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Arctic Strategies and Policies 1 Arctic Strategies and Policies Inventory and Comparative Study Lassi Heininen April 2012 Northern Research Forum 2 Arctic Strategies and Policies: Inventory and Comparative Study © Lassi Heininen, 2011; 2nd edition April 2012 Published by: The Northern Research Forum & The University of Lapland Available at: http://www.nrf.is Author: Lassi Heininen, PhD., University of Lapland, Northern Research Forum Editor: Embla Eir Oddsdóttir, The Northern Research Forum Secretariat Photograps: © Embla Eir Oddsdóttir Printing and binding: University of Lapland Press / Stell, Akureyri, Iceland Layout and design: Embla Eir Oddsdóttir Arc c strategies and policies 3 Contents Introduction – 5 Background – 7 Inventory on Arctic Strategies and State Policies – 13 1. Canada – 13 2. The Kingdom of Denmark – 17 3. Finland – 23 4. Iceland – 29 5. Norway – 35 6. The Russian Federation – 43 7. Sweden – 49 8. The United States of America – 53 9. The European Union – 57 Comparative Study of the Arctic Strategies and State Policies – 67 (Re)constructing, (re)defi ning and (re)mapping – 68 Summary of priorities, priority areas and objectives – 69 Comparative study of priorities/priority areas and objectives – 71 International Cooperation – 77 Conclusions – 79 References – 83 Appendix - tables – 91 Northern Research Forum 4 Arc c strategies and policies 5 tors and dynamics, as well as mapping rela- Introduction onships between indicators. Furthermore, it is relevant to study the Arc c states and their policies, and to explore their changing posi- In the early twenty-fi rst century interna onal on in a globalized world where the role of a en on and global interest in the northern- the Arc c has become increasingly important most regions of the globe are increasing, at in world poli cs. Moreover, a careful analysis the same me the geo-strategic importan- of the interrela ons between the Arc c sta- ce of the Arc c is growing. Since the end of tes and other important interna onal actors, the Cold War interna onal northern coope- par cularly Northern indigenous peoples´ ra on - both between the Arc c states and organiza ons, and those between the Arc c between them and non-state actors - has be- interests, agendas and objec ves, would come more ins tu onalized and dynamic. On be essen al for such a study. Thus on one one hand there is mul lateral interna onal hand, an in-depth scien fi c mul - or inter- coopera on within the Arc c Council as well disciplinary research eff ort, and the ability to as coopera on with and between indigenous transform scien fi c knowledge into decision- peoples’ organiza ons, other interna onal making is required (e.g. Segerståhl 2008). On organiza ons and forums, in addi on to bila- the other hand, an open and issue-oriented teral inter-state rela ons. On the other hand, dialogue between members of the research coopera on is func onal within certain fi elds, community and a wide range of stakeholders for example, between academic ins tu ons is needed, as is the crea on of knowledge- on higher educa on, civilian organiza ons on based networks or ‘epistemic communi es’ environmental protec on, and civil socie es (e.g. Heininen 2008). This could be achieved on regional development and culture. by observing the accumulated experience such as in the work of the Arc c Council and The circumpolar North is changing rapidly its working groups; the processes of the Arc c with respect to environmental, geo-economic Climate Impact Assessment report (ACIA) and geopoli cal terms. Among the more re- and the Arc c Human Development Report levant indicators of such change are those (AHDR). Other examples would be those of of climate change, the importance of energy the Arc c Parliamentarians and its conferen- security, the increased u liza on of ener- ces as well as in the open assemblies of the gy resources and related transport, and the Northern Research Forum1. possibility of new global sea routes. All eight Arc c states – Canada, Kingdom of Denmark The Northern Research Forum (NRF) and the including Greenland and the Faroe Islands, University of the Arc c (UArc c) have put Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and forth a tenta ve proposal to ini ate a project the USA – are responding to these changes by concerning an “Inventory and Assessment on (re)defi ning their northern policies and inte- Arc c and Northern policies, and the Interp- rests na onally, as well as their posi on and lay between Science and Poli cs in Northern role in the Arc c region and northern coope- Issues” (see Tenta ve dra of November ra on. A er Sweden launched its strategy 2009). Such a project would be a (modest) for policy in the