too much on 112 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 existing and available equipment, materials, supplies through its publication Library and methods and said too little in terms of Technology Reports. prospective use and performance. Five categories of needed bindings were The Chicago Process established through the use of an extensive The work of the Barrow Laboratory and survey. LTP then contracted with the Bar­ the preservation projects of the Library row Laboratory to develop the necessary Technology Program provided much valu­ tests and equipment that would measure able information to the library community. performance. In addition, nearly fifty librar­ In 1966 a third opportunity arose for yet ies participated in field tests of trade edi­ another approach to solving the problem of tion, children's, and class A bindings to paper deterioration by reducing its acidity, allow for a comparison of actual use with this one proposed by a doctoral student machine-produced " use." Finally, three studying at the Graduate Library School of "provisional" performance standards-for the University of Chicago: Richard D . durability, workmanship, and openability­ Smith. Smith's investigation was directed at were published and approved in 1967 by the nonaqueous deacidification of whole both ALA and SLA and subsequently by books, and the result was dubbed by Smith the Library Binding Institute. The universal as the "Chicago process. "25 By the time the book tester and openability plate developed grant period ended in 1970, Smith had de­ by the Barrow Laboratory were made avail­ veloped a procedure for treating single able through the Chicago Paper Testing sheets of paper using magnesium methox­ Laboratory, where they are still in active ide. He eventually marketed the solution use, primarily in response to requests from commercially under the name Wei T'o. publishers. For librarians responsible for, but un­ Library of Congress skilled in, the techniques of conservation, Preservation Office perhaps the most useful of the CLR-funded A fourth opportunity to assist laboratory LTP projects was its publication series on investigations into the problems of preserva­ the conservation of library materials. Origi­ tion arose when in 1969 the council re­ nally planned as an extensive series that ceived a proposal from the Library of Con­ would provide a complete manual on the gress requesting assistance in establishing a preservation of print and nonprint mate­ preservation research and testing facility. rials, only two volumes eventually found According to the proposal, the new pFes­ their way into print, but they have become ervation laboratory would "function at the classics on a conservator's bookshelf. national level and in the national interest to Carolyn Horton's Cleaning and Preserving identify, assign priorities to, and conduct Binding and Related Materials (second edi­ research on preservation problems related tion, 1969) and Bernard C. Middleton's Res­ to books, manuscripts, prints and photo­ toration of Leather Bindings (1972) provide graphs, maps, microfilms, and other forms clear explanations of processes and · tech­ of microreproductions, and all other mate­ niques, accompanied by plentiful line draw­ rials which must be preserved by .libraries ings and some photographs. And both were and archives if recorded knowledge is to be printed on Permalife paper. available for future generations . . .. " The The Library Technology Program, as it council agreed to provide funds to equip had come to be known, was discontinued as the laboratory and to assist in the review of a separate ALA unit in 1973 when council a proposed research-program. funding came to an end. Of the more than During the grant period, which r~m from $2 million that had been supplied by CLR 1971 to 1975, the library's preservation for support of the program, $212,000 was laboratory staff embarked on a number of authorized for investigations relating to the investigations, which included an evaluation preservation of library collections. ALA con­ of known deacidification methods and de­ tinues to supply much-needed evaluative in­ velopment of additional ones, stain iden­ formation to libraries concerning equip­ tification and removal, measurement of fold­ ment, furnishings, automated systems, and ing endurance and tensile strength of paper, CLR and Preservation I 113

use of graft polymerization methods for assistance service to institutions in the re­ strengthening deteriorated paper, and un­ gion. usual methods of drying books. In addition, the laboratory began work on a vapor-phase Florence Flood deacidification method that utilized diethyl In 1966 a natural disaster stimulated a zinc vapor for treatment of books in bulk. series of CLR research grants relating to Testing of this substance is still taking preservation. The city of Florence, Italy, place. Results have been good in terms of was inundated by a massive flood. Accord­ neutralizing paper acidity and leaving an ing to a knowledgeable observer, more than alkaline reserve to combat later acid attacks, 1,200,000 bibliographic items stored in the but care must be taken with the substance basement and ground floor of the Biblioteca because it is pyrophoric. Nazionale Centrale di Firenze (BCNF) were damaged, but more than 80 percent were New England considered salvageable. Document Conservation Center The size of the effort required was enor­ Funding the laboratory efforts of William mous. "It took human chains of library per­ J. Barrow and the Library of Congress was sonnel and student volunteers from all over attractive to the council for several reasons. the world about six weeks just to extract the First of all, both operations concentrated on books from the mud," reported the observ­ projects of primary interest to libraries and er. Fortunately, many nations joined in the archives, rather than to commercial, indus­ restoration work and donated equipment, trial, or other interests. Furthermore, both the time of professional conservators and organizations showed promise of having an technicians, and funds for operations. The impact on the library world at large, rather council also contributed to the effort by than concentrating on the preservation of funding several proposals for research de­ the collection of a single institution. In 1972 signed to assist BCNF efforts and to dis­ another opportunity with much the same seminate the techniques used in the Italian characteristics appeared. The state librarians national library's restoration department. of six New England states approached the In 1968, a grant was awarded to the Im­ council with a request for funding, as part perial College of Science and Technology of their Interstate Library Compact, the for investigations of the scientific aspects of first regional conservation center. The states conservation, particularly needed with re­ were willing to put up half of the initial gard to work on the valuable pre-1840 money to get the operation off the ground. books contain.ed in the BCNF's Magliabechi Impressed by this commitment and in­ and Palatine collections. Although work was trigued by the collaborative and regional as­ begun on the bleaching and washing of doc­ pects of the proposal, the council agreed to uments, on the use of heat-set mending tis­ match the amount. Thus the New England sues, and on limp-vellum binding practices, (now Northeast) Document Conservation the project unfortunately became embroiled Center was born and, within the two-year in an administrative tangle and eventually grant period, became self-supporting. was disbanded. The center has lived up to its early prom­ Two of the participants, however, received ise. It annually provides workshop services separate grants to continue aspects of the to about three hundred institutions and work that had shown particular promise. reaches another thousand through a con­ Christophe'r Clarkson, an English bookbind­ servation seminar program. In addition to er, completed a study of early European the restoration of books, prints, maps, limp-vellum binding practices and showed broadsides, manuscripts, and similar in great detail the process of limp-vellum documentary materials brought to the cen­ binding. Margaret Hey, an English chemist, ter by libraries, archives, historical associa­ moved to Rome in 1971 to continue her tions, businesses, museums, and others, the work on bleaching and heat-set paper center has set up programs involving con­ mending tissues, financed in part by CLR, servation of photographs and preservation at the Instituto di Patologia del Libro. microfilming and provides a disaster- At about the same time, Anthony G. 114 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981

