CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT
PROPOSED MASTER PLAN FOR THE FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK
HOLLYWOOD HILLS
CITY OF LOS ANGELES,
LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
January 2009
CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT
PROPOSED MASTER PLAN FOR THE FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY OF LOS ANGELES LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for: Suzanne Davidson Forest Lawn Memorial-Park Association Corporate Counsel 1712 South Glendale Avenue Glendale, California 91205
Prepared by: Natalie Lawson, M.A., RPA, Roderic McLean, M.A., RPA, Editor, and contributions by Joseph E. Baumann, M.Sc., RPA, and Phil Fulton LSA Associates, Inc. 20 Executive Park, Suite 200 Irvine, California 92614 (949) 553-0666 LSA Project No. FLN0601 National Archaeological Data Base (NADB) Type of Study: Record Search and Survey Sites Recorded: LSA-FLN0601-S-1 Sites Updated: None USGS Quadrangle: Burbank, California 7.5 ′ (USGS 1966 [1972 and 1994]) Area Covered: ~ 200 acres Level of Investigation: Section 106 and CEQA Key Words: Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills, Providencia Ranch, Lasky Ranch, Hudkins Ranch, Positive Survey, Section 106, CEQA, Water Conveyance System
January 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...... 1 INTRODUCTION...... 3 SETTING ...... 6 NATURAL SETTING...... 6 Geology and Geomorphology ...... 6 Current Land Use ...... 6 PREHISTORIC SETTING ...... 6 Early Period (Pre-6000 BC) ...... 7 Milling Stone Period (6000–3000 BC)...... 7 Intermediate Period (3000 BC–AD 500)...... 8 Late Period (AD 500–1769) ...... 8 ETHNOGRAPHIC SETTING...... 9 The Gabrielino Indians ...... 9 The Chumash Indians ...... 10 HISTORIC SETTING ...... 11 Spanish Mission Period (1769–1821)...... 11 Mexican Rancho Period (1821–1848)...... 12 American Period (Post-1848) ...... 13 Valleywood...... 14 Forest Lawn Memorial-Park-Hollywood Hills...... 16 METHODS...... 28 RECORDS SEARCH ...... 28 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 28 FIELDWORK...... 29 REPORT OF FINDINGS...... 30 RECORDS SEARCH ...... 30 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 30 The Furers...... 33 Eben Coe ...... 35 FIELDWORK...... 35 Archaeological Resources Observed...... 37 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS...... 41 NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA...... 41 LSA-FLN0601-S-1...... 41 REFERENCES...... 43
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Subject Area Location Map ...... 5 Figure 2: Historic Topographic Map, 1902...... 15 Figure 3: Historic Topographic Map, 1921...... 17 Figure 4: Historic Topographic Map, 1926...... 18 Figure 5: Historic Aerial (1928)...... 19 Figure 6: Historic Aerial (1938)...... 21 Figure 7: Historic Aerial (1940)...... 22 Figure 8: Pictorial Map of Providencia Ranch, 1945 ...... 23 Figure 9: Trigger’s Bill of Sale to Roy Rogers, 1943 ...... 24 Figure 10: Historic Aerial (1954)...... 25 Figure 11: The Furer Ranch Complex, circa 1960……………………………………………………32 Figure 12: The location of the former Furer Ranch Complex, 2006...... 34 Figure 13: Cultural Resources within the Subject Area ...... 36 Figure 14: LSA-FLN0601-S-1 ...... 38
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LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
ABSTRACT
LSA Associates, Inc. (LSA) completed a Phase I cultural resources survey of the approximately 186-acre undeveloped portion of the 444-acre Forest Lawn Memorial-Park-Hollywood Hills (Forest Lawn Property) in the City and County of Los Angeles, California in connection with the proposed master plan for the entire Forest Lawn Property. The assessment includes a review of previous studies and the results of a systematic pedestrian surface survey as well as the assessment of built resources located within the undeveloped portion of the project site (the subject area). The fieldwork was completed in December 2006 and January 2007. The purpose of the survey was to determine the presence of cultural resources within the subject area as well as the as yet undefined smaller area of potential effects (APE) where the development of currently undeveloped areas of the Forest Lawn Property is proposed.
A records search was conducted by LSA researcher Jay Michalsky on September 28, 2006, at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) located at California State University, Fullerton (CSUF). The address of the Forest Lawn Property is listed in the Historic Properties Directory; however, the site description refers to the original Forest Lawn Memorial-Park and Mortuary in Glendale, which opened in 1906. No other previously recorded cultural resources were identified within the subject area or within 0.5 mile of the subject area. The subject area and APE have never been surveyed for cultural resources.
A systematic pedestrian cultural resource survey was conducted on December 19, 2006, by LSA archaeologist Joseph Baumann and LSA architectural historian Shannon Carmack. No prehistoric archaeological resources were observed during the surface survey. One historic cultural resource (LSA-FLN0601-S-1) consisting of several ranch-related features was located during the pedestrian survey. Resource recordation was conducted on January 25, 2007, by LSA archaeologists Joseph Baumann and Natalie Lawson. The cultural resource includes the remnants of a water conveyance system; the remnant of two roads; part of a cobble and mortar wall; a graded pad; and two bridges, a pedestrian bridge and a vehicular bridge.
Subsequent to the field survey, archival research identified the historic presence of three houses with associated buildings, referred to as the Furer Ranch. While the Furer Ranch was extensive at one time, all that remains are the adjacent features of LSA-FLN0601-S-1, all of which were constructed in the 1940s by the Furers. LSA recommends that since the majority of the ranch complex is no longer in existence and due to the poor integrity of the water control system, the wall, the road, and the bridges, this site is not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) or in the California Register of Historical Resources (California Register). Several additional dirt roads were also observed in the subject area during the survey. They were likely related to the Furer Ranch complex, but were not recorded, as they were in very poor condition. The majority of the features of LSA-FLN0601-S-1 will potentially be subject to impacts during the proposed project implementation. As the site is recommended ineligible for listing in the National or California Registers, no mitigation is required.
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Surface visibility for the overall subject area varied from excellent (100%) to poor (0%), depending on the previous construction activities and dense surface vegetation. Portions of the subject area appear to have been graded for storage of soil removed during preparation of interment spaces, a ca. 1990s YMCA camp (Dennis Madison, personal communication 2007), and surface mining activities that occurred between the 1960s and 1990s.
None of the buildings associated with the Furer Ranch complex is extant. Dennis Madison (personal communication 2007) confirmed that the foundations of two houses were removed within the last ten years. Suzanne Davidson confirmed that the remains of a ca. 1940s house, which was in a very bad state of disrepair, were removed in 1991 (personal communication 2007). LSA recommends that (1) since buried remains often go undetected during a pedestrian survey, (2) because the build date and builder of the Adolf Furer house is unknown, and (3) because the surrounding area is sensitive for historic remains, expansion could impact unknown historic resources. Therefore, LSA recommends monitoring of any ground-disturbing activities involving currently undeveloped areas in the southeastern portion of the subject area near the historic location of the Adolf Furer house.
If human remains are encountered, State Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The County Coroner must be notified of the find immediately. If the remains are determined to be Native American, the County Coroner will notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), which will determine and notify a Most Likely Descendant (MLD). With the permission of the landowner or his/her authorized representative, the MLD may inspect the site of the discovery. The MLD shall complete the inspection within 48 hours of notification by the NAHC. The MLD will have the opportunity to offer recommendations for the disposition of the remains.
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INTRODUCTION
Forest Lawn Memorial-Park Association Corporate Counsel (Forest Lawn) contracted LSA to conduct an architectural survey, historical research, and a cultural resources assessment for the proposed Master Plan project for the approximately 444-acre Forest Lawn Property. This report presents the findings from the cultural resources assessment and historical research of currently undeveloped portions of the Forest Lawn Property. The proposed Master Plan project involves the continuation of the existing cemetery use and the development of areas currently undeveloped within an as yet undefined APE, which will be based on a future jurisdictional determination by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), per Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972. Therefore, the project is a federal undertaking, and the assessment of the project was completed to address the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and implementing Regulation 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800 for the proposed expansion of the existing memorial-park. Additionally, the areas outside of the APE, but still within the subject area, although assessed to federal standards, are also subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Public Resource Code (PRC) Chapter 2.6, Section 21083.2 (as amended January 1, 2007) and California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 14, Chapter 3, Article 5, Section 15064.5 (as amended July 11, 2006). This report includes the results of the cultural resources record search and pedestrian survey designed to identify prehistoric and historic sites within the subject area as well as the assessment of the built historic environment within the subject area.
Forest Lawn is preparing a long-term master plan for the development of the Forest Lawn Property, which includes detailed information about the proposed uses of the property, including the subject area and APE for this assessment. This plan also includes the expansion of the facility to the south, information about proposed structure size and location, individual grading phases and proposed earthworks, lighting, landscape themes, and different interment concepts and densities. A qualified architectural historian from LSA documented and evaluated the historic built environment in the currently developed portions of the Forest Lawn Property, outside the undeveloped project area and APE that is the subject of this report. The results of the architectural history study are presented in a report titled Historical Resources Assessment of the Forest Lawn Memorial-Park-Hollywood Hills, City and County of Los Angeles, California (Sorrell et al. 2008).
The Forest Lawn Property is located at 6300 Forest Lawn Drive, Los Angeles, California. The subject area and APE, which are predominantly undeveloped, encompass approximately 186 acres and are located in the southern and southeastern portions of the property in the foothills of the northern portion of the Santa Monica Mountains immediately north of Griffith Park. The overall project area can be located on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Burbank, California 7.5-minute quadrangle map (1966 [1972 and 1994]), Township 1 North, Range 14 West, in an unsectioned area and in the northeastern quarter of Section 26 (Figure 1).
