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1 Introduction Notes 1 Introduction 1 See `Money income in the United States 1998', Current Population Report, US Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, Washington DC, 1999, p. xiv at http://www.census.gov/hnes/www/income.html. 2 Richard J. Murnane and Frank Levy, `Why today's high-school-educated- males earn less than their fathers did: the problem and an assessment of responses', Harvard Educational Review, vol. 63, 1993, 1±19. 3 Quoted in Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor, New York: Harper Collins, 1990, p. 211. 4Robert Reich, The Work of Nations, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991, p. 268. 5 Although Ross Perot and Pat Buchanan in the United States and James Gold- smith in Europe offered an alternative to this in the call for `protectionist' measures in order to recreate the conditions of the Golden era, it has been correctly rejected by the Modernisers as offering false hope. New problems require new solutions. 6 See, for instance, Will Hutton, The State We're In, London: Jonathan Cape, 1995; Larry Elliott and Dan Atkinson, The Age of Insecurity, London: Verso, 1998; Edward Luttwak, Turbo Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy, New York: Harper Collins, 1998; John Gray, False Dawn: The Delu- sion of Global Capitalism, London: Granta Books, 1999. 7 Alan Ryan, John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism, New York: W.W. Norton, 1995, p. 33. 8 The term `collective intelligence' was first used by Colin Lacey in a paper `The idea of a socialist education', which appeared in a collection edited by the authors, Education in Search of a Future, London: Falmer Press, 1988. The development of the concept began when the authors published `Education, economy and society: an introduction to a new agenda', in Phil Brown and Hugh Lauder (eds) Education for Economic Survival: From Fordism to Post- Fordism?, London: Routledge, 1992. What appears here is the first fully worked out development of the concept. 9 See Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage, 1992; Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity, 1991 and his Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics, Cambridge: Polity, 1994. 10 Stanley Manfred, The Technological Conscience: Survival and Dignity in the Age of Expertise, New York: Free Press, 1978, p. 221. 11 Ronald Dore quoted in David Marquand, The Unprincipled Society, London: Jonathan Cape, 1988, p. 103. 12 See Charles Handy, The Empty Raincoat: Making Sense of the Future, London: Hutchinson, 1994. 13 R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society, Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1982, p. 10. 286 Notes 287 14Karl Mannheim, Man and Society in the Age of Reconstruction, London: Kegan Paul, 1940, p. 9. 15 This is part of a quotation by Ben Okri which appears at the beginning of our concluding chapter. 2 Secular Trinity 1 These calculations are taken from Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn, and John Harrison, Capitalism Since 1945, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991, p. 117. 2 This is a paraphrase of Karl Marx from The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napolean, cited in J. Elster, Karl Marx: A Reader, New York: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1986, p. 277. 3 Karl Polanyi, The GreatTransformation , Boston: Beacon Press, 1957, p. 73. 4Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation and Social Rigidities, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. 5 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in L. S. Feuer (ed.) Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, New York: Anchor Books, 1959, p. 52. 6 John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, London: Macmillan, 1936. 7 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York: Harper, 1947, chap. 7. 8 Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn, and John Harrison, Capitalism Since 1945, (n. 1 above), pp. 12±3. 9 There is considerable debate now as to whether Keynes' ideas were indeed applied in a way that was consistent with his theory. For the widespread but varied impact that Keynes' ideas had on different nations' economic policies see Peter A. Hall (ed.), The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. 10 Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn and John Harrison, Capitalism Since World War II, London: Fontana, 1984, pp. 167 and 168. 11 These figures are taken from Angus Maddison, Phases of Capitalist Develop- ment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 208. 12 ibid. 13 ibid. 14This figure is calculated from George Sayer, Robert Bacon and John Pimlott, `The labour force', in A. H. Halsey (ed.), Trends in British Society Since 1900, London: Macmillan, 1972, Tables 4.10 and 4.11, pp. 121 and 122. 15 Emma Rothschild, Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age, New York: Vintage Books, 1973, p. 34. 16 Ibid. p. 116. 17 Robert Reich, The Work of Nations, London: Simon and Schuster, 1991, p. 51. 