Cains, a British restoration expert who had stein and Larry Booth (Nashville, Tenn.: been appointed technical director of restora­ AASLH, 1977), was also published to wide tion at the BCNF in 1967, successfully professional acclaim. sought support from the council to complete work on a manual of the restoration tech­ NATIONAL PLANNING niques for printed books and parchment The work of Barrow and others revealed manuscripts used at the library. The council that the book stacks of libraries ·contained received a draft of the work in 1972 and something in the nature of a time bomb. noted that it included some of the results Acid, compounded by growing environmen­ achieved by both Clarkson and Hey. In tal pollution, was eating away the records of 1974, Paul N. Banks, conservator at the history at a rapid rate. Advances in micro­ Newberry Library, also received a small form technology and research into other CLR grant to assist him in writing a manual means of preservation were beginning to on library conservation. Neither effort has point the way to technical solutions. But in yet reached publication. terms of the total collection needing treat­ ment, the problem was quickly seen to be Aids for Conservators of elephantine proportions, much out of the The council's support of these manuals reach of an individual institution. Although serves as an example of another area of CLR cooperative programs are now seen as the interest within the fi eld of preservation. answer to many of the difficulties of librar­ Occasionally over the years circumstances ies, they have always been regarded as a have allowed the council to assist in the necessity in the area of preservation. Yet to preparation of publications that have the date they have proved almost impossible to potential of serving the needs of a large achieve. number of librarie s, archives, historical Microfilming has for years been regarded associations, and other institutions con­ as the most promising means of preserving cerned with conservation of cultural prop­ the intellectual content of deteriorating erties. In the 1960s, for example, with the publications, and it is in this area that the cooperation of the National Science Founda­ first major cooperative efforts began. News­ tion, the council was able to arrange for the papers, invariably printed on fast-decaying translation and publication of several groundwood paper, were the most serious volumes of Russian studies in the preserva­ problem and thus became the first target in tion of documents and books. The English­ 1938 when Harvard University received a language editions were prepared by the grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to Israel Program for Scientific Translations for reproduce on microfilm files of foreign the U.S. Department of Commerce and newspapers. 27 Recognizing the need to avoid were distributed by that agency. 26 wasteful duplication of limited resources, In the 1970s, the American Association the Library of Congress set up a microfilm for State and Local History (AASLH) sought clearinghouse for information about pro­ CLR assistance for the preparation of two posed, in-progress, and completed micro­ volumes directed to persons and institutions filming projects and began to publish union entrusted with the care of manuscripts and lists of newspapers already microfilmed and historical photographs. Kenneth W. Duck­ lists of newspapers recommended for this ett's Modern Manuscripts: A Practical treatment. The Association of Research Li­ Manual for Their Management, Care, and braries played a ·role in much of the plan­ Use (Nashville, Tenn.: AASLH, 1975) was ning of these activities. Recognizing the well received and won the 1976 Waldo Gif­ need for expanded coverage of foreign ford Leland prize, given annually by the newspapers and of national coordination of Society of American Archivists for the best such projects, ARL established in 1956 a addition to the professional archival litera­ foreign newspaper microfilm project admin­ ture. In 1977, the AASLH's handsomely istered by the Mid-West Interlibrary Cen­ illustrated Collection, Use , and Care of His­ ter (which eventually became the Center for torical Photographs, by Robert A. Wein- Research Libraries). Four years later, the CLR and Preservation I 115

Council on Library Resources entered the contained sixty thousand entries in approx­ picture. imately one thousand pages. The Library of Congress assumed financial support of the Association of Research Libraries project in 1967. Three considerations led ARL to conclude The Register contained entries for foreign that something had to be done about micro­ and domestic books, pamphlets, serials, and forms. First, improvement in technology foreign doctoral dissertations. Newspapers had made it easy to make microcopies of continued to be listed in the LC publication any kind of textual material. Second, for Newspapers on M icro.film. Following the preservation purposes, microform was establishment of the ARL foreign newspa­ thought to be more permanent than paper. per microfilming project in 1956, area studies Third, publishers were beginning to pro­ programs continued to expand and the in­ duce original publications in microform. terest of research libraries in foreign news­ Bibliographic control of microforms was papers grew accordingly. Separate micro­ practically nonexistent. No systematic pro­ filming and acquisitions projects began to cedure for the reporting of microform proj­ spring up, again causing problems of du­ ects by their producers existed, nor were plication and accessibility. there means for libraries to report, for use The ARL Foreign Newspaper Microfilm by others, their catalog entries of individual Committee therefore expanded its scope titles on microform. from one of oversight of the ARL project to In 1960, therefore, ARL sought funds that of developing a truly national foreign from the council for a study by Wesley newspaper microfilming program encompas­ Simonton, a professor in the Library School sing at least two thousand titles and utiliz­ of the University of Minnesota, for the pur~ ing the resources of the ARL project, the pose of developing, with the cooperation of Library of Congress, and other interested in­ scholars, librarians, and producers of micro­ stitutions. In May 1969, the council funded films, a comprehensive mechanism for a preliminary study for such a program. The bringing scholarly material in microform report made recommendations concerning under bibliographic control. ARL was not the expansion of coverage of foreign news­ alone in its concern, for it had been urged papers required to serve the scholarly com­ to sponsor the study by the American His­ munity of the United States and Canada torical Association's Committee on Docu­ and identified institutions willing and able mentary Reproduction and the American to participate in a national program. Fur­ Library Association's Subcommittee on Mi­ ther, it recommended the creation of a cropublishing Projects. national coordinating office "to facilitate in­ The Simonton study recommended sever­ stitutional cooperative filming or acquisi~ al improvements involving the inclusion of tions and to facilitate accessibility through microform publications in general catalogs interlibrary loan and other means. " 28 In and union lists of materials in other forms, 1972, the position of coordinator of foreign as well as improvements in filming prac­ newspaper microfilming was established tices. In addition, it was suggested that a within the Reference Department of the Li­ new national listing of master microfilm brary of Congress. In 1976, coordination of negatives be established to indicate what domestic newspaper microfilming was materials had been filmed and which master added to the position and it was moved ad­ films were available for reproduction. With ministratively to the library's Preservation the help of a subcommitttee within ALA's Office. Resources and Technical Services Division, ARL' s interest in preservation did not the National Register of Microform Masters end with microfilming programs, however. took shape. In January 1965 a CLR grant to For one thing, although it was thought that ARL established a unit at the Library of microforms would be more permanent than Congress for the purpose of producing the paper, no data were available to support first volume of the resister. Published that assumption. And while the filming it­ annually since 1966, the edition for 1979 self was easy, it was still too expensive to 116 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 consider application to an entire library col- all libraries. Doubts about the longevity of lection. · microfilm were expressed, thus the need for In 1960, spurred by the information and preserving at least one copy of an original, advances produced by the Barrow Labora­ and it was shown that it would cost "only tory, ARL appointed a Committee on the about $2 more per volume to preserve the Preservation of Research Library Materials original for an indefinitely long future time with Harvard's librarian, Douglas W. and make a microfilm copy of it only when Bryant, as chair, to investigate various the book needs to be used, than it will cost aspects of the