Project personnel included project manager Rod McLean, M.A., RPA, architectural historians Tanya Sorrell, M.A., and Shannon Carmack, and archaeologists Joe Baumann, M.Sc., RPA, Phil Fulton, and Natalie Lawson, M.A., RPA. Ms. Carmack, Mr. Baumann, and Ms. Lawson completed the fieldwork
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and recordation of identified historical resources, Ms. Carmack and Ms. Lawson completed research, Mr. McLean and Ms. Lawson completed evaluations of the resources, and Ms. Lawson prepared this report, with contributions by Mr. Baumann and Mr. Fulton.
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Los 2 118 Angeles County Project Location 170 5
134 210 605 405
10 60 2 72
110 710
1 105 90
FIGURE 1 LEGEND Property Boundary
0 1,000 2,000 Feet Subject Area/Survey Area Forest Lawn Property
SOURCE: USGS 7.5’ Quad, Burbank, California (’72) Regional and Subject Area Location I:\FLN533\GIS\figure1_projectlocation.mxd (10/28/2008)
LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
SETTING
NATURAL SETTING Geology and Geomorphology The subject area lies in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains within the City of Los Angeles. The Santa Monica Mountains are part of the Transverse Range, which extends 350 miles east to west from San Bernardino County to the Pacific Ocean. Specifically, the Santa Monica Mountains fall within the western segment of the Transverse Range and consist of two major east-trending uplifts separated by a tectonic depression (Dibblee 1982). The topography of the parcel is rolling hills. The subject area and APE are located within currently undeveloped areas of the Forest Lawn Property within the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains, at the southern end of the San Fernando Valley. Portions of the subject area are associated with Sennet 1 Canyon. Sennet Creek conveys flows in a north-south direction through the entire memorial-park boundary. Geologically, the APE is composed of Middle Miocene Formation (Mm) marine sedimentary rocks. To the north of this is Recent Alluvium (Qa1) and to the south Mesozoic Granitic Rocks (grt).
Current Land Use The majority of the subject area and APE are undeveloped. Portions of the subject area appear to have been graded for storage of soil removed during preparation of interment spaces, a ca. 1990s YMCA camp, and surface mining activities that occurred between the 1960s and 1990s.
PREHISTORIC SETTING The development of a regional chronology marking the major stages of cultural evolution in the Southern California area has been an important topic of archaeological research. In general, cultural developments in Southern California have occurred gradually and have shown long-term stability; thus, developing chronologies and applying those to specific locales have often been problematic. Southern California researchers have used changing artifact assemblages and evolving ecological adaptations to divide regional prehistory into four stages. Wallace (1955; 1978) and Warren (1968) have developed the two chronologies most commonly cited. Wallace (1955) uses major cultural developments to divide area prehistory into four time periods, or “cultural horizons:” the Early Period, the Milling Stone Period, the Intermediate Period, and the Late Period. The following overview is based primarily on Wallace’s chronology, which has been revised slightly by Koerper (1981) and Drover (1983).
1 Whereas Mack Sennett spelled his name with a double “t,” the USGS 1972 Burbank, California topographic quadrangle map (Figure 1) employs one “t” at the end of the name.
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Neither of the chronologies cited begins prior to the Terminal Pleistocene ca. 12,000 before present (BP). While more sites in North and South America are beginning to be accepted as dating to earlier times, none has been documented within the project region.
Early Period (Pre-6000 BC) The Early Period (also known as the Hunting Period) covers the interval from the first presence of humans in Southern California until postglacial times (5500 to 6000 BC). Artifacts and cultural activities from this period represent a predominantly hunting culture; diagnostic artifacts include extremely large, often fluted bifaces associated with the use of the spear and the atlatl. In Southern California, important Early Period sites have been found near prehistoric Lake Mojave and along the San Dieguito River (Wallace 1955, 1978: 27; Moratto 1984: 81, 93–99).
Milling Stone Period (6000–3000 BC) The transition from the Early Period to the Milling Stone Period is marked by an increased emphasis on the processing of seeds and edible plants and is estimated to have occurred between 6000 BC and 3000 BC. According to Wallace (1978:28), wild seeds and edible plants formed the primary food source during this period, with only limited use of shellfish and faunal resources; plant resources were processed using deep-basined mills and handstones, hence the term Milling Stone Period. Milling Stone Period settlements were larger and were occupied for longer periods of time than those of the Early Period, and mortuary practices included both flexed and extended burials as well as reburials. Grave offerings were few, although rock cairns were sometimes placed over the bodies (Wallace 1955:192, Table 1; 1978:2–8).
Diagnostic artifacts recovered from Milling Stone Period archaeological sites include metates, manos, and large projectile points indicating the continued use of darts and atlatls. Among the more enigmatic artifacts from this period are discoidals and cogged stones. Discoidals are round to ovoid ground stones with flat or slightly convex faces and edges, while cogged stones are discoidals with serrated edges resembling the teeth on gears. Both types of artifacts appear sometime around 4000 BC and are dated to the Milling Stone Period; their use remains unclear, and they may have had a ceremonial function (Moratto 1984:149–150).
Wallace (1978:28) offers two possible scenarios to explain the cultural changes that occurred during the Milling Stone Period, and quite possibly, both processes occurred simultaneously in different geographical areas. In some regions (such as western San Diego County), Milling Stone cultures may have evolved gradually as the earlier hunting peoples learned to exploit a wider variety of food resources. In other areas, people migrating from interior regions may have introduced the technology for processing seeds and plant foods to coastal areas. Evidence for such migrations may be found in climatic data. The onset of the Milling Stone Period corresponds to an interval of warm, dry weather known as the Altithermal; during the Altithermal, many of the inland lakes disappeared and the region became less habitable, perhaps triggering the coastal migrations believed to have occurred at this time (Wallace 1978:28).
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Intermediate Period (3000 BC–AD 500) Approximately 3000 BC, coastal populations began relying more on marine resources, and the remains of nearshore and deep sea fish are much more common in site refuse. Reflecting this emphasis toward increased fishing, circular shell fishhooks first appear at coastal sites. It is believed that extremely circular hooks fouled less frequently on rocks, since this artifact occurs in prehistoric contexts most abundantly in areas adjacent to rocky coastlines (Strudwick 1986:283–284). Further inland, populations centered around pluvial lakes created by runoff from melting glaciers.
Intermediate Period sites are characterized by the appearance of the mortar and pestle (although the mano and metate continued in use) and small projectile points. The use of the mortar and pestle may indicate an increased reliance on acorns as a food source, while the small projectile points suggest that the bow and arrow were in limited use (Elsasser 1978:55; Wallace 1978:30–31). Intermediate Period burials were generally by interment in a flexed position, face down, although a site at Big Tujunga Wash in the San Fernando Valley contained both reburials under stone cairns and cremations (Elsasser 1978:55; Wallace 1955:193–195). Researchers have had difficulty distinguishing Intermediate Period sites since many of the tool types appear in earlier and later periods; the few known sites have often been identified using radiocarbon or obsidian hydration methods.
Late Period (AD 500–1769) The Late Period (which began in approximately AD 500) witnessed a number of important cultural developments in Southern California, including the concentration of larger populations in settlements and communities, greater utilization of the available food resources, and the development of regional subcultures. Cremation was the preferred method of burial during the Late Period, and elaborate mortuary customs with abundant grave goods were common. Other cultural traits diagnostic of the Late Period include increased use of the bow and arrow, steatite containers, circular shell fishhooks, asphaltum (as an adhesive), bone tools, and personal ornaments of bone, shell, and stone (Wallace 1955:195; Bean and Smith 1978; Elsasser 1978:56; Moratto 1984:159). Because many of these artifacts are also recovered from earlier periods, other indicators must sometimes be used to distinguish Late Period sites. Among the most useful of these indicators are lithic artifacts manufactured from obsidian. Obsidian from Obsidian Buttes near the Salton Sea was used sporadically in the manufacture of lithic artifacts until sometime after AD 1000, when its use in the Los Angeles Basin became much more common (Hall 1988).
A number of the cultural elements found in Southern California during the Late Period have been linked to the migration of Uto-Aztecan speaking peoples from the Great Basin; these traits include the manufacture of ceramics, the use of small triangular arrow points, and interment by cremation. The date of the Uto-Aztecan migration (which probably occurred in several successive waves over an extended period of time) remains uncertain; it has been dated as early as 2000 BC and as late as AD 700. Linguistic evidence suggests a date of AD 1 to 500 (Kroeber 1925:574–580; Koerper 1979; Moratto 1984:161).
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ETHNOGRAPHIC SETTING The Late Prehistoric Period ended abruptly when Franciscan friars and Spanish soldiers began establishing mission outposts along the California coast. The San Fernando Valley area was then occupied by two different groups: the Gabrielino and the Chumash Indians.
The name Gabrielino refers to the Uto-Aztecan (Takic) speaking Native Americans who were historically affiliated with Mission San Gabriel Archangel. Today, some of the Gabrielino prefer to call themselves Tong-va (McCawley 1996). Gabrielino territory included the watersheds of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers, several smaller intermittent streams in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains, all of the Los Angeles Basin, the coast from Aliso Creek north to a point between Topanga and Malibu Creeks, and the islands of San Clemente, San Nicolas, and Santa Catalina (Kroeber 1925:620–621; Bean and Smith 1978:538; McCawley 1996:3).
