Switzerland (Swiss Confederation)

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CultureGramsTM World Edition 2015 Switzerland (Swiss Confederation)

centuries. Later, Burgundian tribes settled in the west and BACKGROUND Alemannic tribes in the east; both were Germanic tribes, but they developed along different lines. During most of the Land and Climate Middle Ages, Switzerland was part of the Holy Roman Switzerland is a little bigger than Taiwan, or about twice the Empire, but its remote location and the decline of the Holy size of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Switzerland is known for Roman Empire allowed dynastic families like the Hapsburgs its diverse landscape and distinct seasons. It is sometimes to come to power in Switzerland. called the “roof of Europe” because of its towering Alps, The Swiss Confederation which cover more than half of the country, running east to Switzerland is one of the world's oldest democracies. The west. The Jura Mountains extend across another 10 percent of founding of the Swiss Confederation took place on 1 August the territory. The highest mountain peaks include Monte 1291, when the mountain territories of Uri, Schwyz, and Rosa, at 15,209 feet (4,635 meters), and the Matterhorn, at Unterwalden began a revolt against Austrian Hapsburg 14,691 feet (4,478 meters). control by signing the Perpetual Covenant of 1291. This Numerous lakes and large, flat green valleys are covenant united these three territories in an effort to defend interspersed throughout the majestic Alps. Because of the their interests and traditions against the influence of the mountainous terrain, only one-tenth of the land can be used Hapsburg family and maintain peace, security, and rule of for farming. Swiss waters drain into five key European rivers: law. the Rhine, Rhône, Po, Adige, and Danube. Waterpower is one The confederation later grew by adding other states, of the chief natural resources of Switzerland. starting with Lucerne and Zürich. By 1513 a total of 13 states The climate varies according to elevation and region but is (both urban and rural) made up the Eidgenossenschaft generally temperate. In major cities, daily summer (literally, “oath comradeship”). Through military conquest temperatures average 77°F (25°C), while winter temperatures and diplomacy, these states governed substantial territories range between 27 and 32°F (-3–0°C). Winters tend to be long within what is now Switzerland. and snowy, especially in mountainous areas. The Alpine Military Prowess and Political Growth region of Switzerland has about 10,000 avalanches a year. In the Middle Ages, Swiss soldiers gained a reputation for Swiss valleys are frequently foggy and rainy. their fighting prowess and fought as mercenaries for neighboring leaders. This military advantage was lost with the History advent of artillery, and by the early 16th century, the Swiss Early Tribes and Empires had suffered a massive defeat in battle that ended its role as a The Celtic tribes that occupied the area of present-day major European power. Swiss soldiers continued to fight as Switzerland were part of the Roman Empire for five mercenaries, and in 1506 the pope hired the Swiss Guard,

1 TM CultureGrams Switzerland which still guards the current pope today. its relationship with the EU with a series of bilateral The Thirty Years’ War, which devastated large parts of agreements covering every possible area of mutual Europe in the 17th century, passed Switzerland by to a large interaction, including customs, transport, energy, and extent. The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the war, education. As the number of EU member states has increased, recognized the Swiss Confederation as an independent nation this process has become more difficult and time-consuming. in 1648. Every time Switzerland plans to join an international The 17th and 18th centuries are known as the Ancien organization, the subject must be brought to popular vote; the Regime. During this period, states and cities were ruled by majority of the people and the majority of the cantons must small oligarchies of influential merchants and guilds. be in favor. The Swiss population voted to join the United Democratic institutions with wider participation existed Nations (UN) in 2002, and it maintains solid relations with mainly in the rural states, especially regarding pasture and many nations. grass rights. Switzerland serves the world by sponsoring the Napoleon and the Founding of the Helvetic Republic International Red Cross, hosting a number of UN offices, and In 1798, Napoleon invaded Switzerland, which surrendered acting as an impartial location for peace conferences and after a brief fight by the Bernese. Napoleon’s forces looted summits. Bern (which had become a wealthy and powerful city state) Current Challenges and forced between seven thousand and nine thousand Swiss In response to the 2011 Fukushima nuclear catastrophe, the to join France’s armies for an unsuccessful invasion of Swiss government was the first in Europe to announce plans Russia; only a few hundred Swiss survived. to phase out nuclear power. No new reactors will be built, and In the meantime, Napoleon had completely reorganized the government estimates that by 2034, all current reactors Switzerland into the Helvetic Republic, makingcantons (a will be shut down. French term for an administrative district) and replacing local Like many wealthy European countries, Switzerland is sovereignty with a strong, centralized government. This divided over how to handle immigration. Despite enjoying a unpopular form of government lasted only five years before a prosperous economy, many Swiss worry that immigration more federal constitution replaced it in 1803 and gave the will negatively impact the country’s cultural identity. In a cantons almost total sovereignty again. In 1815, after February 2014 referendum, a narrow majority voted to Napoleon’s final defeat, the European powers recognized reintroduce immigration quotas, a move that violates Switzerland’s permanent neutrality. Switzerland’s agreements with the European Union to allow Political and Industrial Change EU citizens to freely immigrate to the country. However, In 1848, after a short civil war between Catholic and Swiss business and union leaders have strongly argued that Protestantcantons , Switzerland adopted a liberal constitution, immigration is a major benefit to the Swiss economy. Public unifying thecantons’ currency, creating a bicameral opinion began to turn, and the following November, a large legislature, and protecting civil rights. The constitution also majority of voters rejected another referendum that would introduced universal male suffrage. have severely cut back on the number of immigrants who can Switzerland experienced industrialization and urbanization enter the country. during the 19th century. While other neutral European nations Recent Events and Trends fell to attacking armies during World Wars I and II, • Banking secrecy: In May 2013, the Swiss government Switzerland, aided by natural geography, remained neutral announced that it would allow Swiss banks to disclose broad and was not invaded. information on U.S. American clients with hidden accounts to Banking Controversy and Constitutional Amendments the U.S. government in exchange for a promise by U.S. Switzerland's image was tarnished in 1996 after U.S. authorities not to indict any banks for tax fraud. However, in American Jewish groups and others alleged that its status in June, the lower house of Swiss parliament voted not to World War II was not entirely neutral. Millions of dollars discuss the bill, essentially killing the law. Switzerland has belonging to European Jews were deposited in Swiss bank been frequently scrutinized by the United States and other accounts before or during the war and then “lost” or used to European countries as a tax haven because of its banking fund Nazi activities. Several years of negotiations led to an secrecy laws. August 1998 settlement by the two largest Swiss banks to pay •Parliamentary elections: In October 2015, the right-wing, US$1.25 billion to cover monetary losses of Holocaust nationalist Swiss People’s Party (SVP) scored a major victory survivors during World War II. Many critics accused Swiss over its rivals, winning more than 29 percent of the vote in bankers of slowing investigations with unnecessary parliamentary elections. The election results indicate a bureaucratic hurdles. continuing move to the right in Swiss politics and growing In April 1999, the Swiss approved several constitutional opposition to the mass migration from Africa and the Middle amendments, including changing the requirement that the East happening currently in Europe. Right-wing parties now currency be backed by gold, granting the right to strike, and control a majority in the National Council (lower house). giving equal opportunity to the disabled. Foreign Relations As part of its position of neutrality, the Swiss Federation is THE PEOPLE not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or the European Union (EU). Switzerland manages Population