problem of paper deteriora­ to microfilm the original now and discard tion. At the behest of this group, the coun­ the original completely. "3o cil began a series of grants that attempted ARL endorsed the report in January first to gain some idea of the size of the 1965. The prospects looked bright when problem and second to develop a. national ARL reported to the council that "the Li­ program for solving it. brary of Congress had agreed to accept re­ The first grant, to Virginia state librarian sponsibility for 'a national program for the Randolph W. Church, allowed Church to preservation of deteriorating books in accor­ pursue an investigation that would provide, dance with the principles set forth in the among other things, data as to the number report . . .. · "3 1 of books in libraries published in the period The Library of Congess had, it turned from the introduction of mechanical­ out, set aside some twenty thousand items chemical book papers in the 1860s through that had been pulled from the main collec­ 1960. Church recommended that a sample tion because they were too brittle to with­ of the National Union Catalog be taken, stand use. Using this collection, the library which would allow an estimate of total num­ proposed a pilot project that would develop ber to be made. Following this advice, CLR what it hoped would be inexpensive awarded a second grant to ARL to contract routines for comparing existing copies of de­ with the Research Triangle Institute to car­ teriorating works wherever they were lo­ ry out the sampling, with the hope of estab­ cated and determining the best copy for lishing by this means a statistical basis for preservation, for arranging for appropriate planning the preservation of research library treatment, and for recording the copy's ex­ materials. Based on what had been reported istence so other libraries would not have to to the National Union Catalog, the institute repeat the operation. Through ARL, CLR concluded that research libraries contained awarded the required funds and the library at least 7,665,800 separate titles for books set to work. (not serials) published after 1869, and that In November 1967, the library reported these contained roughly 1. 7 billion pages. 29 to ARL that "it is administratively feasible The enormity of the problem served as a to establish a national preservation collec­ goad to further action. In 1962, a third CLR tion of materials now deteriorating in the grant allowed Gordon Williams to look at nation's research libraries. This assessment, methods for (a) coordinating efforts so as to however, extends only to the identification assure maximum utility of results; (b) de­ of brittle or deteriorating materials in other veloping bibliographic control of materials libraries and to a determination of the submitted to preservation programs; and (c) physical condition of such materials. " Actual developing arrangements for custody and implementation, the library said, would service, in the national interest, of micro­ pose substantial technical questions as well film negatives and other master copies re­ as administrative problems. The willingness sulting from these programs. Williams' cen­ of libraries to contribute to a national pres­ tral recommendation was for the establish­ ervation collection had not been ascer­ ment of a central preservation agency, tained, nor was it known whether they federally supported, to preserve one copy of would be willing to accept responsibility for every significant book in its original form preserving books for which a given library (by deacidification and storage at the lowest was listed as holder of a national preserva­ practical temperatures) and to make micro­ tion copy. Nor, as the Librarian of Congess form copies available readily and cheaply to pointed out in his covering letter, was the CLR and Preservation I 117 procedural process inexpensive. 32 progress becomes possible," the · report In the early 1970s, ARL again tried to concluded. 35 spell out a practical national strategy for For all its advances in other areas, at this preservation, this time under the auspices time technology for preservation had not, it of a grant from the U.S. Office of Educa­ seemed, caught up with the national plan­ tion. The final report stated that the study ning. No efficient, inexpensive method for was prompted by "the assumption that the deacidifying books in bulk had been in­ general plan incorporated in the 1964 report vented. Optimum economical storage condi­ needed only the addition of operational de­ tions were as yet unknown. Procedures and tails and funding for implementation. "33 standards for bibliographic control were still Views had changed, the author acknowl­ unformulated. Work was proceeding on edged, and even though the original objec­ these items, and until information became tives were still valid, six years had passed available, it appeared that the political and with no action. A problem of scale was in­ economic questions raised by the LC Brittle volved. Book Project and the collective action sug­ gested by ARL could not be addressed. To In moving from research and training to the topic this point, CLR had expended approximate­ of actual operating programs in libraries, the ly $103,000 for work leading toward a na­ complexity of the preservation problem becomes tional preservation program. Action was, apparent. In a sense, it is as if there were two however, temporarily halted. preservation problems, one reducible to specific items or specific categories of material in indi­ Library of Congress vidual research collections; the other a seemingly unscalable mountain of the millions of volumes in As noted earlier, in 1969 the Library of the slowly crumbling collections of older research Congress turned its attention to setting up a libraries of the country. In the first case, there is preservation laboratory, which, in a pro­ some action and perhaps even progress. Logic gram of research, would investigate some of would suggest that such progress would lead to the problems that seemed to prevent the improvement in the second case as well, but the building of a coherent national plan. By change in scale from the first situation to the 1976, with considerable progress made in second seems somehow to undermine the possi­ bility of even a fleeting sense of accomplish­ its own program, LC announced to the ment. 34 American Library Association at its annual conference that it was now prepared to be­ To bring the problem down to manage­ gin the development of a broad-scale able size, the report includes a number of national program. The first step was an in­ suggestions for action in the areas of re­ vitational conference, held in December search and education and training. In terms 1976, the purpose of which was to obtain of collective action, however, the proposal opinions and recommendations of the li­ shifted from the earlier call for a centralized brary and archival communities on a pro­ preservation collection to the idea of a posed program. Council funds supported national system of collections. As a first the event. step, it was suggested that ten or fifteen li­ The library's plan called for a series of ac­ braries join in a "preservation consortium" tions grouped in three broad categories. to carry out certain specific preservation First, to preserve those items the intellec­ projects. This would set the stage for the tual content of which does not warrant more formulation of common preservation proce­ expensive treatment, it proposed a national dures and uniform performance standards. preservation microfilming center with space Local preservation collections would be­ for archival storage of master negatives, come the basis for national resources collec­ along with appropriate surveys, standards tions, which would result in a shared re­ development, bibliographic control mecha­ sponsibility. Eventually, a national library nisms, and other procedures that would allow corporation might act as the coordinator for for contributions to the center and retrieval the national program. "By not aspiring to of the items housed within. For those items preserve everything and concentrating in­ that ought to be preserved in the original stead on discrete subject areas, some real format, the plan proposed a training pro- 118 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 gram for conservators, establishment of re­ favoring the training of more conservators. gional conservation centers and emergency The group also asked the national preserva­ salvage teams, and an improved means of tion program officer to investigate the topic sharing information through national con­ of a cold-storage facility. servation workshops and distribution of Just six months after the initial appoint­ training aids. Finally, to ensure that the ment, the position of national preservation materials of the future do not follow the 1 program officer was vacated and has not route to decay of their forebears, the library been refilled. To