The Chumash are part of the Hokan language stock, and within this culture group there are several dialects. The tribal name Chumash entered into the literature in 1891 by ethnologist, anthropologist, and explorer of the West, John Wesley Powell (Grant 1978a:507). The name “Chumash” may be derived from Coastal Chumash terms Mi-tcú-mac and Tcú-mac used to describe the indigenous inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island, respectively (Heizer 1955:115). Chumash occupied territory from San Luis Obispo to Malibu Canyon along the coast, inland areas as far east as the western edge of San Joaquin Hills, the Santa Monica Mountains, and the Santa Barbara Channel Islands (Grant 1978a: 505, Moratto 2004: 142).
The subject area, located within the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains, is situated in a border area close to villages of two different groups and utilized by both the Gabrielino and the Chumash. Gabrielino villages known to have been situated in the San Fernando Valley include Totogna and Topangna , located near the southwestern edge of the valley and near the project area. Huwam , located near the western edge of the San Fernando Valley, is the closest known Chumash village to the project area (Jorgensen 1982a: 34).
The Gabrielino Indians The Gabrielino were hunters and gatherers who used both inland and coastal food resources. They hunted and collected seasonally available food resources and led a semi-sedentary lifestyle, often living in permanent communities along inland watercourses and coastal estuaries. Commonly chosen habitation sites included rivers, streams, inland watercourses, sheltered coastal bays and estuaries, and the transition zone marking the interface between prairies and foothills (McCawley 1996). The most important factors in choosing a habitation site were the presence of water, a stable food supply, and some measure of protection from flooding. Gabrielino communities located in the interior regions maintained permanent geographical territories or use areas that may have averaged 30 square miles; however, it is unclear whether this pattern also held for the coastal settlements, where food resources may have been more plentiful (White 1963:117; Oxendine 1983:44). Gabrielino living within the San Fernando Valley generally located their campsites and villages near the few water sources the valley provided such as around the creeks and drainages found in the canyons, the perennial water source near Cahuenga Pass, or the Big Tujunga River (Jorgensen 1982a: 34).
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In addition to permanent settlements, the Gabrielino occupied temporary campsites used seasonally for hunting, fishing, and gathering plant foods and shellfish (McCawley 1996:25). Hunting was primarily for rabbit and deer, while collecting included plant foods such as acorns, buckwheat, chía, berries, and fruit. The Gabrielino also established seasonal camps along the coast and near bays and estuaries to gather shellfish and hunt waterfowl (Hudson 1971).
Gabrielino villages generally contained populations with 50–100 inhabitants, although larger communities may have existed. These communities were the focus of family life. Each Gabrielino community included one or more patrilineal extended family or lineal kinship group, known as a clan (Kroeber 1925; Johnson 1962; Bean and Smith 1978; McCawley 1996). Both clans and villages were apparently exogamous, marrying individuals from outside the clan or village (Reid 1852).
Villages were united under the leadership of a tomyaar, or chief, who inherited his position from his father. Each lineage comprised several related nuclear families; membership in a lineage was traced through the father and allowed an individual to claim use rights over the territory owned by that group. The tomyaar was the leader of the religious and secular life of the community and served as chief administrator, fiscal officer, war leader, legal arbitrator, and religious leader (Bean and Smith 1978; Harrington 1942:32). The tomyaar was aided in his duties by a Council of Elders, which consisted of the leaders of the lineages residing in the community as well as other wealthy and influential individuals. Council positions were hereditary and descended from father to son. Shamans also played an important role in Gabrielino society, serving as the principal doctors, therapists, philosophers, and intellectuals; often, the tomyaar himself was an important and influential shaman (Bean 1974:25–26).
Gabrielino culture was characterized by an active and elaborate system of rituals and ceremonies. Rituals included individual rites of passage, village rites, seasonal ceremonies, and participation in the widespread Chinigchinich cult (variant spellings Kroeber 1925; McCawley 1996). The cult of the culture hero Chinigchinich was observed and recorded by Franciscan Friar Geronimo Boscana during his residences at Missions San Juan Capistrano and San Luis Rey (Harrington 1933; Boscana 1933).
The Chumash Indians Although the Chumash were first observed by 17 th century European explorers as living along the coast (Grant 1978a), smaller groups of Chumash also occupied inland areas. Interior areas appear to have been settled seasonally by coastal groups as well as permanently by inland populations (Moratto 2004:141). Within the San Fernando Valley, the Chumash generally occupied the western and southwestern foothills, including the Santa Monica Mountain foothills (Jorgenson 1982:33).
The Chumash village consisted of a main settlement and multiple surrounding seasonal camps, processing areas, and resource acquisition areas. Each village had one chief whose position was inherited patrilineally (Landberg 1965). The chief’s main duties were those of war leader and patron of village feasts. The villages were aligned politically into groups, but the nature of these federations is unknown (Landberg 1965:34). Socially, the Chumash traced their kinship through patrilineal descent, and they were organized politically under a village chief. At times, several villages were aligned under one chief. The greatest power, however, rested with the community shamans.
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A typical Chumash village consisted of several hemispherical houses, a sweathouse, storehouses, a ceremonial enclosure, and a gaming area (Landberg 1965). The dwellings were made of pole framing and grass thatch. The dwellings were built to accommodate extended families, some large enough to hold 70 people (Landberg 1965:26). They had two doors, a smoke hole in the roof, and windows. These houses had sleeping platforms which kept the inhabitants off the floor. The cemetery was placed well away from the village. The Chumash buried their dead in cemeteries segregated by gender (Crespi 2001:393).
The Chumash manufactured cooking utensils (e.g., bowls, cooking plates) and ritual objects out of steatite quarried on Santa Catalina Island. The islands off the coast of California were accessed with plank canoes called tomol (Grant 1978b:515). For hunting, the Chumash used the bow and arrow. The Chumash made a variety of types of nets for hunting birds and mammals on land as well as nets for collecting fish. Baskets were constructed using rushes and grasses and were made waterproof with asphaltum. The Chumash carved bowls made out of wood (Crespi 2001:397) and made bowls out of stone with shell inlays. The Spanish soldiers of the Portola expedition were impressed enough with the workmanship of the bowls to acquire both types through barter (Crespi 2001:395). The rock paintings of the Chumash are some of the most spectacular in the United States and can be found throughout Chumash territory. The only pictographs discovered in the San Fernando Valley are of Chumash creation and are located at Huwam , a Chumash village situated near present-day Canoga Park (Jorgensen 1982a:36).
The exchange of goods between the inland and coastal areas occupied by the Chumash appears to have been prevalent. Although the inland Chumash hunted a variety of animals including rabbits, mule deer, pronghorn, tule elk, and mountain goat, several Chumash sites within Los Angeles County that were located approximately 10 miles from the coast also contained a variety of fish species, including bottom-dwelling fish found in relatively deep water (Moratto 1984:141). Additionally, inland Chumash gathered a variety of plants and seeds, including acorns, according to seasonal availability.
HISTORIC SETTING Spanish Mission Period (1769–1821) In 1542, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explored the California coast by ship. Although the Cabrillo expedition, the first European exploration of Southern California, anchored ships near present day Santa Monica during its voyage (Keffer 1934), it was not until August 5, 1769, when Gaspar de Portola’s expedition to Monterey passed through the San Fernando Valley that Europeans first recorded the area. Father Juan Crespi, the expedition’s spiritual advisor, called it de Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de los Encinos (Jorgenson 1982b: 32). Father Fermin de Sasuen established the first Franciscan mission in the Valley (Jorgenson 1982b: 32), Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana, on September 8, 1797, which consisted of a cross and a small arbor that acted as a temporary church (Keffer 1934: 22). The period between 1769 and 1821, when Mexico gained independence from Spain (McGroarty 1911:117, 148; Avina 1932:29; Robinson 1979:13), is referred to as the Spanish Mission Period (Robinson 1979:51–52).
In 1795, the San Fernando Valley was divided into two large ranchos, El Encino Rancho , which was deeded to Francisco Reyes, and San Rafael Rancho , which was deeded to Jose Maria Verdugo.
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Ultimately, the land for the El Encino Rancho was given to the San Fernando Mission, and Reyes was given land elsewhere (Keffer 1934).
Europeans learned how and where indigenous peoples lived and gathered information about native lifeways, including ceremonial and ritual practices. Occasionally this information was recorded. Of particular interest to the friars at the San Fernando Mission were the Indian trade routes (Jorgensen 1982). Father Geronimo Boscana prepared an account of Gabrielino and neighboring Juaneño lifeways and beliefs (Harrington 1933; Hanna 1978). Boscana’s account, Chinigchinich , was written during his residency at both San Juan Capistrano (1814–1826) and San Luis Rey (1811–1814) Missions, and describes the native cosmology and ritual practiced at the time of Spanish contact (Bean and Smith 1978:548).
Ultimately, Spanish colonization resulted in the destruction of both the Gabrielino and the Chumash society and culture. Two important factors that contributed to this decline were (1) the removal of the youngest, healthiest, and most productive Indians from their traditional communities and their incorporation into the Mission system, and (2) introduction of highly infectious diseases, eventually leading to epidemics and reduced birth rates. As a result, the traditional Indian communities were depopulated and the survivors integrated into local Mexican-American communities.
Several Gabrielino groups still live in the Los Angeles area today, while the current Chumash population is spread throughout Southern California, with one reservation at Santa Ynez in Santa Barbara County.
Mexican Rancho Period (1821–1848) In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain and, in 1848, the United States formally obtained California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Cleland 1962:xiii). The period from 1821 to 1848 is referred to as the Mexican Rancho Period. It was during this period that large tracts of land termed ranchos were granted by the various Mexican Governors of Alta California, usually to individuals who had worked in the service of the Mexican government.
