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Determination of Prevalense of External Parasite on Differnt Species

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Determination of Prevalense of External Parasite on Differnt Species Review Article Adv Biotech & Micro Volume 10 Issue 5 - September 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Kindu Wondmnew DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2018.10.555800 Determination of prevalense of External parasite on differnt Species Kindu Wondmnew*, Mohamed Hussien, Dagnachew Endalamaw and Wosen Temesgen Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Ethiopia Submission: March 10, 2017; Published: September 04, 2018 *Corresponding author: Kindu Wondmnew, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Amhara, South wollo Kutaber, Ethiopia, Tel: 251910749377; Email: Abstract A cross sectional study was conducted from September 2016to January 2017 at kutaberworda different veterinary clinics to determine (Lumpy skin diseases, Pox, and Contagious ecthyma). A total of 1662 ruminants (909 cattle, 447 sheep, and 306 goats were examined through the prevalence of major skin diseases caused by ectoparasites (ticks, lice, fleas and mange), bacterial (dermatophillosis) and viral skin diseases was 39.38%, 45.09% and 43.40% for cattle, goats and sheep respectively. The prevalence of skin diseases in cattle was ticks (25.41%), lice (5.28%),clinical examination and mange and(5.28%), laboratory dermatophillosis confirmation (0.88%) (if possible) lumpy were skin thediseases method (0.56%). employed. Male The animals overall and prevalence cross breeds of skin were diseases more susceptible. registered There was statistical significant difference between risk factors (age, sex and breed) in cattle (p<0.05). In sheep the prevalence of skin diseases was ticks (29.08%), lice (6.9%) flea (4.3%),Ambylomma, mange Hayalomma, (2.01%) and Boophilus pox (1.12%). and Rhipicephalus The prevalence species of skin and diseases demalina in and goats linogathus ticks (19.29%), species lice (3.92%), flea (2.94%), mage (3.26%), pox (8.49%), Orf (6.86%) and there was only statistical significance difference in age category (p<0.05). importantThe main identifiedeconomic ticklosses genus and theywere urgently require control and prevention methods. were identified. This study demonstrates skin diseases among the most important health constraints of ruminants in Kutabreworda leading to Keywords: Cattle; Goats; Diseases; Prevalence; Skin; Sheep; Veterinary clinic Introduction economic losses culling and occasional mortalities and related Ethiopia has the largest livestock inventories in Africa with cost of treatment and prevention disease [7]. The potential including about 40.7 million cattle, 25.5 millions sheep and 23.4 economic losses necessitate the nationwide investigation on million goats [1]. Its resource of cattle, sheep, and goats ranks the distribution of skin disease and organize efforts between 1st, 3rd and 2nd respectively in Africa [2]. The development farmers, trader, tanners and government to at least minimize of leather industry requires great quality of raw materials these enormous loses. Hence in socio-economically important of various origins, the principal source of which is livestock city like Kutaberworeda so far limited studies has been made industry. Although the livestock production and tanning industry to investigate the overall prevalence of the skin diseases in of the world are increasing in number, the source of the material domestic ruminants. Therefore, the for the tanning industry is limited both in quantity and quality. Ethiopia produce about 2.7 million of hides, 8.1 millions of objectives of these studies are sheep skin and 7.5 millions of goats skin per annum and is the a. To identify the major skin diseases of cattle, sheep and brought to kutaber Veterinary clinic. leading export time of the country next to coffee with its finished b. To assess and qualify associated risk factors (breed, of tannery involved in production of this products increasing and semi finished leather products [3,4]. Although the number Age and Sex) of the study animals. from time to time, the sectors and the country are losing revenue due to decline in leather quality and fall in export price [5]. Of c. To recommend possible control measures. the total skin processed of tanneries, one fourth to one third of it Materials and Methods is unsuitable to export due to various defects, 65%, which occur in pre-slaughter, stage [3]. Study area The study was conducted from September 2016 to January The existence of various skin diseases (Dermotophillosis, 2017 at kutaber veterinary clinic in kutabre city which is the Demodicosis, Sarcoptes and psoroptesmanges, ticks and lice capital city of Kutaber worda, which is 20 kms far in West of infestations affecting cattle, sheep and goats are frequently Dessie. It is located at 11015’ (11 degree 15 minute) North reported from different parts of Ethiopia [6]. These different latitude and 39032’(39 degree 32 minute) East longitude