2 TM CultureGrams Switzerland Switzerland is home to a variety of ethnic groups, most of General Attitudes whom share a common history. The German Swiss, who The Swiss value hard work, thrift, and independence. They account for 65 percent of the total population, are most prize tolerance, punctuality, and a sense of responsibility. A prevalent in the east and central cantons (states). The French favorite saying claims that if people are late, they are either Swiss, who comprise 18 percent of the population, are located not wearing Swiss watches or not riding Swiss trains. The mostly in the west. In parts of the south, most people are of Swiss also value nature and beauty and are proud of their Italian descent and account for 10 percent of the total efforts to protect the environment through conservation and population. One percent of the population has Romansch recycling. For example, city services collect and recycle ancestry. The Romansch are native to southern Switzerland paper, cardboard, glass, and other materials. Their attitudes and northern Italy. have been influenced by the majestic mountains and beautiful About 6 percent of Switzerland’s residents come from the lakes found throughout the country. Middle East, the former Yugoslavia, Spain, Greece, Italy, and The Swiss are proud of their political and social system, other countries. Most of them are guest workers and do not which is unique in Europe. One of its key elements is the have Swiss citizenship. Foreign residents, mostly from federal system that unites different groups into one country. Europe, make up roughly 25 percent of the Swiss population. The motto is “Unity, yes; uniformity, no.” Eachcanton (state) Because Switzerland has a very strict naturalization process, is highly autonomous, but all citizens participate in national very few foreign residents have become Swiss citizens. The civic affairs. For example, every physically fit male is largest cities are Zürich, Geneva, and Basel. required to serve in the Swiss Army. Soldiers train regularly and keep their guns and uniforms at home—always ready to Language form a militia to defend the country. There are only a few Four official languages are spoken in Switzerland: German, professional officers; most serve part-time. Although French, Italian, and Romansch. Each canton (state) has the left-wing parties and pacifists have tried to do away with right to declare which language it will use. All street signs are mandatory service, the country has consistently voted to keep in that language only. All the languages are available for it. study in most schools, but the language of instruction is that Switzerland's national self-image has been tested as the of thecanton . Most Swiss can understand at least one of the Swiss try to deal with domestic social issues, determine how other official languages of the confederation, and many, best to adapt their grassroots democracy to the 21st century, especially those in international business and tourism, can and define their place in modern Europe. These tasks are speak three or four languages. further complicated by an intense commitment to neutrality Although French and Italian are basically written as they and by disagreements between the French- and are spoken, written standard German (Hochdeutsch) differs German-speaking populations, especially where European from what is spoken every day by the German Swiss. The integration issues are concerned. The French cantons tend to everyday dialect is called Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch). support integration with Europe, while some conservative It is rather unique and difficult for other German-speaking German cantons in central and eastern Switzerland strongly peoples to understand. Relations between the different oppose it. language groups and protection of minority languages continue to be important political issues. Personal Appearance Adults dress conservatively and well, following modern Religion European fashions. The Swiss place a high value on Switzerland has a long history of Christianity, the cleanliness, neatness, and orderliness. For most working predominant religion, although the country has become more professionals, suits and ties are no longer required for daily religiously diverse in recent years. More than a third of Swiss wear; however, suits and similarly formal attire are usually people are Roman Catholic, and over a quarter are Protestant. worn for business meetings. Women in particular tend to There is a growing Muslim population (5 percent) and a small dress more casually for work unless they hold a management Jewish minority. About 21 percent claim no religion. position. Historically, somecantons (states) have been Outside of work, people wear clothing that reflects their predominantly Catholic, while others have had more personal tastes, including jeans and T-shirts. Many people, Protestants. Although religious differences played a role in especially younger generations, have tattoos and piercings. In the country’s history, even leading to a civil war, Catholics winter, people wear thicker coats and sturdier shoes. Top and Protestants now enjoy congenial relations. brands of sportswear and outdoor attire are popular with all Switzerland was the center of the Zwingli and Calvin age groups. Protestant reformations of the 16th century and has produced Traditional costumes are quite rare. In rural areas, they are important modern theologians. Swiss Protestant churches are worn on special occasions, including wrestling festivals and locally controlled and democratic. yodeling and alphorn performances. Switzerland is a fairly secular society, and participation in religion is often reserved for special events and holidays. Like elsewhere in Europe, religion has more influence in rural CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES areas than in the cities. Greetings