In 1833, 11 years after gaining independence from Spain, the Mexican government’s Secularization Act changed missions into civil parishes, and those natives who had inhabited regions adjacent to a Spanish Period mission were to obtain half of all mission possessions, including land. However, in most instances this did not occur, and the Secularization Act resulted in the transfer of large mission tracts to politically prominent individuals.
San Fernando Mission was officially secularized in 1834 (Keffer 1934), and in 1842, Don Francisco Lopez made the first discovery of California gold in Placerita Canyon, a few miles north of the San Fernando Valley (Keffer 1934: 37). During this time, the two ranchos that comprised the San Fernando Valley were broken into several smaller ranchos. In 1843, the El Providencia Rancho No. 424, (4,064 acres, or one square league) was granted to Jose Castro, Luis Arenas, and Vincente de la Osa by Governor Micheltorena (Keffer 1934). La Osa retained sole ownership of the rancho (Shumway 1988). During the Mexican Period, much of the San Fernando Valley was devoted to cattle ranching. Since most of the wealth in this area was tied to cattle ranching, the San Fernando Valley became known as the “cow counties” (Jorgensen 1982b:76). Cattle ranches were a highly
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profitable enterprise for several years during the Gold Rush due to the massive influx of immigrants (Cleland 1941:102–108; Liebeck 1990:2, 3).
American Period (Post-1848) Following the end of hostilities between Mexico and the United States in January of 1847, the United States officially obtained California from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848 (Cleland 1962: xiii). Thus, the American Period begins in 1848. In 1850, California was accepted into the Union of the United States, primarily due to the population increase created by the Gold Rush of 1849.
The cattle industry in California reached its greatest prosperity during the first years of the American Period. Mexican Period land grants had created large, pastoral estates in California, and a high demand for beef during the Gold Rush led to a cattle boom that lasted from 1849 to 1855. In 1855, however, the demand for California beef began to decline as a result of sheep imports from New Mexico, cattle imports from the Mississippi and Missouri Valleys, and the development of stock breeding farms. When the beef market collapsed, California ranchers were unprepared. Many had borrowed heavily during the boom, mortgaging their land at interest rates as high as 10 percent per month. The collapse of the cattle market meant that many of these ranchos were lost through foreclosure, while others were sold to pay debts and taxes (Cleland 1941:108–114). La Osa sold El Providencia Rancho to David W. Alexander and Alexander Bell for $1,500 (35 cents an acre) in 1851 and they became the first Americans to hold land in the San Fernando Valley (Burbank Unified School District [Burbank Unified] 1967). In 1857, another American, Jonathon R. Scott, exchanged the La Cañada Rancho for 4,603 acres of the San Rafael Rancho, which adjoined El Providencia Rancho (Burbank Unified 1967).
More people began moving into the San Fernando Valley. The Butterfield Stage Route cut through the San Fernando Valley by 1858 (Burbank Unified 1967). During the winter of 1861–1862, a disastrous series of floods struck California. According to rainfall statistics, more than 45 inches of rain fell in parts of California between November 1861 and February 1862 (Brewer 1930:253). Smaller flooding episodes also occurred in 1867 and 1891.
The unprecedented floods of 1861–1862 were followed by two years of drought (Cleland 1941:130– 131). The drought of the 1860s was a turning point in the economic history of Southern California. The era of the great cattle ranchos ended, and many of the landowners who survived the collapse of the cattle industry were forced to sell their property due to the drought. In 1867, El Rancho Providencia was purchased by Dr. David Burbank, a dentist from New Hampshire who wanted to raise sheep and grow wheat (Burbank Unified 1967, Jorgenson 1982b:89). Burbank built his house on the property and commenced raising sheep. In the early 1870s, he added San Rafael Rancho to his property holdings (Burbank Unified 1967, Jorgenson 1982b).
Southern California’s economic transition continued through the 1870s. Rancho Providencia became the principal source of grain for the San Fernando Valley and for Los Angeles during this time (Keffer 1934:43), and in 1874, the Southern Pacific Railroad began running through the Valley. During this period, many of the large landholdings were subdivided, and a diversified agriculture appeared, centered on citrus fruits, grapes, and grains. Interest rates declined to a modest 10 percent per year, helping spur continued growth and development. However, drought continued to plague
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ranchers. The years 1870–1871 and 1876 are reported as particularly dry years in Southern California (Cleland 1941:208–218).
Although Rancho Providencia was one of only four locations with water in the Valley, by 1886, drought spurred Burbank to sell his 9,000 acres to the Providencia Land and Water Development Company (Keffer 1934:63). However, Burbank retained a role on the board of the company. By 1889, San Fernando Valley was suffering from a collapse in the land boom, and many outlying areas were divided into 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-acre farms, including portions of the Rancho Providencia (Burbank Unified 1967).
Valleywood By the early 1900s, Rancho Providencia had shrunk to 1,000 acres and was better known as the Providencia Ranch (Figure 2). Although the Los Angeles Aqueduct had opened in 1913 and water was now flowing into the San Fernando Valley, it remained largely undeveloped. Areas around Burbank had just voted to be annexed into the City of Los Angeles to gain rights to Owens Valley water (Keffer 1934:85), and Carl Laemmle purchased several hundred acres of the Rancho Providencia tract, midway between North Hollywood and the Cahuenga Pass, to create Universal City (Keffer 1934:99). In the early 1900s, movie makers such as D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille took advantage of the open, western-looking terrain and predictably sunny weather of the San Fernando Valley to film several movies. Valleywood, as some would nickname the San Fernando Valley, played a critical role in the development of the Hollywood movie industry.
Hollywood began with four or five companies creating one- and two-reel films using nameless actors who would receive $5 a day for their efforts (Kingsley 1915). D.W. Griffith is credited with directing the first film created in Hollywood proper in 1910 under the Biograph name. The film, In Old California, was a short drama, which took place during the Mexican Period in California. Mack Sennett directed and produced the first of his Keystone comedies in 1912 (Sennett 1954). Cecile B. DeMille landed in Hollywood because the weather in Flagstaff, Arizona, his original destination, was poor (Lasky 1957). He rented a small barn in an unknown place called Hollywood to film a lengthy production of The Squaw Man , a successful stage play. The Squaw Man was the first feature-length movie made in Hollywood, filled six reels, and ran one hour. Producers included DeMille, Jesse L. Lasky, and Samuel Goldfish, later known as Samuel Goldwyn. The Squaw Man opened in 1914.
By January of 1915, 50 studios in and around Los Angeles were producing feature films in addition to the one- and two-reelers, and actors were receiving salaries up into the thousands per week (Kingsley 1915). Although these films were extremely popular with the public, actors and actresses involved with the fledging business of creating feature-length films felt the entertainment was tawdry, and many preferred to remain anonymous. In 1915, Jesse Lasky produced a silent film version of Carmen with Geraldine Farrar, a well known and popular stage diva, and suddenly, feature-length films were considered a respectable forum for actors and actresses of the stage to showcase their art (Lasky 1957). Most of the studios also controlled at least one “wild west” type ranchland that was undeveloped and could be used for wild west scenes, Civil War battle scenes, Mediterranean scenes, or even scenes of California’s past.
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FIGURE 2
LEGEND Property Boundary
0 1,000 2,000 Feet Project Location / Survey Area Forest Lawn Property
SOURCE: USGS 7.5’ Quad, Burbank, California (1902) Historic Topographic Map, 1902 i:\fln533\gis\HistoricTopo_1902.mxd (10/16/2008)
LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Forest Lawn Memorial-Park-Hollywood Hills W.I. Hollingsworth and Company Property. By the early 1900s, the real estate company, W.I. Hollingsworth and Company, had acquired large portions of the Providencia Ranch ( The Moving Picture World , October 10, 1914), including a large portion of what is now the Forest Lawn Property. The land was undeveloped and, to the eyes of directors and producers in the fledgling film industry, ranches provided an excellent setting for a number of different types of stories. Jesse Lasky leased the Providencia Ranch in 1914 (The Moving Picture World , October 10, 1914) for the Famous Players- Lasky Corporation, a newly merged company owned by Lasky, DeMille, and Adolph Zuker created shortly after the release of The Squaw Man . Providencia Ranch became more commonly known as the Lasky Ranch (Burbank Unified 1967, Roderick 2001, Scott 1931, Brooks 1987) (Figures 3 through 5). Lasky leased the ranch to film big scenes and maintained a stock farm ( The Moving Picture World , October 10, 1914). D.W. Griffith filmed many of the battle scenes from his epic The Clansman , later known as The Birth of a Nation , in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains on the Providencia Ranch (Roderick 2001, Rancho Providencia sale brochure ca. 1945, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California) on the current Forest Lawn Property. Griffith’s epic film pioneered many different film techniques, including placing cameras in trenches under stampeding horses and lighting bonfires at night to film. Also, the film was 3 hours long instead of the usual 15 or 30 minutes (Roderick 2001).
By 1929, the movie industry was well-ensconced in the San Fernando Valley. The first studios in California were referred to as ranches, and by the late 1920s, all movie studios possessed a ranch with wild west acreage (Scott 1931), many of these in the San Fernando Valley. Lasky’s lease expired around this time, and he leased a new ranch of 2,766 acres west of Studio City. Lasky’s new ranch was the largest movie ranch in California, and his old ranch, the old Lasky Ranch, was the second largest. The old Lasky Ranch reverted to W.I. Hollingsworth and Company interests ( Los Angeles Times [ Times ], July 21, 1929). Warner Brothers leased the 1,000-acre old Lasky Ranch in 1929 (Times , July 4, 1929; Times, July 21, 1929) from W.I. Hollingsworth and Company and by 1930, the Lasky Ranch had been in almost constant demand by studios for nearly 20 years ( Times , April 20, 1930). Films made at the Lasky Ranch include many of Cecile B. DeMille’s early films; D.W. Griffith’s The Clansman ; the classic movie about World War I, All Quiet on the Western Front ; several of Charlie Chaplin’s early comedies, including Sunnyside (1919); and many of W.C. Field’s early comedies such as It’s a Gift (Rancho Providencia brochure ca. 1945, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California; Kingsley 1915).