be sure, the library has recommended provision of low-temperature continued to operate a National Preserva­ facilities and microfilming procedures and tion Program Office, which most recently an effort to persuade papermakers to pro­ has issued a newsletter called National Pres­ duce stronger, long-lived paper. ervation Report. The results of LC's re­ Although the wide-ranging discussion search and testing program, directed at made clear the divergence of opinion on the problems associated with its own collec­ best way to proceed, the need for action tions, are often useful to all libraries. LC was strongly felt. Warren J. Haas, at that has continued to publish pamphlets contain­ time vice-president and university librarian ing valuable basic information on conserva­ at Columbia University, closed the confer­ tion techniques, and its staff frequently con­ ence by saying that "scholars, librarians and duct workshops, make presentations, and archivists do, in fact, have the responsibility consult on problems caused by natural di­ to solve this preservation problem. And that sasters. Some materials used in conservation responsibility is not conditional-it does not have been made available commercially depend on public perception, or amount of after careful testing and experimentation in money, or anything else. It is our responsi­ LC laboratories. The library has been bility, and we can either succeed or fail. spending $1 million a year each on pres­ The rate at which things get done is a func­ ervation microfilming and binding. These tion of money; whether or not they are activities are valuable in themselves. done at all is a function of people. "36 He However, no other action on any of the called for the establishment of a small advi­ committee's recommendations has been re­ sory committee to begin the process of de­ ported. In the last few years, the library termining a course of action. The Council also has entered into a period of budget on Library Resources, he said, would sup­ constraint. In the face of the demanding job port the meeting expenses of such a group. of preserving its own collections, and for a The Library of Congress thereupon estab­ number of internal, fiscal , and political lished an ad hoc Advisory Committee for a reasons, the library has been unable to National Preservation Program and on June assume the leadership role it had 14, 1977, announced the appointment of a announced. national preservation program officer to coordinate LC's activities. Only two meet­ CURRENT PROSPECTS ings of the committee were held, in June Although a lack of fiscal resources and and September of 1977. The group consid­ technical procedures, along with a lack of ered the list of possible projects and recom­ trained manpower, has adversely affected mended priorities. At the top of the list development of a national strategy for pres­ were the items considered easiest of accom­ ervation, the current lack of leadership and plishment: timely preparation of LC pub­ the failure by librarians to assume responsi­ lications on preservation, LC sponsorship of bility are perhaps the most serious impedi­ a series of workshops and seminars, the de­ ments to progress. Plainly speaking, velopment of three-month conservation in­ academic and research libraries, whose col­ stitutes, and production of a series of con­ lections comprise the cultural record and servation training aids. At its second meet­ which therefore are the most threatened, ing the committee unanimously recom­ have historically shown little capacity for mended that LC move to convert the Na­ collective action. Many important projects tional Register of Microform Masters to ma­ have salvaged, and continue to salvage, sub­ chine-readable form and went on record as stantial pieces of the records of history. But C LR and Preservation I 119 deterioration is occurring at a faster rate than erized bibliographic data base, capable of re­ conservation, and the threat that, as one finement to add the necessary information commentator put it, the nineteenth century concerning preservation on an item-by-item might become known as "the beginning of basis. Second, the group has been commit­ the bookless age" remains. Yet events of re­ ted from the beginning to the goals of cent years have engendered hope, rather shared resources and cooperative collection than despair, for two reasons: a growing development, and preservation is a large awareness of the seriousness of the prob­ factor in both. Third, the group is not wait­ lem, and a remarkable shift in attitude ing for the Library of Congress to take the among academic and research libraries. lead, but views LC as an important partner Advances in technology are also playing a in reaching its goals. The potential for con­ role. certed action clearly is evident. That the message is getting across was Nor is the group alone. The Association clearly documented by Pamela Darling in a . of Research Libraries is continuing to initi­ recent issue of Library ] ournal in which she . ate activities that will assist the preservation cataloged the association meeting programs, cause. Most recently, with the help of an courses, institutes, workshops, articles in _ NEH grant, ARL commissioned another journals within and outside the profession, study of the bibliographic control of mate­ and publications that have blossomed since rials in microforms. While gains had been 1976.37 The problem of manpower is being made following the Simonton study, seriously addressed by, among others, Co­ changes in cataloging rules and the growth lumbia University's School of Library Ser­ of machine-readable data bases had made it vice, which is seeking to fund and develop a appropriate to reassess the situation. ARL' s full-scale academic program for conservators objective is "to plan and coordinate North and preservation program administrators. American efforts toward building a machine­ The Resources and Technical Services Divi­ readable data base of cataloging records for sion of the American Library Association materials in microform, " with particular has created a Preservation of Library Mate­ emphasis given "to facilitating the produc­ rials Section. But general awareness does tion and dissemination of analytics for titles not create the capacity for action. published in large microform sets. "39 ARL is In 1974, four major research libraries involving librarians, microform publishers, -Columbia, Yale, Harvard, and the New representatives of bibliographic utilities, York Public Library-formed the Research and others to develop the agreements, stan­ Libraries Group. Although Harvard with­ dards, methods, and mechanisms required. drew, the group has since enlarged to more In addition, the ARL Office of Management than twenty members. Dedicated to "im­ Studies also received a grant from NEH to proving the management of the information develop a self-study process that will enable resources necessary for the advancement of individual institutions to focus on preserva­ scholarship," the group is an effort "to man­ tion and its relationships to library proces­ age the transition from locally self-sufficient ses from a management point of view. and independent comprehensive collections There are other movements as welL · At a to a nationwide system of interdependencies meeting in June 1980 at Snowbird, Utah, that will preserve and enhance our national representatives from libraries, archives, his­ capacity for serious research in all fields of torical societies, and museums in eighteen knowledge and improve our ability to locate western states agreed on a master plan for and retrieve relevant information. "38 The preservation and conservation of materials formation of this group signals a shift in atti­ in the West. The plan included, among tude of many research libraries from one of other items, the creation of a regional con­ waiting for a savior to one of self-help. And servation clearinghouse in the short term it is this group that may, at last, provide the and in the long term, the development of a capacity for joint action. regional capacity to treat deteriorating Why is this group a promising locus for materials. activity? For one thing, RLG members are Increased funding po~sibilities in both connected by a fully functioning comput- federal and private sectors are also playing 120 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 a role. The National Endowment for the preparation of a technical development plan Humanities has been mentioned several that outlined the key operating characteris­ times as providing funding support for pres­ tics, requirements, and funding needed to ervation projects, and there is evidence of establish such an institution. A primary increased interest. NEH's fiscal year 1981 objective of the NPC, according to the plan,_ budget carries a line item specifically ear­ is its potential contribution to the preserva­ marked for preservation. The Department tion of periodical material. Its centralized of