Arc c region in May 2011 step in support of the ambi ous eff orts men- all of them have adopted their specifi c na- oned above. Ini ally this would require the onal arc c strategies and policy papers, or coopera on of the NRF, the UArc c and the a dra thereof. Interes ngly, The Kingdom of Standing Commi ee for Parliamentarians of Denmark launched its Strategy for the Arc c the Arc c Region (SCPAR) - all of which have 2011 - 2020 (Ministry of Foreign Aff airs 2011), accepted the principle idea - but would la- including Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe ter, hopefully, include both the Interna onal Islands, in August 2011. Arc c Science Commi ee (IASC) and the In- terna onal Arc c Social Sciences Associa on With this in mind, it would be poli cally re- (IASSA). One way of implemen ng this idea levant and scien fi cally interes ng to analy- ze the geopoli cal situa on and dis nguish 1 See also the tenta ve Implementa on Plan on “Social Impact As- sessment of Arc c Science” based on the work of ICARP WG11 – Arc c infl uen al indicators, by inden fying key fac- Science in the Public Interest which has been produced in coopera on beween the NRF and the University of the Arc c (UArc c). Northern Research Forum 6 would be by organising issue specifi c joint I would like to dedicate this publica on to the sessions in conferences and other mee ngs memory of my mother, Kaino Annikki Heini- of the Arc c Parliamentarians or those of the nen, who died in August 2010 and of whom University of the Arc c, as well as in the Open I was thinking and missing while working on Assemblies of the NRF2. Furthermore, the this study. joint Thema c Network on Geopoli cs and Security of the UArc c and the NRF would act as a springboard or scien fi c advisory board, and the Standing Commi ee for Arc c Parlia- mentarians as a poli cal advisory board for this kind of project. A logical fi rst step toward a comprehensive study would be an inventory and compara ve analysis of the strategies, policies and agen- das of the Arc c states regarding the Arc c. Consequently, this paper presents such an inventory on, and compara ve study of, the na onal arc c / northern strategies and po- licies, and priori es / priority areas and po- licy objec ves of of the Arc c states as well as the emerging Arc c policy of the European Union; a dra version of this (Heininen 2011) was presented to the Standing Commi ee for Parliamentarians of the Arc c Region in February 2011 in Tromsö, Norway. Were the- re to be enough interest and (fi nancial) sup- port, this could be followed through with, for example, an inventory on, and assessment of, policies and agendas of of the Arc c states as well as the emerging Arc c policy of Indige- nous peoples’ organiza ons and other Arc c actors. Another method could include a sur- vey and assessment of the interplay between science and poli cs in northern coopera on and policies, possibly including recommenda- ons on how to further promote and strengt- hen such interplay. I acknowledge M.A. Harry Borlase and Dr. Thorsteinn Gunnarsson for their contribu on to the publica on3. However, all fi ndings are the work of the author and only represent opinions of the author. I also acknowledge M.Sc. Embla Eir Oddsdó r, who has pa ently taken care of reviews, edi ons and the layout of the publica on. 2 Like, for example, the 6th Open Assembly of the Northern Rese- arch Forum, which took place in Hveragerði, Iceland in September 2011. 3 Borlase pulled together a fi rst dra of summaries of the strategies of Canada and Denmark/Greenland, and the 2006 Strategy of Norway (see also Borlase 2010), and Gunnarsson contributed a transla on of the Icelandic Report into English. Arc c strategies and policies 7 and coopera on, but which hinge to a large Background extent on the Arc c states and their arc c policies (Heininen 2010b). First, a signifi cant and rapid environmental, geo-economic and In the early twenty-fi rst century interna o- geopoli cal change has occurred in the Arc c. nal a en on in the northernmost regions Among relevant indicators of this change are of the globe is increasing, at the same me on one hand, globaliza on and global chan- the geo-strategic importance of the Arc c ges, par cularly climate change, and on the is growing (e.g. Heininen 2010a). Since the other hand, the strategic importance of ener- end of the Cold War interna onal northern gy security, and consequently, an increase in coopera on - largely through mul lateral re- u liza on of oil and natural gas resources and la ons within the Arc c Council and between related transport, as well as the poten al for indigenous peoples’ organiza ons but also new global sea routes.
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