By the mid-1920s, the ranch manager’s residence, a ranch house, a shed, and a barn with corrals had been built on a portion of the Providencia Ranch within the current boundaries of the Forest Lawn Property (Contour Map of Hollingsworth and Miles Property 1927, revised 1938, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California). Ernest G. Carter, the ranch manager for W.I. Hollingsworth and Company, lived on the property with his wife, Ramona ( Times , April 20, 1930; Contour Map of Hollingsworth and Miles Property, 1927, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California; Los Angeles City Directory 1928–1942, Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, California). Carter eventually became a vice president at W.I. Hollingsworth and Company (Los Angeles City Directory 1938, Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, California) and moved off the property a few years after Forest Lawn purchased it.
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1916 House
FIGURE 3 LEGEND Property Boundary Project Location / Survey Area 0 1,000 2,000 Feet Forest Lawn Property
SOURCE: USGS 7.5’ Quad, Burbank, California (1921) Historic Topographic Map, 1921 i:\fln533\gis\HistoricTopo_1921.mxd (6/4/07) Lasky Ranch
1925 Barn
1916 House
FIGURE 4 LEGEND Property Boundary Project Location / Survey Area 0 1,000 2,000 Feet Forest Lawn Property
SOURCE: USGS 7.5’ Quad, Burbank, California (1926) Historic Topographic Map, 1926 i:\fln533\gis\HistoricTopo_1926.mxd (6/4/07) 1925 Barn No Image 1916 House Information Available for Graded Pad this year
FIGURE 5 LEGEND Property Boundary Subject Area/Survey Area 0 500 1,000 Forest Lawn Property FEET Subject Area Location/Survey Area - Historic Aerial (1928) SOURCE: Fairchild (1928) I:\FLN533\GIS\CRM_historic1928.mxd (10/28/2008)
LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
By the mid 1930s the old Lasky Ranch had shrunk to approximately 500 acres (Figures 6 through 8). The majority of the property was still owned by W.I. Hollingsworth and Company and included approximately 300 acres of the current Forest Lawn Property (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1929, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration, Los Angeles, California). Several buildings were constructed on the property during the 1930s and early 1940s to serve the movie industry. By 1945, the ranch consisted of all the original buildings, two additional residences, a water tank, an additional barn, two additional sheds, a blacksmith shop, two offices, a clubhouse, a saddle house, an oil station, and two movie sets (Pictorial Map of Providencia Ranch 1945, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California) (Figure 8).
After the departure of Warner Brothers, the old Lasky Ranch was leased to the Hudkins brothers. Art, Ace, Abraham, and Clyde Hudkins were also known in the boxing world; Ace Hudkins had been a boxer for almost 15 years and had never been knocked out during a match (Fleming 2007). The remaining Hudkins brothers had been prizefighter promoters (Los Angeles City Directory 1930, Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, California). Art and Clyde also managed Ace’s boxing career. The Hudkins Stables Riding Academy, also known as the Hudkins Brothers Movie Ranch, supplied horses, wagons, and gear to the movie industry and provided riding instruction for San Fernando Valley residents. Movie stars of the four-legged variety retired to the ranch, as well. One such resident, Thor, a German shepherd and star of early talkies (the first films that included sound) such as Frozen Justice , showed up unexpectedly during a filming of That I May Live and remained for the entirety of the shoot before trotting off home to the Hudkins Ranch (Scheuer 1937).
During the early 1930s, a track (the Lasky Park track) ( Times , March 29, 1933) was created on the ranch. A pump house and several stables were associated with this track (Pictorial Map of Providencia Ranch 1945, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California). The Los Angeles Polo Club as well as much of the polo crowd in Hollywood used the infield for matches (Diamos 2000), and races were run on the track (Times, March 29, 1933). The Hudkins brothers formed the Hudkins Brothers Polo Team. Hudkins players and ponies earned a reputation for being “darn hard to beat” (Diamos 2000).
Horses from the Hudkins stables starred in many shows and movies. Silver, the Lone Ranger’s horse, and both horses that played Annie Oakley’s horse, Target, were residents of the Hudkins Ranch (Fleming 2007). The most famous four-legged resident of the Hudkins Ranch, though, was undoubtedly Roy Rogers’ horse, Trigger, widely known as “the smartest horse in the movies.” In 1932, Trigger, a Golden Palomino stallion, was foaled on a San Diego ranch. The ranch manager, Roy Cloud, sold the horse to the Hudkins Stables. The horse appeared in several movies prior to his sale to Roy Rogers, including The Adventures of Robin Hood , ridden by Olivia de Havilland (Fleming 2007). Roy Rogers purchased Trigger from the Hudkins brothers in 1943 for $2,500 (Hudkins Stables Invoices 1943, Happy Trails Children’s Foundation, Apple Valley, California) (Figure 9).
By 1946, the remaining open acres of the Providencia Ranch (old Lasky Ranch or Hudkins Ranch) property had been purchased by Forest Lawn (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1946, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Records, Los Angeles, California) to create a memorial-park similar to the existing Forest Lawn Memorial-Park in Glendale (Figure 10). Construction of the memorial-park did not begin immediately after the land purchase (Blake 1961) while Forest Lawn obtained a Conditional Use Permit (CUP) to operate the property as a cemetery, and the Hudkins brothers remained on the Hudkins Ranch until the late 1940s, when they moved to another ranch in Coldwater Canyon (Los Angeles City Directories, 1949, Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, California).
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FIGURE 6 LEGEND Property Boundary Subject Area/Survey Area 0 500 1,000 Forest Lawn Property FEET Subject Area Location/Survey Area - Historic Aerial (1938) SOURCE: USDA (5/21/38) I:\FLN533\GIS\CRM_historic1938.mxd (10/28/2008) 1925 Barn 1916 House
FIGURE 7 LEGEND Property Boundary Subject Area/Survey Area 0 500 1,000 Forest Lawn Property FEET Subject Area Location/Survey Area - Historic Aerial (1940) SOURCE: Fairchild (10/6/40) I:\FLN533\GIS\CRM_historic1940.mxd (10/28/2008) .1/74- &
N
# Forest Lawn .--6 Pictorial Map of Providencia Ranch, 1945
I:\FLN0601\G\Providencia ranch.cdr (6/5/07) FIGURE 9
Forest Lawn Trigger’s Bill of Sale I:\FKN0601\G\triggerdoc..cdr (5/21/07) No Image Information Available for this year
Furer Ranch
FIGURE 10 LEGEND Property Boundary Subject Area/Survey Area 0 500 1,000 Forest Lawn Property FEET Subject Area Location/Survey Area - Historic Aerial (1954) SOURCE: ASCS USDA (10/27/54) I:\FLN533\GIS\CRM_historic1954.mxd (10/28/2008)
LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Mack Sennett Property. Mack Sennett began his career in film in New York City when he answered an ad in the paper that read “$5.00 a day to work in the movies” (Sennett 1954). He worked in New York City for a time at Biograph Pictures under the direction of D.W. Griffith. Sennett arrived in Hollywood with D.W. Griffith in January 1910. He was an actor in a small company that included Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Owen Moor, Henry Walthall, Jack Pickford, and Tony O’Sullivan (Sennett 1954:62, Roderick 2001). At that time, Griffith was producing short one- and two-reel films and at Sennett’s constant urging, had directed the first comedy involving cops, The Politician’s Love Story . To Sennett’s disappointment, he played the star of the comedy, an English gentleman, not a cop (Sennett 1954).
By 1912, Sennett founded Keystone Studios in Edendale (Sennett 1954), and in 1915, his studio merged with those of D.W. Griffith and Thomas Ince to form Triangle Pictures Corporation (Sennett 1954, Lasky 1957). Sennett’s two-reelers, silent film comedies shown on two movie reels and featuring the Keystone Kops, wild car chases, and the Sennett Bathing Beauties, were quite popular and included performances by several well known actors such as Mabel Normand, W.C. Fields, Ben Turpin, Bing Crosby, Gloria Swanson, Carole Lombard, and Charlie Chaplin (Sennett 1954). Sennett comedies are credited with the first thrown pie captured on film (Sennett 1954, Braxton 1984). In 1917, Sennett organized his own company, Mack Sennett Comedies Corporation, producing comedies and a few feature-length films.
In 1918, Mack Sennett became the largest private landowner in Los Angeles when he purchased 500 acres of property, including 304 acres of Griffith Park. Approximately 150 acres of this purchase were located within the Providencia Ranch and within the boundaries of the current Forest Lawn Property in the Hollywood Hills (previously referenced Figure 4). Sennett envisioned building a mansion atop Mount Sennett, now known as Mount Lee (Sennett 1954). No roads led to the top of Mount Sennett, so Sennett graded several roads in the area to create a path to the top of his mountain using graders drawn by large Missouri mules, each of which cost approximately $700. The brush on Mount Sennett was thick and infested with rattlesnakes. Fearing for the safety of his pricey mules, Sennett purchased 500 hogs to battle the snakes. The hogs did their job so well that Sennett eventually began importing garbage from the City of Los Angeles to feed his hogs. Sennett removed 69 feet from the top of Mount Sennett to create a suitable house pad for his mansion (Sennett 1954). By 1926, the house pad was almost complete ( Times , April 4, 1926), and a model of the elaborate mansion was created and displayed for the public ( Times , February 28, 1926). Sennett lost approximately $5 million in the stock market crash of 1929 and by 1934, Sennett was bankrupt (Braxton 1984); the full-sized house was never built.