3 TM CultureGrams Switzerland A firm handshake and direct eye contact are appropriate when schools also take short coffee or snack breaks at 9 a.m. and 4 greeting both men and women. Close friends may exchange p.m. three kisses on the cheeks, first on the left, then the right, and The Swiss use the continental style of eating: the fork is back to the left. This custom differs from that in much of held in one's left hand and the knife stays in the right. Soft Europe, where people give one kiss on each cheek. When foods, such as potatoes, are cut with a fork, not a knife; entering or leaving an elevator or a store, most Swiss cutting such foods with a knife implies they are improperly exchange simple greetings, even with strangers. Residents of cooked. During a meal, hands (not elbows) should always be small villages exchange greetings on the street. When kept above the table. Younger generations are less aware of walking in the countryside, the Swiss often greet others they formal table manners, and many take lessons on etiquette so meet. they can be prepared for formal occasions, such as business Because the Swiss Confederation is a multilingual society, dinners. actual verbal greetings may vary. German greetings and Traditionally, the best compliment one could give was to farewells include Guten Morgen (Good morning), Guten Tag take additional helpings, although today many simply (Good day),Guten Abend (Good evening), andAuf compliment the cook. When finished eating, a person places Wiedersehen (Until we meet again). Grütsie (Hi) is a typical the utensils side by side on the plate. If they are placed Swiss German greeting used throughout the day. In formal another way, it may indicate the person wants to eat more. In situations, French speakers often sayBonjour (Good day) or restaurants, service charges usually are included in the bill, Bonsoir (Good evening). Friends may greet each other with which is paid at the table. If the service and food were Salut (Hello) or Ciao (Hi). satisfactory, customers often give a tip of about 5 percent. When meeting for the first time or in a business setting, it is most polite to address others by their title (in German-speaking areas, Frau, meaning “Mrs.” or “Ms.”, or LIFESTYLE Herr, meaning “Mr.”) and surname. Young people use first names quite frequently, and that practice has spread to many Family older adults in the last decade. Traditionally, however, the Structure Swiss reserved first names for close friends and family The nuclear family is the most important social unit in Swiss members. society. Most couples plan on starting a family. Families tend to be small, with only one or two children, although some Gestures have as many as four or five. Family privacy is important. The Italian Swiss use their hands when speaking, as do the Families are strongly bonded, and family members in both French Swiss to a lesser degree. Although younger rural and urban settings tend to live close to one another, generations are less formal, older Swiss people avoid chewing sometimes even living in the same apartment complex. gum or attending to matters of personal hygiene in public. Parents and Children When one is entering or leaving a building, it is polite to hold The Swiss believe that child care is up to the family’s the door for the next person. discretion until kindergarten (beginning between ages 4 and 6) and that the government shouldn’t interfere with private Visiting affairs. Some young children stay at home with a parent or The Swiss enjoy socializing within sports, religious, or grandparent. Working parents have many private childcare cultural associations. They also get together with their options, including preschools, day care, oratorios(childcare families on special occasions. However, people tend to keep programs usually offered at churches), language schools, and to themselves, and spending time at home is important to play centers. most adults. When visits do occur, they are planned in Daycare centers, known ascrèches , are becoming advance. This is especially true of weekend visits. increasingly common, although they are very expensive and The Swiss are hospitable to guests and expect courtesy in often have long waiting lists.Oratorios offer services such as return. Dinner guests often bring chocolates or a bottle of babysitting, games, and activities for children after school, on wine for the host and flowers for the hostess. Flowers the weekends, and during summer vacation. Wealthier parents generally are presented in odd numbers and beautifully may hire an au pair or a nanny who is more flexible and can wrapped. When one leaves a home, it is customary to shake provide child care if the child is sick. Parents also may leave hands with all members of the family or group. their children with a playgroup or a babysitter for a couple of hours. Eating Today, many grandparents help raise grandchildren, The Swiss tend to be early risers; their schools start as early especially if the mother works. They may watch the children as 7:30 a.m., and many office hours begin at 8 a.m. As a while the parents are at work, as well as pick up their result, breakfast is usually eaten between 6 and 8 a.m. Many grandchildren from school. Grandparents also often help out people, especially commuters, no longer have time to sit by cooking meals and running errands for the family. Adult down for breakfast, so they often grab something to eat and children help their elderly parents, often moving in with their drink on their way to work. parents or inviting their parents to move into their homes. Lunch is usually eaten between noon and 2 p.m., and Elderly parents may also move into assisted-living centers if dinner is eaten around 7:30 p.m. Many Swiss at offices and their health does not allow them to live on their own.