diseases in Ethiopia are documentable for considerable Adv Biotech & Micro 10(5): AIBM.MS.ID.555800 (2018) 00117 Advances in Biotechnology & Microbiology and situated on the elevation of 2768 meters above sea stock and then observable clinical picture such as wide spread level. It receives the annual average rainfall of 1000 mm and skin lesions on and around the muzzle, ears, scrotum and udder. average temperature of 230c (BOANR, 2001: CSA, 2005). It Laboratory confirmation is estimated that in Kutaber , the farmers had total of 69,720 cattle (representing 0.01 7% of Ethiopia total cattle), 65,729 Skin scraping from suspected cases of manage are collected sheep (0.026%), 53,302 goat (0.023%), 2,142 horses, 3,049 and preserved in 10% formalin after addition of 10% KOH to Mules, 12,814 asse , 104,737 poultry of all species and 5,457 bee the specimen; mites may be released from scabs and crusts hives of the total of Ethiopian bee hives. In and around Kutaber before examination following procedures indicated [9]. The estimated number of cattle (69,720), sheep (65,729), Mule morphological characteristics described. The diagnosis of (3,049), Donkey (12,814), goats(53,302), hens (104,737) and identification of the mange mite’s species are based on the horse (2,142) reported by KLRDO (2016_2017). microscopic examination of the oozing blood or exudates from Study animals parafillariasis was based on the clinical signs and direct From September 2016 to January 2017, a total of 909 cattle, the bleeding points described [10]. Lice and fleas are collected by 447 sheep and 306 goats brought to Kutaber veterinary clinic their characteristics lice described by [11]. Ticks were collected coat brushing of the affected animals and identification of lice by were subjected to detailed clinical examination for the presence from infestation sites by ethyl alcohol (70%) then preserved in contagious ecthymia and the history, breed, sex and ages were level using their characteristics and stereomicroscope or light of skin diseases ticks, lice fleas, mange, dermatophillosis, pox, 10% formalin and dispatched to laboratory identified in genus recorded. microscope described [9]. For suspected case of dermatopillosis scabs, pus and exudates was collected giemsa and gram’s stained The age of the animals is determined primarily based smears are directly microscopically examined according to the on history we get from the owner and estimating using the procedure described [12]. The diagnosis of pox diseases was destination formulate described by [8]. The animals were based on observation of pox lesions around the oral cavity and divided in to three groups according to their age (less than 1 tail region [8]. year), (1 year to 5 year), (more than 5 years). Data entry and analysis Study Designs and methodology The data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and the data A cross sectional study was conducted to determine was analyzed using Epi. Info version 3.5.1. The Pearson’s chi- the prevalence of major skin diseases of ruminants. The square (x2) test was used to assess difference in the prevalence examination of each animal was conducted by detailed clinical of skin diseases among breed, sex, and age groups. In all cases examination for the presence of skin diseases and when skin lesion are evidenced the case history was taken from owner and subsequently skin samples were taken from at least two sites 95% confidence intervals and P<0.05 as consider as statistical covering the adequate depth peripheral edges. Each species Resultsignificance value. was examined singly for one type of skin diseases infection The prevalence of skin diseases in cattle encountered in the study system. The overall prevalence of skin diseases in cattle was 39.38% In addition samples such as skin scraping hair specimens, pustules and externally visible parasites are collected and (358 cases). The major identified skin diseases were ticks dermatophillosis (0.88%) and lumpy skin diseases (0.56%). The (25.41%), pediculosis (5.28%), mange (5.28%) flea (1.76%), Viral infection like lumpy skin diseases, pox and contagious susceptibility of different age group of cattle to skin diseases is subjected to appear laboratory imposition for confirmation. ecthyma diseases were diagnosed based on their occurrence in presented in (Table 1). Table 1: Prevalence in % and (number of cases) of skin diseases observed in cattle (n=909) at Kutaber veterinary clinic, South Wollo, Amhara Region. Type of Positive case < 1 year n = 251 Age 1 – 5 year >5 yearn = 307 Totaln = 909 Percentage % skin diseases Ticks 231 71(28.28) 140(39.9) 20(6.5) 909 25.41 Lice 48 29(11.6) 18(5.12) 1(0.32) 909 5.28 Fleas 16 11(4.38) 5(1.42) 0 909 1.76 Manage 48 6(2.36) 39(11.1) 3(0.97) 909 5.28 Dermato Phillosis 8 0 8(2.27) 0 909 0.88 Lumpy skin Diseases 5 0 5(1.42) 0 909 0.56 2 0 2(0.56) 0 909 0.22 ParafillariaTotal 358 117(46.61) 217(61.82) 24(7.81) 909 39.38 How to cite this article: Kindu Wondmnew, Mohamed Hussien, Dagnachew Endalamaw, Wosen Temesgen.
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