Sennett returned to Canada in 1935 (Sennett 1954), and his property in Los Angeles was sold at a tax sale in the late 1930s (Weisbrod 2002). Although Sennett’s property included a house built ca. 1916 and an adjacent ca. 1925 barn, built during the time he owned the land, there is no mention of the house or barn in the Sennett autobiography. Sennett apparently enjoyed horseback riding and would often ride his horse to his studio in Edendale (Sennett 1954), which was located several miles from his property north of Griffith Park. It is most likely on this property that he kept his horse. By 1941, all of the former Mack Sennett property within the current Forest Lawn boundaries had been sold to private individuals, Edward (Bud) Furer and K.O. Anderson (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1941, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Records, Los Angeles, California).
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Other Historic Land Use. Providencia Ranch was also periodically used by the Chuck Wagon Trailers, an Old West revival group of cowpunchers who had ‘ridden the range’ in the late 19 th century. During the spring and fall, the old-timers would gather to eat out of chuckwagons and to celebrate and reminisce about the Old West ( Times , May 18, 1931; Times , October 9, 1932). The equestrian group, the El Camino Real Horse Trail Association, would conduct its “Sermon on the Mount” activities on the Ranch (Times, January 20, 1941). The Ranch was also occasionally the location of more nefarious incidents. In 1946, a young thief, Frank Rogers, buried his ill-gotten gains on the Hudkins Ranch. After a failed escape attempt, which involved shooting a police officer, Rogers was taken to the Burbank jail ( Times , January 19, 1946).
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LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
METHODS
RECORDS SEARCH On September 28, 2006, a cultural resources records search was conducted at the SCCIC, located at CSUF. It included a review of all recorded historic archaeological sites and architectural resources as well as all known cultural resource survey and excavation reports within a 0.5-mile radius of the project area. In addition, LSA examined the National Register, the California Register, California Historical Landmarks, and California Points of Historical Interest. The Historic Properties Directory (2005) maintained by the State Office of Historic Preservation was also inspected for addresses within the project area.
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Archival research was conducted by LSA archaeologist Natalie Lawson from February through May 2007. Research methodology focused on the review of a variety of primary and secondary source materials relating to the history and development of the project area. Sources included but were not limited to historic maps, aerial photographs, city directories, county assessor’s maps, and written histories of the area. A magnification analysis of the historic aerials was conducted to ascertain build dates of historic resources.
The following repositories, publications, and individuals were contacted to identify known historical land uses and the locations of research materials pertinent to the project site:
• Los Angeles County Assessor, City of Los Angeles; • Los Angeles City Department of Building and Safety, City of Los Angeles; • Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, City of Newport Beach; • Suzanne M. Davidson, Corporate Counsel, Forest Lawn Memorial-Park Association; • Doug Gooch, General Files Librarian, Forest Lawn Memorial-Park Association; • Dennis Madison, Environmental Coordinator, Forest Lawn Memorial-Park Association; • Clint Granath, Forest Lawn Memorial-Park Association; • Samuel J. Reed, Principal, TeraCor Resource Management; • Aerial Photographs (Geo Search): 1938, 1947, 1959, 1964, 1978, 1989, 1994; • Aerial Obliques, TeraCor Resource Management; • Los Angeles City Directory: 1913, 1920, 1925–1940, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1949–1964; • USGS Maps: 1902–1995; • United States Census: 1910, 1920, 1930; and
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• Other sources as noted in the bibliography.
FIELDWORK Fieldwork methodology is based on survey requirements and the nature of expected resources and archaeological characteristics. The survey scope required LSA to locate all resources greater than 45 years in age within the project area, even if very small (fewer than five artifacts or features). Modern land surface conditions, the landform context, existing geomorphic data, and the potential for buried sites within the valley bottoms were considered. Since subsurface excavations are not proposed as part of this study, observation of the subsurface was limited to creek and stream bank exposures. The vertical boundary of the survey study area ranges from shallow eroded upland landforms to areas exhibiting deep accumulations of alluvium and colluvium in the canyon bottoms.
An intensive systematic pedestrian surface survey was performed by a crew of two archaeologists. The topography of the project area is quite varied and ranges from relatively flat lowlands where systematic survey methods using parallel transects may be employed to narrow ridgelines bounded by steep brush-covered slopes where parallel transects are impractical and survey methodology was dependent on the landform orientation. In general, all ridge tops and canyon bottoms were surveyed, while steeper slopes were opportunistically surveyed. Specifically, when there were areas where the crew could spread out and walk parallel transects, that was the method employed. Transects were spaced at 10- to 15-meter intervals. Semi-level areas of the project, such as the floor of the narrow valley in association with Sennet Canyon, were suited to parallel transect methods. The remainder of the project area, consisting of narrow ridges and canyons, was examined by crew members surveying all the ridge tops and canyon bottoms within the project area. Typically, a crew would survey up a ridge system to the project boundary, then drop down to the canyon bottom and survey back down toward the starting point. The steep canyon slopes were not systematically surveyed, but were visually examined for the presence of any bedrock outcrops, historic features, or anomalous characteristics requiring closer examination. Many of the steeper canyons of the slopes were physically surveyed during the process of accessing the higher ridgelines. Subsurface exposures, including rodent burrows and cut banks, were examined. Transect spacing and observation strategies allowed for the detection of small sites (fewer than five artifacts or features). The Office of Historic Preservation’s Information Center Procedural Manual (1995) defines a site as the location of a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity.
Cultural resource areas were intensively surveyed to determine the extent and distribution of cultural material. The resources were mapped and photographs taken. Information on the appearance and physical characteristics was gathered. The sites were located utilizing a global positioning system (GPS), and 5–10 meter accuracy was achieved with the Garmin handheld units. The sites were plotted on the appropriate USGS topographic quadrangle. Unrecorded cultural resources were recorded on State DPR forms (DPR 523 series) with respect to site types. No artifacts were collected by LSA.
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LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT JANUARY 2009 FOREST LAWN MEMORIAL-PARK–HOLLYWOOD HILLS CITY AND COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
REPORT OF FINDINGS
RECORDS SEARCH A records search was conducted by LSA researcher Jay Michalsky on September 28, 2006, at SCCIC located at CSUF. The address of the Forest Lawn Property is listed in the Historic Properties Directory; however, the site description refers to the original Forest Lawn Memorial-Park and Mortuary in Glendale, which opened in 1906. No other previously recorded cultural resources were identified within the subject area or within 0.5 mile of the subject area. Two previous cultural resources field studies have been conducted within 0.5 mile of the subject area; however, the subject area and APE have never been surveyed for cultural resources.
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Dennis Madison, Environmental Coordinator, Forest Lawn, stated that two houses (since removed) used to exist on the property within the proposed APE and project area. A review of historic maps and aerials provided by the SCCIC, Geo Search, and TeraCor Resource Management shows three different houses as well as associated outbuildings that were constructed within the subject area more than 50 years ago.
The first building constructed within the project area first appears on the USGS 1921 Santa Monica, California 15-minute topographic map (previously referenced Figure 3). A 1916 building improvement, listed in the current information for the parcel on which this building is located, is likely associated with this building. The owner of the property and the builder of the house are unknown, as Los Angeles County Assessor’s records are unavailable for this property until 1924. However, Mack Sennett acquired this property in 1918 when he purchased 500 acres, including 304 acres in Griffith Park and 150 acres of the current Forest Lawn Property. Sennett discusses the property purchase in his autobiography (Sennett 1954). He had planned to construct a mansion on top of Mount Sennett (now Mount Lee) and completed the grading of a road as well as the grading for a house pad, which was never built. Several roads are visible on the 1928 aerial in the vicinity of the house and into and out of Griffith Park (previously referenced Figure 5). It is not clear whether Sennett ever occupied the house on his property. However, Los Angeles County Assessor’s records show building improvements to the property in 1925, a second building near the first appears on the 1926 topographic map, and historic aerials show this second structure is a barn, so the house appears to have been occupied during this time.
By 1934, Sennett was bankrupt (Braxton 1984) and the acreage was divided and sold at a tax sale (Weisbrod 2002) to two parties, Edward Furer and K.O. Anderson (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1941, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Records, Los Angeles, California). Edward Furer owned the majority of the acreage, approximately 125 acres, including the ca. 1916 house. K.O. Anderson owned 26 acres, including the ca. 1925 barn. Four months later, Adolf J. and Frieda Furer, parents of Edward Furer, were listed by the Los Angeles County Assessor’s office as the owners of one acre of Anderson’s land adjacent to the barn. Two years later, in July 1943, Eben Coe acquired the remainder
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of Anderson’s acres. By 1945, several buildings are visible at the boundaries of Eben Coe’s and the Furers’ properties (Pictorial Map of Providencia Ranch 1945, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California).
Interestingly, in 1942, the year following the sale of Sennett’s property, Edward (Bud) Furer and K.O. Anderson were indicted on fraud charges with Lockheed chief production and tool engineer, David Bushnell. At that time, Edward Furer owned Acme Tool and Manufacturing Company, which produced photographic precision material for the government. The indictment stated that Bushnell would award lucrative contracts to Furer, who would pay Anderson a percentage on all business obtained from Lockheed. Anderson, in turn, would split his commission with Bushnell on a 50–50 basis ( Times , September 16, 1942). All three men were acquitted shortly after the charges were filed (Times , December 18, 1942).