4 TM CultureGrams Switzerland Around the age of 18, many young people move out of energy. Houses in Switzerland are well insulated; newer their parents’ homes. Some university students rent an houses often use a new, thinner form of insulating material. apartment with roommates, while others live at home and Most houses are built to use solar power and trap in heat. commute to their school. When students graduate from Older heating systems have to be replaced by modern ones, university, they either move back in with their parents or rent and residents must check regularly to see that systems adhere an apartment and look for a job. to ecological standards. Gender Roles Chalet- and German-style wooden houses are usually In previous generations, Swiss custom and law established the colorful, but most houses are built out of concrete, brick, and husband and father as the head of the household. Today, stone. Windows often have shutters for privacy and to keep however, the Swiss enjoy one of the most egalitarian societies out the sun during warm summer months. Private homes in the world. Nearly two-thirds of women 15 and older work typically have a gate or fence outside and often a dog for outside the home, although many work part-time, especially if added protection. Until recently, home alarm systems were they have young children. rare. Women are gradually taking a greater part in politics. Home owners must receive authorization from the Women did not receive the right to vote in national elections municipal authority to change the outside appearance of their until 1971. By 1990, women in all cantons (states) had gained homes. Residents of apartments typically are not allowed to the right to vote on local issues. Today, Switzerland has one hang clothes on a line outside their homes. Some buildings of the highest percentages of women in executive office in the and apartment complexes offer parking spaces or garages. world. Interiors Maternity benefits for working women include 14 weeks People’s homes are generally neat and clean. Swiss people of paid leave. Some women decide to stay home with their tend to decorate simply, avoiding overcrowding furniture and children rather than go back to work, although the majority of objects. Apartments generally have two or three bedrooms, a mothers choose to return to work. When women decide to living and dining room, a kitchen, and a bathroom. Homes resume working, extended family usually helps with usually include modern appliances, such as a dishwasher, a household and childrearing duties. computer, and a TV, often of a proportionate size to the The federal government does not guarantee paid leave for apartment or house. Some apartments still have communal new fathers, but some employers do offer it. Men nearly washing machines and dryers in the basement. always continue working after having children, in part Ownership because their salaries are typically higher. Housing is expensive, and only a little over a third of the Swiss population own their own homes. Both singles and Housing families tend to rent. In the bigger cities, young people Urban sometimes decide to rent for life because mortgages are More than half of all urban families live in apartments. The expensive and hard to obtain, although mortgage interest rates Swiss value social order and are very conscientious of their have decreased in recent years. neighbors. Quiet time extends from noon to 2 p.m., at night Families may help their children build a house if they own from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m., all day Sunday, and on public property, or the parents may pass on the family home to their holidays. During these times, people refrain from activities children and buy an apartment as they get older. Some city that can be seen or heard outside the home, such as playing dwellers have an apartment in the city and rent or buy another loud music, mowing the lawn, or taking out the trash. These home in the mountains or by a lake for weekend getaways. rules are part of apartment rental contracts. Rural Dating and Marriage Houses are more common in rural areas. The famous Dating and Courtship chalet-style homes are located in mountainous districts such Teenagers often socialize in groups at first and begin dating a as the Bernese Oberland. The Swiss-style wooden house with few years later. Teenagers go to nightclubs (discos), a balcony is also popular in mountain villages and resorts. restaurants, cafés, pubs, and the movies on the weekends with Additionally, a wide variety of single family, multi-family, their friends to meet new people. Adults may meet at work, and apartment-block-style buildings can be found all over social organizations, or clubs. Some Swiss use online dating rural, as well as urban, Switzerland. sites to meet people. Exteriors Engagement Traditional architecture varies from region to region, and Engagements have become less formal in Swiss society. homes are built with locally available materials. Most modern Traditionally, a man would formally propose to his girlfriend or refurbished homes include balconies and rooftops that and ask her father for permission to marry her. However, provide access to fresh air, sunlight, and perhaps a small these practices have become pleasant traditions rather than garden. In the northern regions of Switzerland, a few houses necessary formalities. Some couples do not have a formal have chimneys and fireplaces, although wood-burning ovens proposal with an engagement ring but simply set a date for are more common. Smaller houses often have slanted marriage. rooftops to allow the snow to fall off them. Marriage in Society The Swiss are concerned with energy conservation, and The legal age to marry is 18. The average age of marriage has their houses tend to use ecological material to conserve risen in recent years, with many couples getting married in