Education, through Title 11-C of the collection of 30,000-60,000 journals would Higher Education Act, has awarded more be preserved in perpetuity and its preserva­ than $3 million since 1978 to research li­ tion activities would become "an integral braries for substantial preservation pro­ and dependable part of a national preserva­ grams. With these funds the Art Institute of tion program. " 4° Following publication of Chicago is preserving rare architecture the plan in 1978, legislation was introduced photogravure plates, Harvard is making into the U.S. Congress to continue the master microfilm negatives of, among other planning for the center. items, Chinese ephemera, and the Univer­ At the present time, several modest sity of Alaska is preserving deteriorating CLR-supported projects focus on a number materials in its Alaskan and Polar Region of aspects of the preservatiol) issue. Early in Collection. The records program of the Na­ 1980, CLR joined other funding agents in tional Historical Publications and Records support of the Library Affairs Conservation Commission, established in 1974, has Program at Southern Illinois University, pumped additional money into programs for Carbondale. The university library has set preserving and making accessible valuable up a conservation laboratory, headed by a archival collections. Several private founda­ trained conservator, and is developing train­ tions, notably the Andrew W. Mellon ing programs, workshops, and other activi­ Foundation, have shown increased interest ties to assist libraries and other institutions in assessing efforts toward preservation. throughout Illinois and the region. In a Already the Mellon Foundation has similar vein, to promote increased awareness awarded $750,000 to the New York Public of preservation activities and opportunities, Library, which has had a strong institutional CLR awarded a small two-year grant to the preservation program for years, to develop University of Wyoming to support direct an on-line data base of microform masters editorial costs associated with producing the and micropreservation activity. It will be fledgling newsletter Conservation Adminis­ made available to other libraries through tration News, edited by the university's li­ the Research Libraries Group. brary director. The council has not. been idle, either, in To consider the preservation issue fully, pressing the cause of preservation and in re­ however, one must, like Janus, look in sponding to promising programs. A change opposite directions. Because the retrospec­ in the council's funding pattern has limited tive side . of the issue is so enormous, it is the resources available for programs in this easy to fail to look ahead to the prospective area, but it has not lessened its interest or problem. If steps are not taken to change concern. CLR has never been able to re­ the way books are made, the retrospective spond to the needs of individual institutions problem becomes exponentially more se­ for preservation of their local collections, rious. nor has it been able to finance large-scale As mentioned earlier, an outcry in the cooperative projects. As in the past, the 1960s accompanied the reports by -Barrow council looks for programs with multiplier on the extent of the deterioration of library effects. materials and his concurrent discovery that One example, if it ever comes to pass, it was possible technically to make a perma­ would be the establishment of a National nent/durable paper at affordable prices. Fol­ Periodicals Center (NPC). The council was lowing the 1960 conference, journal articles involved in the early planning stages of the and letters to the editor began to call on proposed center. In 1977 at the request of paper manufacturers to produce acid-free the Library of Congress, CLR began the papers and publishers to use them. In 1964, CLR and Preservation I 121 the University of Oklahoma Press problem. Following that meeting, a Com­ announced its intention of indicating in each mittee on Production Guidelines for Book book the life expectancy of the paper used. Longevity was formed to carry on the dis­ In 1968 an editorial in Publishers Weekly cussion and plan a program of action. The reported two promising trends. 41 At least committee determined that its aim was to two paper mills had converted to acid-free establish a basic set of guidelines to assure processes and the McGraw-Hill Company reasonable permanence and acceptable announced that it would print all of its durability and to consider the relation of the books on -alkaline stock .. Although the ALA guidelines to the ways in which books are Joint Committee on Permanent/Durable used. In essence, the committee is again Paper proved ineffectual, in 1967 another seeking to raise awareness of the prospec­ joint committee, this time of the American tive problem among all those concerned and Book Publishers Council and ALA's Re­ to develop practical, realistic methods of sources and Technical Services Division, dealing with it. The report of the committee brought up the matter again and sent out a was expected in late 1980. questionnaire to ascertain the extent of use The problem of preservation transcends of the paper among publishers. But by national borders, of course. In an attempt to 1970, the hue and cry, such as it was, focus attention at an international level, the seemed again to die down. A shortage of council awarded funds to the International supply of paper in the late 1970s did not Federation of Library Associations and In­ help revive general interest. stitutions (IFLA) for several projects, among In his Bowker Memorial Lecture in them an examination of the problems associ­ November 1977, Herbert S. Bailey, Jr., ated with prospective preservation. IFLA pointed once again to the need for height­ will seek to give preservation greater visibil­ ened awareness among publishers of the ity and will address such questions as problem of paper permanence. The fact that whether special manufacturing of library there has been some improvement in pa­ copies should be advocated and what will per-manufacturing processes and in the num­ be the role of microforms in preserving ber of alkaline mills has, he said, perhaps materials for future use. The special climatic caused the problem to be forgotten. "In a conditions to which paper is exposed in recent study it was found that most pub­ Third World countries will also be studied. lishers' production managers did not know At an international conference in Bellagio, whether they were using permanent/dur­ Italy, in May 1980, the International Coun­ able paper," he reported. "Their minds cil on Archives agreed to participate in the were on other things such as appearance, IFLA venture. printability, opacity, texture, bulk, and But there is more, much more, to be price. "42 To help remind publishers and en­ done. Although two processes for mass sure the longevity of the works it sponsors, deacidification of books have been de­ the National Historical Publications and veloped, one is still in the laboratory phase Records Commission in 1978 issued stan­ and the other, while available commercially, dards that must be met by papers used in has received little attention. Recent de­ NHPRC publications. By 1979, with in­ velopments in computer technology and the terest in the preservation issue again emergence of videodiscs and their storage mounting, the time seemed right to attack capabilities have ·Jed to the question of the prospective aspects once more. whether there are suitable applications of On May 14, 1979, CLR and the Andrew these technologies for preservation pur­ W. Mellon Foundation invited about twenty poses. Columbia University's projected individuals with knowledge of paper manu­ training program certainly will not be able facturing, publishing, and library book pres­ to supply the total number of specialists ervation to contribute to a discussion in needed to address the preservation prob­ New York. The participants sought to lems of individual institutio~s. -And while gather information about book paper and its there is substantial movement toward de­ use and to identify ways to address the veloping the capacity for collective action, prospective aspects of the preservation and an apparent increase in funding pros- 122 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981 pects, there still is no national program or stake or coordinate disparate activities, it system for preservation. will. But in the end, commitment and re­ The council will continue to monitor sponsibility for leadership must be assumed events in this crucial area and, within its lim­ by those who have custody of the collec­ ited resources, to supply· funding for proj­ tions, with assistance from scholars, uni­ ects that hold promise of progress toward versity officials, publishers, papermakers, solutions. When it can act as a catalyst in and others engaged in creating and using helping to identify and clarify the issues at the records of humankind.

