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Faulting and Strain Partitioning in Jamaica From FAULTING AND STRAIN PARTITIONING IN JAMAICA FROM GPS AND STRUCTURAL DATA: IMPLICATIONS FOR GÔNAVE AND HISPANIOLA MICROPLATE KINEMATICS, NORTHERN CARIBBEAN by Bryn Benford A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geoscience) at the University of Wisconsin – Madison 2012 Date of final oral examination: 3/22/2012 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: D. Charles DeMets, Albert and Alice Weeks Professor, Geoscience Basil Tikoff, Professor, Geoscience Laurel Goodwin, Professor, Geoscience Clifford Thurber, Professor, Geoscience Harold Tobin, Professor, Geoscience ! "! FAULTING AND STRAIN PARTITIONING IN JAMAICA FROM GPS AND STRUCTURAL DATA: IMPLICATIONS FOR GÔNAVE AND HISPANIOLA MICROPLATE KINEMATICS, NORTHERN CARIBBEAN Bryn Benford Under the supervision of Professors Chuck DeMets and Basil Tikoff At the University of Wisconsin-Madison A series of small microplates separate the Caribbean and North America plates in the northern Caribbean. My dissertation focuses on understanding the structural evolution and neotectonic deformation of Jamaica, and how it relates to the overall microplates and tectonics of the northern Caribbean. Jamaica, which lies along the same seismically active plate boundary as Haiti, has had twelve earthquakes with Modified Mercalli intensities of VII to X since 1667. However, remarkably little is known about which faults presently constitute the most significant seismic hazards. This research provides insight into tectonic processes and facilitates mitigation of geological hazards in the region. Two chapters focus on characterizing deformation in Jamaica through modeling GPS velocities and through field mapping. The best-fitting models based on GPS velocities place most strike-slip motion on faults in central Jamaica and suggest that faults in northern Jamaica have minimal motion. I estimate 4-5 mm yr-1 of slip for faults near the capital city of Kingston of southeastern Jamaica, implying significant seismic hazard. Field mapping combined with present-day topography, focal mechanisms, geology, gravity, and well and borehole data indicate that east-west contraction is accommodated by reactivated, NNW- striking reverse faults, which are bound by E-striking strike-slip faults in southern Jamaica. ! ""! The other two chapters of my thesis focuses on understanding the behavior of the microplates along the Caribbean-North America plate boundary: I model GPS velocities and use shear-wave splitting to understand the crustal and mantle behaviors, respectively of the microplates. The GPS data require an independently moving Hispaniola microplate between the Mona Passage and a likely diffuse boundary just west of or within western Hispaniola. The new microplate angular velocities predict 6.8±1.0 mm yr-1 of left-lateral slip and 5.7±1 mm yr-1!of convergent motion surrounding the seismically hazardous Enriquillo fault of western Hispaniola, suggesting that one to two M=7 earthquakes are expected for Haiti each century. Using shear-wave splitting analyses, I document fast axis of polarization parallel to the Gônave microplate boundaries along its northern, southern, and eastern boundaries. In the interior of the microplates, weak/no fabric is documented suggesting that the microplate boundaries continue into the upper mantle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bstract "! ! Acknowledgments """! ! Table of Contents <! ! Introduction V! ! Chapter 1. Seismic hazard along the southern boundary of the W! Gônave microplate: Block modeling of GPS velocities from Jamaica ! and nearby islands, northern Caribbean! ! ! ! Chapter 2. GPS estimates of microplate motions, northern Caribbean: WX! Evidence for a Hispaniola microplate and implications for earthquake ! hazard!! ! ! Chapter 3. #1+,&!"2&/$19&"*2!*5!$/19&"<1&/-!51+,&%!)"&0"2!1! YY! $/%&$1"2"27!;/2-U!P/*&/9&*2"9!-/5*$=1&"*2!*5!%*+&0)/%&!J1=1"91! ! ! ! Chapter 4. Character of the Caribbean – Gônave – North America VWY! plate boundaries in the upper mantle based on shear-wave splitting! ! 1 Introduction The M=7 Haiti earthquake in 2010 is a tragic reminder that the strike-slip faults that define much of the northern boundary of the Caribbean plate constitute major seismic hazards (Prentice et al., 2010). After the earthquake, an international effort began to better understand the seismic risks associated with the numerous faults that define the boundaries between a series of small microplates that separate the Caribbean and North America plates in the northern Caribbean (e.g., Calais et al., 2010). Jamaica, which lies along the same seismically active plate boundary as Haiti, has had twelve earthquakes with Modified Mercalli intensities of VII to X since 1667, including the MMI X earthquake in 1692 that destroyed much of the city of Port Royal (near the present capital Kingston) and the M=6-6.5 earthquake in 1907 that damaged or destroyed 85% of the buildings in Kingston (Taber, 1920; Versey et al., 1958; Pereira, 1977; Tomblin and Robson, 1977; Clark, 1995; Wiggins- Grandison, 1996; Natural Disaster Research, 1999; Wiggins-Grandison, 2001). Despite Jamaica’s long history of damaging earthquakes, remarkably little is known about which fault(s) were responsible for previous large earthquakes and which faults presently constitute the most significant seismic hazards, including the locations of the 1692 and 1907 ruptures. My dissertation focuses on understanding the structural evolution and neotectonic deformation of Jamaica, and how it relates to the overall tectonics of the northern Caribbean. The first chapter of my dissertation focuses on building on work of DeMets and Wiggins-Grandison (2007) by modeling GPS velocities estimated from 13 years of continuous and campaign GPS measurements at 30 Jamaican sites and 96 other sites from the northern Caribbean. I determine a lower bound of 6.0±0.5 mm yr-1 of WSW motion of the Gônave microplate in Jamaica along the Gônave-Caribbean plate boundary. Additionally, 2 2.6±0.6 mm yr-1 of primarily southward movement of all GPS sites in the Jamaica archipelago suggests that oblique convergence across the Gônave microplate’s southern boundary in Jamaica may be partitioned, such that ~N-S shortening is accommodated on a fault system south of Jamaica. The best-fitting models place most strike-slip motion on faults in central Jamaica and suggest that faults in northern Jamaica have minimal motion. I estimate 4-5 mm yr-1 of slip for the Plantain Garden fault and Blue Mountain restraining bend of southeastern Jamaica, implying significant seismic hazard for the nearby capital of Kingston. The second chapter concentrates on determining the location of the Gônave microplate’s eastern boundary in Hispaniola and estimating angular velocities for the Gônave, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands, and two smaller microplates. Similar to the first chapter, I use elastic block modeling of the same 126 GPS velocities. A model in which the Gônave microplate extends from the Mona Passage to the Cayman spreading center is rejected at a high confidence level. The data instead require an independently moving Hispaniola microplate between the Mona Passage and a likely diffuse boundary just west of or within western Hispaniola. The new microplate angular velocities predict 6.5±0.5 mm yr-1 of left-lateral slip along the seismically hazardous Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone of western Hispaniola, 10.9±2.0 mm yr-1 of slip along the Septentrional fault of northern Hispaniola, and ~14-15 mm yr-1 of left-lateral slip along the Oriente fault south of Cuba. In the third chapter, I focus on the neotectonics of southern Jamaica and how the two dominant fault sets interact with one another. I use present-day topography, focal mechanisms, geology, gravity, and well and borehole data to show that contraction is accommodated by reactivated, NNW-striking reverse faults.
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