5 TM CultureGrams Switzerland their thirties. About half of all Swiss citizens are married to Divorce non-Swiss citizens, usually from other European countries Divorce is becoming fairly common in Switzerland and is no such as Germany, France, and Italy. Some marriages include longer seen as negative. Around 43 percent of all marriages partners from South America, Eastern Europe, and Asia. Most end in divorce. Women are offered support in cases of Swiss believe it is important to finish school or become divorce, domestic abuse, or unemployment through financially established before getting married. Couples organizations and social services, including women’s shelters. usually date for a few years before they decide to have To get a divorce, a man or woman must file for divorce children or marry. However, marriage is still considered an with a lawyer. Divorces can be finalized within a few months important step in life. Mothers are entitled to financial support if both parties agree on child custody, division of property, from the child’s father whether or not they marry. and related issues. If one spouse does not want to divorce, the Weddings couple must live apart for two years before the divorce is Swiss couples are married in a civil ceremony at a municipal legally finalized. Under extreme circumstances, such as building, which may be followed by an optional religious abuse, a divorce may be granted much sooner. In most cases, ceremony. The civil ceremony is usually simple and lasts 15 the man supports the woman if her salary is not adequate at to 20 minutes in front of a civil servant and two adult the time of separation. Child support is set by the judge at the witnesses. divorce hearing. Younger children usually stay with the Some couples also hold a church wedding, but this mother. practice has become less common as official church After divorce, men and women may remarry. The Catholic membership has declined. If a couple chooses to have a Church prohibits remarrying religiously. Many divorced men religious ceremony, the planning with the church of their and women choose to live together with a new partner rather choice may last up to six months. For example, Catholic than remarry. Divorced women with children or older churches require the couple to take a six-month class to divorced women may have more difficulty finding a new prepare for marriage. partner than divorced men. It is customary to have two witnesses at both the civil and religious ceremonies. The bride usually chooses her sister or Life Cycle best friend as her witness, and the groom chooses a best man. Birth Couples sometimes decide together on two witnesses. The To announce a new baby, a family might place a picture of a witnesses prepare for the wedding by filling out paperwork at stork carrying a baby in their window. Friends and relatives the municipal building where the wedding ceremony will take are informed by mailed announcements, and small gatherings place. with relatives in the days following the birth are common. As the bride and groom come out of the church, confetti or Friends and relatives usually bring a small gift for the baby to sweets made specifically for the occasion are thrown at the celebrate the new life. couple. The bride carries flowers, and the church and Milestones wedding car are decorated with flowers and white ribbons. Military service is mandatory for males at age 17 or 18. They Wedding dresses are made in a variety of styles; they may be attend an 18- or 21-week training program for new recruits, white or a different color. Wedding bands (worn on the left depending on their specialization. Afterward, recruits serve hand) are usually quite simple and made of gold. After the for three weeks every year until they have completed their wedding vows have been exchanged, the bridesmaids training (the length depends on the recruit’s specialty). Some traditionally lead the guests to the reception. recruits choose to complete their training all at once. Those Usually, the couple holds a reception for friends and who choose civil service over military service must serve an colleagues. Castles, mansions, and lakeside restaurants are additional 130 days. Males who are physically or mentally popular venues for wedding receptions. Finger foods and handicapped do not have to serve. If a man is not physically drinks are common, though the food served at the wedding fit enough to serve, he pays a military service tax instead. reception varies by region. For example, in the southern part Women may join the army but are not obligated to do so. of Switzerland, the meal is typically Italian. A wedding cake University study usually ends around age 25, and most is usually served in addition to many other types of cakes, young people host a small celebration upon completing their including traditional Italian-style ones that may have either final exams. one large layer or between three and seven layered tiers Normal retirement age is age 65 for men and 64 for (called a torte nuciali apiù piani).Later, the couple’s family women, though the ample Swiss pension plan, to which all members and close friends have a dinner party, often in a workers must contribute, allows for early retirement at a restaurant, with music and dancing. Spring and summer are reduced payment. When retirement and widow or widower the most popular seasons for weddings, though winter benefits are calculated, the time one partner may have taken weddings in the mountains are also fairly popular. off work to look after children rather than working is taken Couples often register for gifts at nearby stores, but into account. because most couples live together before marrying, instead Death of giving household objects, some guests give money to the When a person dies in Switzerland, a doctor issues a death couple to help pay for the honeymoon or a later vacation. The certificate for the local registry office. The burial or cremation financing of weddings varies from family to family. Often the can only take place after the death has been registered, which parents of both the bride and the groom contribute financially. must be done within two days.

6 TM CultureGrams Switzerland The family usually places an announcement in the local international matches. In rural areas, traditional sports such as paper with details of the funeral. A card is sometimes sent out schwingen (Swiss wrestling) are gaining in popularity. This to friends and extended family of the deceased to inform them sport is similar to Greco-Roman wrestling but does not have of the death and the funeral. These announcements may weight classifications. include asking for money to be sent to a charity in the name Many Swiss enjoy skiing (both cross-country and of the deceased in lieu of flowers or wreaths. Guests are often downhill). Ski resorts accommodating both kinds of skiers invited to join the family for a snack or a meal at a local café can be found all over Switzerland. St. Moritz is one of the or restaurant after the burial ceremony. most luxurious and expensive ski resorts in Switzerland. The family of the deceased may choose how they want to Mountain biking and road biking are both popular across carry out the funeral. Funerals are increasingly non-religious, Switzerland. Tennis has grown in popularity, partly due to the and there are professionals who officiate rather than a pastor success of Roger Federer, a world-famous Swiss tennis or priest. The country also has one of the highest rates of player. Ice-skating and swimming are popular seasonal sports cremation in Europe. Ashes are usually put into urns and both indoors and outdoors. buried. Before their death, some Swiss request that their ashes Leisure be spread in the open air or water. Swiss people love nature and the outdoors, and they generally spend as much time as possible outside. The Swiss Diet like hiking, mountain climbing, and other such activities. Gun Today, the Swiss enjoy foods from all over the world, but ownership is widespread since all Swiss soldiers (and many traditionally, the Swiss ate meat, potatoes, and milk products former soldiers) keep their guns at home; as a result, (cheese, yogurt, creams, etc.) as their main staples (although marksmanship contests are a national pastime, although they pasta, rice, and other grains are now eaten just as often as are becoming less common. potatoes and bread). Potatoes are prepared in a variety of The Swiss also enjoy watching movies and attending ways, in dishes such asröstis (grated, pan-fried potatoes), cultural events. Movies used to be shown in their original gratin (potatoes sliced and baked with cream and garlic), language with subtitles, a custom that helped the Swiss french fries, or boiled potatoes. Grilled sausage, known as maintain their foreign language skills, though today, most bratwurst (in German) orsaucisse (in French), is popular, films are now dubbed into German. The Swiss enjoy trying especially at festivals and parties in the summer. new things, such as learning a new language or paragliding. Regional specialties include various sausages, rich Computer games are replacing chess and board games among cheeses, special wines, fish, leek soup, and pork. Each canton children and families. (state) and major city has its own specialty bread. Fondue (a Children are often sent to summer camps. Summer camps traditional dish in which pieces of bread are dipped in melted may feature activities like swimming, hiking, arts, cooking, cheese) andraclette (melted cheese on a piece of potato) are language classes, and field trips to museums and historic popular cheese dishes in the winter. Another popular dish is sites. Some camps also include camping trips. spaetzli, a homemade pasta that is somewhat doughy when The Swiss love to have parties, including dinner parties at cooked and smothered in butter and oil. This dish is often home; cooking is a popular hobby. Towns and villages often served with venison during the late autumn hunting season. have festivals and celebrations that are free to all. The Swiss also enjoy fruit pies and cakes. Vacation Breakfast is usually light and might include various types The Swiss enjoy vacationing and celebrate a large number of of fresh breads, butter, jam, cheeses, and coffee or tea. Muesli holidays. Workers receive four to six weeks of vacation, (a type of granola) and cereal are popular as well. Some depending on how long they have worked with their children drink Ovaltine (a powdered milk flavoring). Italian company. They vacation both in Switzerland and abroad. and French Swiss adults tend to eat a lighter breakfast. Many people from the north of Switzerland vacation in the Because so many Swiss commute to work, often a simple cup southern region to enjoy the Mediterranean climate. The of coffee and a croissant must suffice for breakfast. Swiss also travel to the United States, Asia, and Australia. For those who can return home for a lunch prepared by their spouse, the meal usually consists of a main dish with The Arts meat, some form of potatoes or pasta, and a salad. Office Swiss visual arts have increased in stature in the last fifty workers with short lunch breaks often eat a light meal years. Photography and graphic arts are prominent. A variety consisting of a sandwich or fast food. The Swiss enjoy of excellent museums, both large and small, provide access to cooking dishes from France, Germany, and Italy, but food the work of artists from around the world. from Asia and South America is also popular. Women usually In 1919, Carl Spitteler became the first and only Swiss do more cooking in the kitchen, while men often enjoy writer to win a Nobel Prize in Literature. Famous barbecuing. German-language dramatists of the mid- to late 20th century include Max Frisch and Friedrich Dürrenmatt. The architect Recreation Le Corbusier was an important figure in developing the Sports International Style, a major architectural influence in the early Ice hockey and soccer are the two most commonly played 20th century. and watched sports. The Swiss hockey team is very popular, Swiss folk music is famous, particularly yodeling and and the Swiss support their national soccer team in alphorn blowing. The alphorn, which can be as long as 12