REFERENCES

1. James W. Henderson, "Foreword," in John Sept. 16, 1960 (Richmond, Va.: Virginia State P. Baker and Marguerite C. Soroka, eds., Li­ Library, 1960), p.15. brary Conservation: Preservation in Perspec­ 11 . Lee E . Grove, "Paper Deterioration-An tive (Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson Old Story," College & Research Libraries & Ross, 1978), p. vi. 25:365 (1964). 2. Edwin E. Williams, "Deterioration of Library 12. Permanent/Durable Book Paper, p.28. Collections Today," in John P. Baker and 13. Randolph W. Church to ALA Joint Commit­ Marguerite C. Soroka, eds., Library Con­ tee on Permanent/Durable Paper, Feb. 5, servation: Preservation in Perspective 1962, Verner W. Clapp Papers, Library of (Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Congress, Washington, D.C. Ross, 1978) p.18. 14. Forrest F. Carhart, Jr., to Fred C. Cole, 3. Verner W. Clapp to Bernard G. Barrow, Sept. 26, 1968, Project Files, Council on Li­ Aug. 19, 1968, Project Files, Council on Li­ brary Resources, Washington, D.C. brary Resources, Washington, D.C. Also, in 15. Council on Library Resources, 13th Annual 1948, this entry appears in Clapp's diary: Report (Washington, D.C.: The Council, "Bill Barrows [sic] wants a grant for research 1969), p.35. in old paper," Diaries of Verner W. Clapp, 16. W. J. Barrow to Verner W. Clapp, Aug. 16, Clapp Papers, Library of Congress, Washing­ 1967, Project Files, Council on Library Re­ ton, D.C. sources, Washington, D.C. 4. Randolph W. Church, "Is There a Doctor in 17. Leo Friedman, director, Division of Pharma­ the House?" Publishers Weekly 175:76 Qan. cology and Toxicology, Food and Drug Ad­ 5, 1959). ministration, to R. N. Dupuis, Nov. 28, 5. Randolph W. Church, ed., Deterioration of 1969, Project Files, Council on Library Re­ Book Stock, Causes and Remedies: Two Stud­ sources, Washington, D.C. ies on the Permanence of Paper (Richmond, 18. Arno Roessler to R. N. Dupuis, Sept. 2, Va.: Virginia State Library, 1959), p.16. 1970, Project Files, Council on Library Re­ 6. W. J. Barrow and Reavis C. Sproull, "Perma­ sources, Washington, D.C. nence in Book Papers," Science 129:1079 19. Minutes of meeting on program of W. J. Bar­ (1959). row Research Laboratory, July 29, 1969, 7. A useful discussion of the history of paper­ Project Files, Council on Library Resources, making and the effects of technol_ogical pro­ Washington, D.C. cesses on durability is found in Verner W. 20. Bernard F. Walker, "Morpholine Deacidifica­ Clapp, "The Story of Permanent/Durable tion of Whole Books," in John C. Williams, Book-Paper, 1115-1970," Scholarly Pub­ ed., Preservation of Paper and Textiles of lishing 2:107-24, 229-45, 353--67 (1971). Historic and Artistic Value (Washington, 8. W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory, Strength D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1977), and Other Characteristics of Book Papers, p.85-86. 1800-1899 (Permanence/Durability of the 21. Robert C. Taylor to Carl M. Spaulding, July Book, no.5 [Richmond, Va.: The Author, 11, 1977, Project Files, Council on Library 1967]). Resources, Washington, D.C. 9. Randolph W. Church, ed., The Manufacture 22. Barrow Research Laboratory, "Specifications and Testing of Durable Book Papers: Based for Permanent/Durable Book Papers," in on the Investigations of W . ]. Barrow (Rich­ Clark W. Nelson, ed. , "Technical Notes," mond, Va.: Virginia State Library, 1960), American Archivist 38:405--16 (1975). p.23-27. 23. Clapp to B. G. Barrow, Aug. 19, 1968, Proj­ 10. Permanent/Durable Book Paper, summary of ect Files, Council on Library Resources, a conference held in Washington, D. C., Washington, D.C. C LR and Preservation I 123

24. Council on Library Resources, 21st Annual 18, 1966, Project Files, Council on Library Report (Washington D.C.: The Council, Resources, Washington, D.C. 1977), p.45. 32. L. Quincy Mumford to Douglas Bryant, Dec. 25. Richard D. Smith, "New Approaches to Pres­ 14, 1967, Project Files, Council on Library ervation," Library Quarterly 40:143 (1970). Resources, Washington, D.C. 26. Collection of Materials on the Preservation of 33. Warren J. Haas, Preparation of Detailed Spe­ Library Resources, no.2, ed. L. G. Petrova; cifications for a National System for the Pres­ no.3, ed. L. A. Belyakova and 0. V. Kozul­ ervation of Library Materials , Final Report, ina; tr. from the Russian (Jerusalem: Israel Project No. 0-8004, U.S. Office of Education Program for Scientific Translations, 1964); D. (Washington, D.C.: Association of Research M. Flyate, ed., Preservation of Documents Libraries, 1972), p.2. and Papers, tr. from the Russian (Jerusalem: 34. Ibid., p.8. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 35. Ibid., p.24. 1968); New Methods for the Restoration and 36. Proceedings of the Planning Conference for a Preservation of Documents and Books, ed. National Preservation Program Held at the N. Ya. Solechnik, tr. from the Russian (Jeru­ Library ofCongress in Washington, D.C., on salem: Israel Program for Scientific Transla­ December 16 and 17, 1976 (Washington, tions, 1964). D.C.: Library of Congress, 1980), p.122. 27. For a detailed history of cooperative news­ 37. Pamela W. Darling, "Preservation: Today on paper microfilming programs, see John Y. a Shoestring, Tomorrow .... ?" Library Cole, "Developing a National Foreign News­ journal 105:781-85 (1980). paper Microfilming Program," Library Re­ 38. Research Libraries Group, Inc., "An Intro­ sources & Technical Services 18:5-17 (1974). duction to the Research Libraries Group, 28. Norman J. Shaffer, "Study to Develop a Inc." (Stanford, Calif.: The Group, 1980), National Foreign Newspaper Microfilm Pro­ p.l. gram: Final Report" (Paper presented at the 39. "Microform Project Underway," Association meeting of the Foreign Newspaper Microfilm of Research Libraries Newsletter, no.99:10- Committee, Association of Research Librar­ ll (Nov. 30, 1979). ies, Detroit, June 30, 1970), p.10-11. 40. Council on Library Resources, Inc., A Tech­ 29. Edwin E. Williams, "Magnitude of the Paper nical Development Plan for a National Deterioration Problem as Measured bv a Periodicals Center (Washington, D.C.: The National Union Catalog Sample," Colleg~ & Council, 1978), p.15. Research Libraries 23:543 (1962). 41. " More Pleas for Permanent Papers," Pub­ 30. Gordon R. Williams, "The Preservation of lishers Weekly 193:69 (March 4, 1968). Deteriorating Books," Library Journal 91:55 42. Herbert S. Bailey, Jr., The Traditional Book (1966). in the Electronic Age (New York: Bowker,