Between 1941 and 1945, a second house was built in proximity to the ca. 1916 house (Pictorial Map of Providencia Ranch 1945, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale California) (previously referenced Figure 8). This house was a large residence with a pool and included a pump house, a generator house, and a feed room. Although this house was erected on the property owned by K.O. Anderson from 1941 to 1943 and Eben Coe from 1943 to 1945, it is unclear which individual built and occupied it, as no building permits were found for this building and no directory listings were found for any residents of this building. Eban Coe was an avid horseman, though, and apparently was often on the property for equestrian events ( Times , January 20, 1941; Times, March 19, 1942; Taylor 1947). By 1946, Forest Lawn had acquired approximately 490 acres (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1946, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Records, Los Angeles, California; Times , March 5, 1952) on the Rancho Providencia and Scott tract, Tract 17266.
The elder Furers remained in residence in the ca. 1916 house (Forest Lawn to E. Furer, letter, April 5, 1946, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California; personal communication, Suzanne Davidson 2007, Los Angeles City Directories 1946 through 1965, Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, California). A Times article discusses Edward Furer’s Providencia Ranch, located behind Forest Lawn and adjacent to Griffith Park, and the horseback riding events that were hosted at his ranch that featured rides on the horse trails in Griffith Park (Taylor 1946). It is unlikely that Edward Furer and his wife, Helen, lived with the elder Furers in the 1916 house, and it seems very likely that he occupied the larger early 1940s house at this time.
In 1947, Bud Furer constructed a new residence and an adjacent garage on the property. The redwood and brick residence measured approximately 1,000 square feet, had a copper roof (Building Permit 25908, County of Los Angeles, Department of Public Works, Building Safety Office [BSO], Los Angeles, California) and was completed in 1949 (Certificate of Occupancy, BSO, Los Angeles, California). By 1948, Bud Furer has also constructed a third barn on his ranch (Topographical Map, Portion of Rancho Providencia 1948, Forest Lawn Archives, Glendale, California). By 1948, the Furer Ranch on the Forest Lawn property consisted of three residences, three barns, corrals, a chicken house, a garage, a generator house, a pump house, and a feed room (Figure 11).
The Forest Lawn Property opened in 1952 ( Times , March 5, 1952). The Furers remained in residence into the mid-1960s until Adolf Furer’s death in 1964, per an agreement with Forest Lawn (Suzanne Davidson, personal communication 2007). Edward and Helen Furer moved to Palm Springs (Weisbrod 2002, Winchell 1961). It is unclear which house they occupied: the early 1940s house or
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1947 Furer House/Garage
1925 Barn 1916 Bud’s Huose Barn Chicken Huose
Barn
FIGURE 11
N 0 60 120 Forest Lawn FEET SOURCE: Forest Lawn Memorial Park Association The Furer Ranch ca. 1960
I:\FLN0601\G\Furer Ranch 1960.cdr (06/04/07)
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the 1947 house. The ca. 1916 house and the smaller barn and chicken house were removed by 1965, presumably for the building of the Hall of Liberty (Historic Aerial 1968). By 1968, the barn built by Bud Furer had been removed. The ca. 1925 barn was removed by 1982, and the 1947 Furer house is no longer visible on the aerial, although the garage is visible. The early 1940s house was removed in 1991, as it was in an extreme state of disrepair (Suzanne Davidson, personal communication, 2007). None of the Furer Ranch buildings are visible in a ca. 2000 aerial photograph (Figure 12).
The Furers Adolf Furer was born in Switzerland on December 17, 1887 (United States Census [Census] 1910, 1920, and 1930; Social Security Death Index), and immigrated to the United States in 1890. He married Frieda Marty when he was 21. In 1910, he, his wife, and their first child, a daughter named Alma, lived in Hamilton, Ohio (Census 1910). His son, Edward, was born in Ohio two years later and by 1920, the entire Furer family had moved to California (Census 1920). Adolf Furer was employed as a machinist for the majority of his working life. By 1910, he was a wage worker for the railroad, making tools, and by the late 1930s he was working for his son’s company, Acme Tool and Manufacturing Company (Los Angeles City Directory 1935–1941, Sherman Library, Corona del Mar, California). Adolf Furer passed away in Los Angeles in July 1964 (Social Security Death Index).
Frieda Marty was born in Switzerland on April 8, 1889. She immigrated to the United States in 1900 when she was 11 and married Adolf Furer eight years later, when she was 19 (Census 1910, 1920, Social Security Death Index). Adolf and Frieda Furer became naturalized United States citizens in 1917 (Census 1920). The Furers had two children, Alma and Edward; Alma did not live to adulthood. Frieda Furer passed away in 1979 in New York (Social Security Death Index).
Edward (Bud) Furer was born in Ohio on March 7, 1912, and by the age of 8, he was living in Los Angeles, California. By the mid-1930s, Edward Furer was married to Helen and owned Acme Tool and Manufacturing Company. During World War II, his company produced photographic precision material for the government (Ainsworth 1941). Acme also produced the multiplane animation stand used by Walt Disney to produce Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as well as the Optical Printer, which was an industry standard used before computers to create all movie special effects work (Weisbrod 2002). Furer invested in real estate and built houses and apartments. He was also an avid horseman and member of the Sheriff’s Posse and was often featured in news stories about different parades or other horse riding events (Taylor 1946; Times , February 10, 1946; Times , February 2, 1946). Furer also was a board member of the Western Harness Racing Association during the mid- 1940s ( Times , February 10, 1946). By the mid 1950s, Furer had founded a new company, Photo- Sonics, and he sold his Acme product line to concentrate on high-speed photographic instrumentation equipment (Weisbrod 2002). Furer’s business associates at Photo-Sonics, John Kiel and Roy Edwards, designed a new 35-millimeter half-frame camera designed to document field testing of high-speed military devices at China Lake (Weisbrod 2002). Bud Furer passed away in Palm Springs on February 12, 1990 (Social Security Death Index). A local Palm Springs hiking and equestrian trail is named the Bud Furer Trail in his honor.
Helen (Fern) Furer was born on April 25, 1912, in Canada. By the mid-1930s, she was living in Los Angeles and was married to Edward Furer. Fern Furer was a member of several ladies’ organizations, including the Greater Los Angeles Area United Service Organization (USO), and donated time and
P:\FLN0601\Final Cultural Resources Assessment.doc «01/30/09» 33 Location of ca. 1940’s House
Location of 1947 Furer House & Garage
Location of 1916 House
Location of ca. 1925 Barn Location of Location of Bud’s Barn Chicken Hsoue
Location of Barn
FIGURE 12
N 0 60 120 Forest Lawn FEET SOURCE: Microsoft Virtual Earth Previous Location of Furer Ranch Complex ca. 2000
I:\FLN0601\G\Furer Ranch.cdr (5/24/07)
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money to various charities ( Times , February 8, 1955). Fern Furer passed away on August 18, 1972, in Palm Springs (Social Security Death Index).
Eben Coe Eben Coe was a stage actor and singer in the late 1920s and early 1930s who transitioned into the movies in the mid to late 1930s (Census 1930; Times , June 26, 1931). He was born in California in 1903 and was married to Lois Lawton, also a stage and screen performer. In 1930, the Coes, including their daughter, seven-month-old Alean, lived on Riverside Drive near the current Forest Lawn Property (1930 Census; Times , June 26, 1931). In 1942, the Coes owned a home on McCadden Place in Hollywood (Los Angeles City Directories 1942). Eben purchased approximately 30 acres of land in 1943, including 25 acres on the current Forest Lawn Property and 5 acres in Griffith Park (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1943, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Records, Los Angeles, California). Eben Coe was apparently an avid horseman and attended several of the same equestrian events as Edward Furer, including the Los Ranchos Visitadores rides (Times , May 3, 1959) and the “Sermon on the Mount” events organized by the El Camino Real Horse Trails Association ( Times , January 20, 1941), which took place on the Providencia Ranch. Coe was a board member of several organizations, including the El Camino Real Horse Trail Association, the Santa Monica Mountains Fire Prevention Association, and the San Fernando Valley Horse Owner’s Association ( Times , January 20, 1941; Times , March 19, 1942; Taylor 1947). By 1945, Coe had sold his property to Paul F. Sierran (Seierson) (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Records 1945, Kenneth Hahn Hall of Records, Los Angeles, California).
FIELDWORK A systematic pedestrian cultural resource survey was conducted on December 19, 2006, by LSA archaeologist Joseph Baumann and LSA architectural historian Shannon Carmack. Located in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains, the majority of the subject area is typified by oak- and brush-covered slopes. Sennet Creek bisects the subject area, and vegetation around the creek is thick with poison oak, reeds, and grasses. The remainder of the project area is typified by narrow ridgelines with steep slopes.
Surface visibility for the overall subject area varied from excellent (100%) to poor (0%) depending on the previous construction activities and dense surface vegetation. The pedestrian survey was unable to locate physical manifestations of the Furer houses and barns that were identified during archival research. Portions of the subject area appear to have been graded for storage of soil removed during preparation of interment spaces, a ca. 1980s YMCA camp, and modern mining activities.
No prehistoric archaeological resources were observed during the surface survey. One historic cultural resource (LSA-FLN0601-S-1) was located during the pedestrian survey. Resource recordation was conducted on January 25, 2007, by LSA archaeologists Joseph Baumann and Natalie Lawson (Figure 13).