7 TM CultureGrams Switzerland feet, was traditionally used to communicate from one alpine during Advent; the first candle is lit the first Sunday, the pasture to another. Now the alphorn is most often used to second candle on the second Sunday, and so forth. Many provide music for festivals and other events. Color guard or Christmas markets are held throughout this time. flag twirling (Fahnenschwingen) is another popular On Christmas Eve, families usually gather for a large meal traditional pastime. Other common folk art forms include at home. They decorate the Christmas tree and place presents wood carving and embroidery. under it. Families also place a crèche (nativity scene) made of wood or ceramic in front of the tree. They often use candles Holidays rather than electric lights on the tree, which means that the Switzerland celebrates many public and religious holidays, trees occasionally light on fire. Children are not allowed to though celebrations may vary bycanton (state), especially see the Christmas tree before the celebration on Christmas according to the dominant religion. Major holidays in Eve. Switzerland include New Year's Day, Epiphany (6 Jan.), Traditionally, Swiss children were told that their Easter (Friday–Monday), Labor Day (1 May), Ascension, Christmas presents were brought by a figure called Christkind Whitsunday and Whitmonday, National Day (1 Aug.), in German areas, le petit Jésus in French areas, or Gesu Federal Day of Prayers (a mid-September thanksgiving Bambino in Italian areas. He has angelic wings, wears a holiday), Assumption (only in Catholic regions), and magnificent crown, and holds a magical stick. However, Christmas (25 Dec.). children now are just as likely to be told that Santa Claus Epiphany brings Christmas presents. Epiphany (6 Jan.) is also known as Three Kings Day, and it Many families attend a Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve. commemorates the day when the three kings brought their The family relaxes on Christmas Day and visits friends on 26 presents to the baby Jesus. A widespread custom on this December. holiday, though sometimes celebrated at Christmas instead, is Other Holidays “star singing.” Groups of children and adult singers carry The Swiss put high importance on local traditional stars to represent the star that guided the three kings. celebrations in their towns and villages. One of the most Sometimes the singers are dressed as each of the three kings. important of these holidays is the Dorffest, orFesta (party), to The groups go from house to house to sing, or they sing in the mark the end of the summer. It usually takes place in the streets or the village square. Special cakes are baked with a middle or end of September. In Alpine areas, the end of small plastic figurine of a king inside. Whoever receives the summer is marked by the descent of the cows from their slice with the king becomes a “king” for the day and wears a summer pastures in the mountains. The bulls often have paper crown.Befana , an old woman who brings presents to flowers entwined in their horns, and heavy decorative bells children, visits the Italian- and French-speaking cantons on are hung around their necks. In other regions, the festivities Epiphany. are combined with street fairs. National Day On Saint Nicholas Day (6 Dec.), children receive little Swiss National Day is celebrated on 1 August. The Swiss bags with nuts, sweets, and chocolates. In the German have taken this day off work since 1993. The holiday cantons,Samichlaus (similar to Santa Claus) brings presents commemorates the day in 1291 when representatives from and treats, which the children receive after reciting a short three of the original Swiss territories swore an oath of poem. confederation, which is now considered the foundation of New Year's Eve is a time for parties and fireworks. At Switzerland’s nationhood. midnight, people cheer, clink glasses, and exchange hugs and Sometimes there is an official celebration on the Rütli kisses (even with people they do not know). field, near Lake Lucerne, where the original representatives met in 1291. The federal president addresses the nation on television, and politicians address their constituents at SOCIETY community gatherings throughout Switzerland. Most Swiss celebrate by barbecuing sausage in their yards. Government Local governments and individual families set off fireworks, Structure and children parade through the streets with paper lanterns Switzerland is a highly decentralized federal state; most that are decorated with the Swiss cross or symbols of the political power resides in the 26cantons (states), which Swisscantons . People decorate their windows with the Swiss delegate a few matters to the federal government. However, flag and candle lanterns with the Swiss cross. in recent years the number of items delegated to the federal Christmas level has grown. Christmas is the biggest celebration of the year. The holiday Switzerland practices a semi-direct democracy, giving season in Switzerland begins with Advent, the four weeks voters a stronger role in the political process than is present in prior to Christmas celebrated by many Western churches. purely representative democracies. Constitutional Advent calendars are very popular in Switzerland, as is the amendments can be instigated by popular initiative (where Advent wreath. Advent calendars have 24 openings, one for 100,000 voters sign an initiative within 18 months), and all each day of the Advent season, with pictures of a Christmas legislation is subject to referendums (which must include scene and a small present or piece of chocolate behind each 50,000 signatures within 100 days). Referendums for flap. The advent wreath has four candles, one for each Sunday constitutional amendments and laws dealing with foreign