31. James E . Skipper to Verner W. Clapp, Jan. 1978), p.17 0

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ITEMS RESULTING FROM OR RELATED TO CLR-SUPPORTED PROGRAMS, 1956--80

Applebaum, Edmond L. "Implications of the ---. The Barrow Method of Restoring De­ National Register of Microform Masters as Part teriorated Documents. Richmond, Va.: Virginia of a National Preservation Program," Library State Library, 1965. · Resources & Technical Services 9:489-94 ---. "Deacidification and Lamination of De­ (1965). teriorated Docume;..ts, 1938-63," American Auerbach, Sylvia. "Coming: Books That Won't Archivist 28:285-90 (1965). Crumble," Economics and Business Bulletin of ---. "Establishing Least Squares Regression the School of Business Administration, Temple Lines for Data of Aged Paper," TAPPI University 16:2&-28 (March 1964). 45:209A-10A (1962). Supp. Barrow, W. J. "An Accelerated Aging Study of ---. "Hot vs. Cold Extraction Methods for Several Writing Papers: Re-evaluation of Making a pH Determination," TAPPI 46:468- Data," TAPPI 47:105-7 (1964). 72 (1963). ---. "Acidity: An Undesirable Property in ---. "New Device Tests Performance of Li­ Paste and Mending Tissue," American Archi­ brary Bindings," Book Production 79:60-62 vist 30:190-93 (1967). (March 1964). ---. "Archival File Folders," American ---. Permanence and Durability of Library Archivist 28:125-28 (1965). Catalog Cards. (LTP Publication no.3) Chica- 124 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981

go: American Library Assn., Library Technolo­ Collection of Materials on the Preservation of Li­ gy Project, 1961. brary Resources; no. 2, ed. L. G. Petrova; Barrow., W. J., and Carlton, Ann M. "Durability no.3, ed. L. A. Belyakova and 0. V. Kozulina; of Three Current Laminating Tissues," Amer­ tr. from the Russian. Published pursuant to an ican Archivist 30:526-29 (1967). agreement with the National Science Founda­ ---. "Permanence of Laminating Tissue," tion and the Council on Library Resources. American Archivist 31:88-91 (1968). Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Trans­ Barrow, W. J., and Sproull, Reavis C. "Perma­ lations, 1964. nence in Book Papers," Science 129:1075-84 Cunha, George Martin. "National Trends in (1959). Cooperative Approaches to Conservation," PLA W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory. Permanence/ Bulletin 28:226--31 (1973). Durability of the Book. Richmond, Va.: W. J. Dabney, Virginius. "New Ways to Permanent Barrow Research Laboratory, 1963-74. files," Saturday Review, May 9, 1964, p.87- I. A Two-Year Research Program. 1963. 88. II. Test Data of Naturally Aged Papers. Darling, Pamela W. "National Planning for Pres­ 1964. ervation in the United States," Restau rat or III. Spray Deacidification. 1964. 1 2:205-13 (1978). IV. Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Adhesives for Development of Perfonnance Standards for Bind­ Use in Library Book-Binding. 1965. ing Used in Libraries, Phase. II: Report on a V. Strength and Other Characteristics of Study Conducted by Library Technology Proj­ Book Papers, 1800-1899. 1967. ect. Chicago: American Library Assn., 1966. VI. Spot Testing for Unstable Modern Book Development of Perfonnance Standards for Li­ and Record Papers. 1969. brary Binding, Phase 1: Report of the Survey VII. Physical and Chemical Properties of Book Team. Chicago: American Library Assn., Li­ Paper, 1507-1949. 1974. brary Technology Project, 1961. ---. "Specifications for Permanent/Durable Duckett, Kenneth W. Modern Manuscripts: A Book Papers," in Clark W. Nelson, ed., "Tech­ Practical Manual for Their Management, Care, nical Notes," American Archivist 38:405-16 . and Use. Nashville, Tenn.: American Associa­ (1975). Also available from ERIC (ED 104 345). tion fo.r State and Local History, 1975. Blum, Fred. "The National Register of Microfilm Dupuis, R. N.; Kusterer, J. E. , Jr.; and Sproull, [sic] Masters (NRMM)," Microcosm 12:3 Oune R. C. "Evaluation of Langwell's Vapor Phase 1967). Deacidification Process," Restaurator 1:149-64 Carhart, Forrest F., Jr. "Performance Standards. (1970). Also in Library of Congress Infonna­ in Library Binding," Book Production 79:74 tion Bulletin 29:A41-43 Qune 4, 1970). Qan. 1964). "Evaluation of GBC [General Binding Corpora­ Carlton, Ann M. "Aging of Paper," in Kenneth tion] Laminator," ALA Bulletin 56:56-57 W. Britt, ed., Handbook of Pulp and Paper (1962). Technology, p. 700-14. 2d ed. New York: Van Flyate, D. M., ed. Preservation of Documents Nostrand, 1970. and Papers; tr. from the Russian. Published Church, Randolph W., ed. Deterioration of Book pursuant to an agreement with the U.S. De­ Stock, Causes and Remedies: Two Studies on partment of Commerce, the National Science the Permanence of Paper; conducted by W. J. Foundation, and the Council on Librarv Re­ Barrow. Richmond, Va.: Virginia State Library, sources, Inc. Jerusalem: Israel Program f~r Sci­ 1959. entific Translations, 1968. ---. "Is There a Doctor in the House?" Pub­ Ford, Stephen. "The Need for New Standards for lishers Weekly 175:76, 78-80 Qan. 5, 1959). Library Binding," Library Resources & Tech­ ---, ed. The Manufacture and Testing of nical Services 5:315-21 (1961). Durable Book Papers; based on the investiga­ Foster D. Snell, Inc. "Microfilm Rejuvenation: tions of W. J. Barrow. Richmond, Va.: Virginia An Evaluation of Three Treatment Services," State Library, 1960. Library Technology Reports, Sept. 1973. ---. "Perish the Paper, Perish the Book, Per­ [Francis, William.] "Rags to Riches: The Story of ish the Thought: An Inquiry," Publishers Virginia Papermaking," Arts in Virginia 4:3-26 Weekly 172:54-58 (Sept. 2, 1957). (Spring 1964). Clapp, Verner W. " 'Permanent/Durable' Book Grove, Lee E. "Adhesive Bookbinding: A Prac­ Papers," ALA Bulletin 57:847--52 (1963). tice Reviewed," Library Resources & Technical ---. "Permanent/Durable Book Papers," Book Services 6:143-60 (1962). Industry 1:28-31, 52 (Dec. 1964). ---. "The Conservation of Paper," Museum ---. "The Story of Permanent/Durable Book­ News 42:15-20 (Oct. 1963). Paper, 1115-1970," Scholarly Publishing 2:107- ---. "Paper Deterioration-An Old Story," 24, 229-45, 353-67 (1971). College & Research Libraries 25:365-74 (1964). CLR and Preservation I 125