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FIGURE 13 LEGEND Property Boundary FLN0601-S-1 0 1,000 2,000 Feet Subject Area/Survey Area Forest Lawn Property
SOURCE: DigitalGlobe (4/08) Cultural Resources within Subject Area I:\FLN0601\GIS\Figure_13_Aerial.mxd (10/28/2008)
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Archaeological Resources Observed LSA-FLN0601-S-1. This site is the remnants of a water conveyance system, the remnant of two roads, part of a cobble and mortar wall, a graded pad, and two bridges. The water conveyance system consists of five features: two pumps, a wall lining the creek, a water line, and a spigot with a valve (Figure 14). LSA-FLN0601-S-1 is located primarily within Sennet Canyon along the creek. It is LSA’s understanding that the entire currently undeveloped subject area (including the yet to be determined APE within) may be graded and/or developed as part of the proposed project. The ten features are described in further detail below.
Features 1 and 2. Features 1 and 2 are bridges that span the small creek that bisects the property. Feature 1 is a continuous span simple deck beam wooden pedestrian bridge that measures 14.5 feet long. The deck is constructed of 6-inch-wide wooden floor beams nailed to the 6 × 6 inch wood post support beams. The footings consist of four 6 × 6 inch wooden posts sunk into the banks of the creek and nailed to the other posts that span the creek. The remains of a square pagoda-style arch are built on one side of the bridge and measure 8 feet tall. Feature 2 is a 21- foot-long closed spandrel deck arch bridge constructed of concrete and cobbles. The arches have been faced with concrete. The deck is made of wooden 6-inch-wide wooden floor beams nailed to the 6 × 6 inch wood post support beams that span the creek and are set in concrete footings on either side of the creek. The concrete arch supports are each 16 inches thick. The construction and size of this bridge appear to be suitable for vehicular traffic.
These two bridges appear to have provided access to the Edward Furer house. Both bridges are in very poor condition. Support braces for the wooden bridge have fallen from the bridge and are lying at the bottom of the creek. The posts sunk into the bank of the creek are shaky. The concrete bridge has no integrity left. The supports for this bridge are in differing states of disrepair, and the planks are mostly gone, leaving only the concrete supports and wooden support beams. These two features may be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 3. The third feature is a pump motor. The motor is sunk into the ground with an attached metal pipe that runs into the ground. The pump is 16 inches tall and the base has a 16-inch diameter. A toggle switch is located at the top of the motor. The patent number is unreadable, but the label reads “Smithway, Single Phase Motor, Continuous Output, Model: 847A3, Sawyer Division, “C” Smith Corporation, Los Angeles, CA USA.” The pump appears to have been manufactured by the A.O. Smith Corporation, and the Smithway models of electric motors from this company were not manufactured until 1940, when A.O. Smith purchased Sawyer Electric Manufacturing Company (A.O. Smith Corporation 2004). The pump does not appear functional. This feature may be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 4. The fourth feature is a spigot located on the opposite side of the creek from the pump motor. The spigot emerges from a drilled hole in a rock along the creek and extends approximately six inches from the rock. A screw valve is located on the top of the spigot to open and close the spigot. There is a joint on the end of the pipe, and the pipe appears to have been filled in. This feature may be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
P:\FLN0601\Final Cultural Resources Assessment.doc «01/30/09» 37 ll a SCE W Power / d FEATURE 3 a Pole o Pump R FEATURE 8 FEATURE 7 FEATURE 5 FEATURE 2 Motor Pump Concrete Cobble & Bridge Graded & TerracedMortar Area Wall FEATURE 4 Spigot
d
FEATUREoa 9
W Drainage R
a
t
e r Wooden
FEATURE 10 FEATURE Dirt
L Bridge i Road n FEATURE 1
e
(
P
i p
e )
FEATURE 6 Graded Pad
Property Boundary
FIGURE 14
0125250 Forest Lawn Property FEET Site Map - LSA-FLN0601-S1 SOURCE: Forest Lawn (2006); LSA (2007); DigitalGlobe (3/08) i:\fln0601\gis\SiteMap_FLN0601-S1.mxd (10/28/2008)
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Feature 5. This feature is a cobble and mortar wall located on the northern bank of the creek. The wall is approximately 20 inches tall and the visible portion is approximately 40 feet long. Individual cobbles measure 3 to 10 inches in diameter and are stacked three courses high. The wall averages 9 inches wide, depending on the size of the cobbles. The portion of the wall remaining appears to be in fair condition. The function of this wall is unclear; it is possible that the wall stabilized the bank of the creek. This feature may be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 6. This feature consists of a small graded pad that measures 100 × 100 feet. This pad is located along a ridge and connects to a graded access road. The pad is visible on the 1928 aerial (previously referenced Figure 5) and appears to be associated with the ca. 1916 house. One historic ceramic kettle was observed in association with this pad. Based on a magnification analysis of historic aerials, commencing with the 1928 aerial, nothing appears to have ever been erected at this site. It is possible that this pad was intended for a water reservoir or a small residence. This feature will likely be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 7. Feature 7 is the remnant of a graded dirt road and adjoining cemented cobble wall. The wall measures approximately 50 feet long and stands two to three courses high. The wall is approximately 1 foot thick. Each of the cobbles measures approximately 3.94 to 7.87 inches (in). The wall represents a road border. The road appears to have been used for automobiles, as it is 8 feet wide and partially paved with asphalt and gravel. This road appears to have provided access to the 1947 Furer house. This feature may be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 8. Feature 8 is a second pump. The pump appears to be ca. 1940 and is likely another part of the overall water conveyance feature related to the Furer Ranch. The pump does not appear to function any longer. This feature may be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 9. Feature 9 is a second section of road. This section is an unpaved road segment that has been cut into the hillside and measures approximately 300 × 6 feet. This road segment is associated with the pedestrian and vehicular bridges and is likely related to accessing the 1947 Furer house. This feature will likely be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
Feature 10. Feature 10 is a section of 2-inch-diameter metal water pipe running along a small drainage from Feature 9 (a water pump) to where it daylights near the top of the ridge and beyond. This water line is no longer in use. The line is part of the overall water conveyance system related to the Furer Ranch. This feature will likely be subject to impacts by the proposed project.
All features appear to be related to the 1940s Furer Ranch, which is no longer extant. As Feature 3, a water pump, was not manufactured before 1940, and the construction methods and materials of these features are consistent with each other and a date in the 1940s, it is likely that the bridges, road, and water conveyance features are related to the period when the Furers occupied the houses and
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expanded the ranch in the 1940s. The graded pad, which predates the other features as it was created before 1928, still appears to be related to the 1916 house. The roads and bridges appear to be related to access to the houses and the 1948 barn. Since Edward Furer kept horses at his ranch from the 1940s through the 1960s ( Times , May 3, 1959), it is likely that the water conveyance features are related to this endeavor. LSA recommends that—due to the poor integrity of the water conveyance system, the road, and the bridges, and because these features do not appear to be related to persons or events important to the development of the San Fernando Valley or to the history of Valleywood— this site is not eligible for listing in the National Register or the California Register. Therefore, impacts to the ten features will not be significant cultural resource impacts and mitigation is not required. Because no prehistoric or other archaeological resources were observed, there will be no significant impacts to cultural resources and mitigation is not required.
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MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA LSA-FLN0601-S-1 This site is the remnants of a water conveyance system, the remnant of two roads, part of a cobble and mortar wall, a graded pad, and two bridges. The water conveyance system consists of five features, including two pumps, a wall lining the creek, a water line, and a spigot with a valve. All ten features appear to be related to the 1940s Furer Ranch, which is no longer extant. As Feature 3, a water pump, was not manufactured before 1940, and the construction methods and materials of these features are consistent with each other and a date in the 1940s, it is likely that the bridges, road, and water conveyance features are related to the period when the Furers occupied the houses and expanded the ranch in the 1940s. LSA recommends that—due to the poor integrity of the water conveyance system, road, wall, and bridges, and because these features do not appear to be related to persons or events important to the development of the San Fernando Valley or to the history of Valleywood—this site is not eligible for listing in the National Register or in the California Register. LSA-FLN0601-S-1 may be subject to impacts during the facility expansion. As the site is recommended ineligible for listing in the National or California Registers, mitigation is not recommended or required. No further management of this resource is necessary other than monitoring during future grading associated with the project in this area.
Archival research also identified the historic presence of three houses with associated buildings. One house, last occupied by Adolf Furer, appears to have been constructed ca. 1916, and one of the associated barns appears to have been constructed ca. 1925. A second barn and a chicken house were constructed by 1945. The second house with the pool was constructed between 1940 and 1945. Buildings associated with this house, including a pump house, feed house, and generator house were constructed during the same time period. The third house was constructed by Bud Furer in 1947– 1949. By 1948, a barn had been built on the western edge of the expanded ranch. Dennis Madison confirmed that the foundations of two houses, most likely the two later houses, were removed. Suzanne Davidson confirmed that the remains of the ca. 1940 house with the pool, which was in a very bad state of disrepair, were removed in 1991 (Suzanne Davidson, personal communication 2007). As such, LSA recommends that because buried remains often go undetected during a pedestrian survey, the build date and builder of the 1916 Adolf Furer house are unknown, and the surrounding area is sensitive for historic resources. Therefore, proposed facility expansion and development could impact unknown historic resources. Since there is a potential for buried historic resources, LSA recommends monitoring any ground-disturbing activities in the southeastern portion of the subject area within the currently undeveloped portion of the Forest Lawn Property near the Adolf Furer house location.
If human remains are encountered, State Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The County Coroner must be notified of the find immediately. If the remains are determined to be Native American, the County Coroner will notify
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the NAHC, which will determine and notify an MLD. The MLD may inspect the site of the discovery with the permission of the landowner, or his or her authorized representative. The MLD shall complete its inspection within 48 hours of its notification by the NAHC. The MLD may recommend scientific removal and analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials.
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