8 TM CultureGrams Switzerland affairs require a double majority to pass, meaning the popular free and fair. vote of the entire nation, as well as the popular vote in the Switzerland continues to remain politically neutral, and majority of cantons, must support the proposed measure. although it became a member of the United Nations (UN) in These practices make Switzerland one of the most democratic 2002, its citizens have refused membership in the European countries in the world. Each canton has its own constitution Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). and legislative and executive branches, while each community has its own local government. Eachcanton is Economy responsible for education, police, welfare, citizenship, roads, Despite a lack of natural resources, Switzerland has one of the and other local issues. At the cantonal and local levels, strongest and most stable economies in the world. Its people decisions are made directly by the people. enjoy a high standard of living and have one of the highest At the federal level, democracy becomes more rates of job satisfaction in Europe. Its economy has high representative. The legislature, called the Federal Assembly, standards of performance, and the country has a strong middle has two houses, one with representatives of the people (the class; poverty is practically nonexistent. The government’s 200-seat National Council) and one with representatives of social system helps those who cannot help themselves, thecantons (the 46-seat Council of States). Members of both although many are concerned that this system may be abused bodies are directly elected to four-year terms. by some. Unemployment and inflation remain low. The Federal Council constitutes the executive branch; it Switzerland is known as the banking and finance capital of has seven members, who are each elected to a four-year term the world. Changes to its banking laws have been made to by the Federal Assembly. Each year, the council selects one prevent the opening of accounts by corrupt sources, and in council member to serve as its president, a largely ceremonial recent years assets tied to individuals deemed criminal have position. That person is then technically the president of been seized. Switzerland's finance industry has contributed to Switzerland for a calendar year. A vice president is also the economic success of the country. The 2008 global chosen from the council for a year. The federal government is financial crisis did necessitate a government bailout of the responsible for foreign policy and matters affecting all largest Swiss bank, the UBS; however, the Swiss financial cantons. industry remains comparatively strong. Switzerland's Political Landscape currency is the franc (CHF). Beginning in the late 1950s, each main political party was Tourism is a vital and driving force in the economy; represented among the seven seats of the Federal Council. industrial production is equally important. The Swiss produce Two seats each were awarded to the liberal Free Democrats not only fine watches, chocolates, and cheeses, but also (FDP), the center-left Social Democrats (SP), and the machinery, chemicals, textiles, and various precision center-right Christian Democrats (CVP); one seat was given instruments, which are known for their excellent to the right-wing Swiss People’s Party (SVP). When the craftsmanship. Switzerland donates money to international Swiss People’s Party became the most popular party, it gained development. another seat and the Social Democrats lost one of theirs. In a 1992 national referendum, voters rejected a proposal This system of grand coalition government helped make to join the European Economic Area (EEA). However, Swiss Swiss politics quite stable. But in 2007, the Swiss People’s voters approved closer trading ties with the European Union Party’s anti-immigration platform led to conflict within the (EU) in 1999 and entered the EU's passport-free zone in 2005. council and within the party itself. The split led to the Relations with the EU are governed by a series of bilateral formation of a center-right breakaway group called the agreements. Switzerland and the EU are important trading Conservative Democratic Party (BDP). partners. In light of the recent economic troubles the EU has Immigration remains a pressing issue in Switzerland, in faced, many Swiss are skeptical about any closer relationship part because roughly a fifth of the population is foreign with the EU. nationals (although many were born in Switzerland and qualify for naturalization). In 2009, a referendum banned Transportation and Communications minarets on mosques, and the government is decreasing the Switzerland's small land area and high population density number of immigrants it allows from eastern Europe. create a perfect environment for public transportation. The Government and People well-developed system includes city buses, streetcars, Citizens vote four times a year, including elections and cross-country buses, trains, and cable cars, and almost all referendums at federal, cantonal, and local levels. In a few urban Swiss dwellings are within a short distance of a bus, French-speakingcantons , international residents can vote if tram, or train. Still, most families have cars, and private they have lived in Switzerland for a certain number of years. transport is common. For international travel, the Swiss train German cantons have rejected this system. system is connected to the high-speed systems of its Swiss citizens can vote at age 18.Cantons first began neighbors, the German ICE and French TGV. Opened in allowing women to vote in 1959; women have voted at the 1980, the Saint Gotthard Road Tunnel in south-central federal level since 1971, and in 1992 the last canton was Switzerland is one of the longest tunnels in the world. It ordered by the federal government to allow universal suffrage connects the German- and Italian-speaking regions of to adult citizens. Since 1980, voter turnout has been between Switzerland as well as connecting northern Europe to Italy. 40 and 50 percent. Switzerland is one of the least politically Communications systems are excellent and completely corrupt countries in the world, and its elections are considered modern. Cellular phones outnumber people. Numerous