---. "Predictability of Performance in 'Perfect' Microfilm?" National Micro-News, no.67:125- Library Bindings," College & Research Librar­ 39 (Dec. 1963). ies 22:341-44 (1961). ---. "Laminator for Libraries," ALA Bulletin Haas, Warren J. "New York Conference on Book 55:269-75 (1961). Paper and Book Preservation," Library of Con­ ---. "Some Library Adhesives-A Laboratory gress Infonnation Bulletin 38:298-300 (Aug. 3, Evaluation of P. V.A.'s [polyvinyl acetates]," 1979). Accounts also appear in National Pres­ ALA Bulletin 56:838-43 (1962) . ervation Report 1:31-35 (Aug. 1979), and CLR Poole, Frazer G. "Performance Standards in Li­ Recent Developments 7:2-3 (Aug. 1979). brary Binding," Book Production 75:67-68 Hey, Margaret. "Paper Bleaching: Its Simple Oune 1962). Chemistry and Working Procedures," Paper "The Preservation Research Program of the Li­ Conservator 2:10-23 (1977). brary of Congress," Preservation Supplement ---. " The Use of the Scanning Electron 72r-73_, Library of Congress I nfonnation Bulle­ Microscope in Document Restoration Prob­ tin 31: Appendix 165-68 (Sept. 15, 1972). lems," Restaurator 1:233-44 (1970). "A Report on a Planning Conference for a Nation­ "History of the Barrow Lab, or, The Thirty Years' al Preservation Program, Washington, D .C. , That Revolutionized Paper," Publishers Weekly December 16-17, 1976," Library of Congress 189:72-80 (April 4, 1966). Infonnation Bulletin 36:129-31 (Feb. 18, 1977). Horton, Carolyn. Cleaning and Preserving Bind­ "Research Is Arresting the Rapid Deterioration of ings and Related Materials. 2d ed. , rev. (LTP Books," New Scientist 19:138 Ouly 18, 1963). Publication no.16) Chicago: American Library London. Assn. , Library Technology Program, 1969. Roberson, David D. "The Evaluation of Paper Kelly, George B. , Jr. "Practical Aspects of De­ Permanence and Durability," TAPPI 59:63-69 acidification," Bulletin of the American Group, (1976). International Institute for Conservators 13:16- Shaffer, Norman J. "Library of Congress Pilot 28 (1972). Also in Archives et Bibliotheques de Preservation Project," College & Research Li­ Belgique, Numero Special 12:91-105 (1974). braries 30:5-11 (1969). Kusterer, James E. , Jr. "Surface pH Determina­ ---. "A Report on the Second Meeting of the tions of Paper," Industrial Applications Re­ Ad Hoc Advisory Committee for a National search Data Sheet, pH-7622. Fullerton, Calif. : Preservation Program," Library of Congress Beckman Scientific Instruments Division, n.d. Information Bulletin 36:841-42 (Dec. 23, "Manuscript-Marking Ink," ALA Bulletin 56:361 1977). (1962). Simonton, Wesley. "The Bibliographical Control "Maximum Safe pH," in Clark W. Nelson, ed. , of Microforms," Library Resources & Technical "Technical Notes," American Archivist 38:65- Services 6:29-40 (1962). 66 (1975). "The Slow Fire Consuming Our Books," Hercules Middleton, Bernard C . The Restoration of Leath­ Chemist, no.46:19-22 (Feb. 1963). er Bindings . (LTP Publication no.18) Chicago: Smith, Richard D. "A Comparison of Paper in American Library Assn ., Library Technology Identical Copies of Books from the Lawrence Program, 1972 . University, the Newberry, and the New York . New Methods for the Restoration and Preserva­ Public Libraries," Restaurator, supp. no. 2, tion of Documents and Books; ed. N. Ya . 1972. Solechnik; tr. from the Russian. Published pur­ ---. "The Extension of Book Life," Library suant to an agreement with the National Sci­ Binder 17:36-37, 39-40 (Dec. 1970). ence Foundation and the Council on Library ---. "Guidelines for Preservation," Special Li­ Resources. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scien­ braries 59:346-52 (1968). tific Translations, 1964. ---. "New Approaches to Preservation," Li­ "The Paper Man," Richmond News Leader, June brary Quarterly 40:139-71 (1970). 8, 1963, p.3. ---. "The Nonaqueous Deacidification of Pa­ Pennanent!Durable Book Paper . Summary of a per and Books." Ph.D . dissertation, Univ. of conference held in Washington, D .C ., Sept. Chicago, 1970. 16, 1960. Sponsored by the American Library ---. "Paper Impermanence as a Consequence Association and the Virginia State Library. of pH and Storage Conditions, " Library Richmond, Va. : Virginia State Library, 1960. Quarterly 39:153-95 (1969). Piez, Gladys T. "Archival Containers-A Search "Test Devices Used in Binding Standards," Li­ for Safer Materials," American Archivist brary Technology Reports, July 1967. 27:433-38 (1964). Walker, Bernard F . "Morpholin~ Deacidification ---. "Film Coatings," ALA Bulletin 58:237-38 of Whole Books," in John C. Williams, ed., (1964). Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic ---. "Film Coatings-Do They Really Protect and Artistic Value, p. 72-87. (Advances in 126 I College & Research Libraries • March 1981

Chemistry Series, no.164) Washington, D.C.: teriorating Books," Library Journal 91:51-56, American Chemical Society, 1977. 189-94 (1966). Williams, John C., and Kelly, George B., Jr. Weinstein, Robert A., and Booth, Larry. Collec­ tion, Use, and Care of Historical Photographs. "Research on Mass Treatments in Conserva­ tion," Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for Bulletin of the A:merican Institute for State and Local History, 1977. Conservation 14:69-77 (1974). ---, and Krasnow, Marta R. "Folding Endur­ Williams, Edwin E . "Magnitude of the Paper­ ance and Tensile Strength of Paper," Bulletin Deterioration Problem as Measured by a National Union Catalog Sample," College & of the American Group, International Institute Research Libraries 23:499, 543 (1962). for Conservators 14:25--41 (1973). Williams, Gordon R. "The Preservation of De-