18 Krishnan Kumar, The Rise of Modern Society, Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1988, p. 31. 19 Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution, New York: Norton, 1988, p. 25. 20 Adam Ferguson quoted in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, edited by R. H. Cambell and A. S. Skinner, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976, p. 782. 288 Capitalism and Social Progress 21 John Kenneth Galbraith, The AffluentSociety , London: Hamish Hamilton, 1963, p. 4. 22 See Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialisation in Europe, America and Russia, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1971, for a history of the relationship between nationalism and the idea of social insurance. 23 Ibid., p. 64. 24The American data is taken from Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams (n. 19 above) p. 15. The British data from George Sayer, Robert Bacon and John Pimlott, `The labour force', in A. H. Halsey (ed.) Trends in British Society Since 1900 (n. 14above) Table 4.7,p. 118. 25 Hilary Land, `The family wage', FeministReview , vol. 6, 1980, 55±78; Martha May, `Bread before roses: American workingmen, labour unions and the family wage', in Ruth Milkman (ed.) Women, Work and Protest: A Century of Women's Labor History, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. 26 Martha May, `Bread before roses', p. 2. 27 Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams (n. 19 above), p. 34. 28 Constance Rollett and Julia Parker, `Population and family', in A. H. Halsey, (ed.) Trends in British Society, (n. 14above), p. 49.While these statistics tell a story of relative stability the sudden jump in divorces to the still comparat- ively low figure of approximately 8 per cent may have something to do with the dissatisfaction of women being forced back into a traditional role after the war. In the United States, 35 per cent of women over the age of 14 participated in the labour market. 29 Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn, and John Harrison, Capitalism Since 1945, (n. 1 above), p. 195. 30 Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams, (n. 19 above) p. 56. 31 Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn, and John Harrison, Capitalism Since 1945, (n. 1 above), pp. 197±8. 32 Michael Kalecki, `Political aspects of full employment', The Political Quarterly, October/December, 1943. Vol. 14 No. 4 322±331. 33 See Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961. 34These figures are calculated from Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams, (n. 19 above) Table 3.2, p. 32, and Jerald Hage and Charles Powers, Post-Industrial Lives: Roles and Relationships in the 21st Century, Newbury Park: Sage, 1992, Table 1.3, p. 40. 35 A. H. Halsey and Jean Floud, `Introduction' in A. H. Halsey, J. Floud and J. Anderson (eds), Education Economy and Society, New York: Free Press, 1961, p. 1. 36 Fritz Ringer, Education and Society in Modern Europe, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1979, p. 252. 37 John Goldthorpe, Catriona Llewellyn, and Clive Payne, Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. 3 Engines of Growth 1 Emma Rothschild, Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age, New York: Vintage Books, 1973, p. 34. Notes 289 2 These figures are taken from Robert Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1989, p. 121; Michael A. Utton, The Political Economy of Big Business, Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1982, p. 21; Graham Bannock, The Juggernauts: The Age of the Big Corporation, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973, p. 39. 3 John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State, London: Andre Deutsch, 1967, p. 76. 4The America figures are calculated from Galbraith, The New Industrial State,p. 75, the British figures are from Leslie Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy, London: Methuen, 1983, p. 146. S. J. Prais' The Evolution of Giant Firms in Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976, has an inter- national comparative analysis of employment in large corporations, p. 156. 5 Quoted in David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800±1932, Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1984, p. 217±19. 6 Fred Colvin writing in the American Machinist, May±November, 1913, cited in David, A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production: 1800± 1932, Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1984, p. 228. 7 These figures are taken from Alfred Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990, Appendices A.1 and A.3. 8 There is considerable debate as to the nature of Ford's innovation. Much of the technology of the production line was at hand before Ford's production line. For discussions of this issue see David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800±1932, (n. 5 above), Judith Merkle, Manage- ment and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Move- ment, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980; David F.
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