9 TM CultureGrams Switzerland public, private, and international television and radio stations canton, the entire Swiss education system has the same goal: broadcast throughout the country. Cable and satellite to ensure an equal and excellent education to all its students. television offer widespread access to foreign broadcasts. In recent years, officials have worked hard to unify education Daily newspapers are available everywhere. The internet is between cantons, but since these decisions are subject to widely available, and the majority of the population uses it. public vote, the schools remain fairly different. Cantons choose the languages taught, enrollment age, and the length Education of the school day. All Swiss students must study the language Structure and Access of theircanton plus one additional language of the other Education, which is free and compulsory for nine years (until cantons. English is often introduced in primary schools. In the age of 15), is the responsibility of the individual cantons addition to languages, the curriculum also emphasizes (states). Children are required to attend preschool (also mathematics and science. known as kindergarten) at four or five years old. After In primary school, all subjects are usually taught by a preschool, there are three basic school levels: primary school, single teacher. However, this is not always possible because which begins around age six and lasts for five or six years; most primary school teachers are women, many of whom lower-secondary school, which runs for three years in most have families and work part-time. School sometimes starts as cantons (although in Ticino, it lasts four years); and early as 7:30 a.m. Students generally have up to four hours of upper-secondary school, which includes vocational schools, lessons in the morning, and sometimes two more hours in the specialized schools, and baccalaureate schools (also known as afternoon. Traditionally, children returned home to eat lunch, gymnasiumor college). Attendance is mandatory only but with many mothers now working, many preschools and through lower-secondary school, but about 90 percent of primary schools allow children to eat and work on their Swiss youth finish upper-secondary school as well. homework at school. There are a number of private schools in addition to state Students are often involved in extracurricular activities schools, but most children go to public schools because they after school, such as sports, clubs, and organizations, and they are free. Although public primary schools do not charge also take courses on weekends and during summers. Some tuition, parents pay for school supplies, gym clothes, books, children in public schools enroll in private tutoring lessons and school field trips. after school. After lower-secondary school, about half of all students Parents are widely involved in their children’s education choose to attend vocational education and training schools and regularly meet with teachers and supervise their (VET), which combine coursework with an apprenticeship at children’s learning programs. They also may participate in the a local business. VET schools include apprenticeships in school’s activities, though this may be inconvenient for engineering and information technology (IT), economics and working parents since children of different ages may attend services, social work, and health care. This system of school at different times. apprenticeships is the main reason Switzerland has one of the Switzerland has a long tradition of hosting boarding lowest unemployment rates for young people in Europe schools. Today, these schools attract mainly affluent foreign (around 8 percent in 2014). Students who wish to attend a students whose families are looking for a good education for university after successfully completing their apprenticeship their children. Approximately 100,000 students are enrolled may prepare for their Federal Vocational Baccalaureate exam in over 100 private Swiss schools; several bilingual and by taking general education courses during or after their foreign schools are available. Boarding schools foster apprenticeship. The Federal Vocational Baccalaureate enables diversity among students and boast excellent teachers and students to enter universities of applied science, though their resources. coursework is limited to the field of their apprenticeship. Higher Education Alternately, they may forego university and instead look for Built in 1460, the University of Basel is the oldest university employment as soon as they graduate. in Switzerland. Today, seven cantonal universities, two Specialized schools at the upper-secondary level may federal institutes of technology, a college of education, and a focus on health care and natural sciences, social work, university for economic and social sciences are available. In education, information and communication, art and design, general, thecanton -run universities teach non-technical and the performing arts. Baccalaureate schools prepare subjects, whereas the confederation-run universities focus on students for a university education by teaching a broad range technical ones. Many students travel abroad for advanced of topics. These schools generally accept only applicants with training. high scholastic achievement. Subjects offered in these schools University students must study for three years to gain a vary from cantonto canton, but during their four years, bachelor’s degree and one-and-a-half to two years more to students may choose from a wide range of subjects to gain a master’s degree. After successfully completing a specialize in, including classical languages, modern master’s degree, a student can start working on a thesis to languages, physics, applied mathematics, biology, chemistry, gain a doctorate, which usually takes three to four years. economics, law, philosophy, education, psychology, creative Those who work full-time may attend an Abendtechnikum arts, or music. (evening college), which can last several years. Students can School Life then continue to work while attending school at night and on Eachcanton is responsible for education, so schools may Saturdays. Some employers allow students either to do some vary between cantons. While education varies fromcanton to homework at the office or provide other ways to balance

10 TM CultureGrams Switzerland school and work.

Health The Swiss generally enjoy good health, a fact reflected in their high life expectancy. Basic health insurance is mandatory, and insurance plans are chosen and purchased by individuals rather than provided by employers or the government. When citizens cannot pay for their own health insurance, the government assists them. Switzerland has both private and public hospitals. Medical facilities offer efficient care, and personnel are well trained. The government provides social welfare and benefits for the elderly. Switzerland, which in past decades had one of the highest rates of heroin addiction in Europe, voted against a proposed 1998 amendment to legalize heroin and other narcotics. A referendum in 2008 allowed prescription heroin to a certain number of addicts on a permanent basis, which has helped move addicts off the streets and lower the rate of HIV among addicts.

AT A GLANCE

Contact Information Embassy of Switzerland, 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; phone (202) 745-7900; web site www.swissemb.org. Switzerland Tourism, phone (800) 794-7795; web site www.myswitzerland.com.

Country and Development Data

Capital Bern Population 8,121,830 (rank=95) Area (sq. mi.) 15,937 (rank=132) Area (sq. km.) 41,277 Human Development Index 3 of 187 countries Gender Inequality Index 2 of 152 countries GDP (PPP) per capita $55,200 Adult Literacy 99% (male); 99% (female) Infant Mortality 3.73 per 1,000 births Life Expectancy 81 (male); 85 (female) Currency Swiss franc

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