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Nr R®Irrci &Vi Thesis Submitted in Candidature for the Degree Of nr r®irrci &vi Thesis submitted in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Salford by C.B.IIERMAN EDYANTO DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY SALFORD UNIVERSITY 1909 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTOF FIGURES .................................. vi LISTOF TABLES ................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................. xiv ABSTRACT xv THE CONTENT OF THE STUDY 0.1.Objectives. 1 O.2.Data required .................................... 1 O.3.Techniques ........................................ 2 O.4.Procedures........................................ 3 0.5.Assumptions ....................................... 3 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. I.1.The coastal zone.................................. 9 I.2.Rural areas ...................................... 10 I.3.Definition of problem............................. 13 I.4.Data base........................................ 17 I.5.Field survey..................................... 19 I.6.The 'Kecamatan' (sub—district) in developmentprogrammes............................ 20 I.7.Organizational structure: The Government Systemin Indonesia.............................. 24 I.8.Structure of the study........................... 27 CHAPTER II RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. II.1.The Growth Pole strategy......................... 31 II.2.The Agropolitan strategy......................... 37 II.3.The Spatial Integration strategy................. 43 II.4.Central Place Theory............................ 47 II.5.Key Settlements concept......................... 51 II.5.1.Central ity............................... 55 IT.6.Indonesian rural development..................... 58 II.7.Conclusion. 64 CHAPTER III THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT'S POLICIES FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT III.1.The Strategy for development in Indonesia. 67 III.2.The Strategy and regionalization of development in Central Java..................... 68 III.3.Policies and actions for rural development.................................... 77 III.4.Regional Planning Policies in Central Java........................................... 79 III.5.Conclusion. 83 11 CHAPTER IV. THE STUDY AREA: GENERAL BACKGROUND. IV.1.CentraI Java Province. 85 IV.2.The Importance of Coastal Rural Development...................................... 90 IV.3.Background to the study area 92 IV.3.1.Environmental aspects: .................... 92 IV.3.1.1.Landforms. 92 IV.3.1.2.Drainage. 95 IV..3.1.3.Sedimentation.................... 97 IV.3.1.4.Vegetation....................... 98 IV.3.1.5.Geology......................... 99 IV.3.1.6.Rainfall ......................... 99 IV.3.1.7.Land use......................... 100 IV.3.2.Social Aspects........................... 102 IV.3.2.l.Demograpic: 102 IV.3.2.1.1.Population distri- bution, size, and age composition ....... 103 IV.3.2.1.2.Labour force and occupations........... 107 IV.3.2.2.Education........................ 110 IV.3.2.3.Rural Health Facilities.......... 115 IV.3.3.Economic aspects.........................118 IV.3.3.1.Agricultural activities. 118 IV.3.3.2.Transportation facilities 131 IV.3.3.3.Coastal rural industry......136 IV.3.3.4.Markets....................140 CHAPTER V.BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL FACTORS. V.1.Natural resources as factors in development........ 143 V.2.Trade and markets as factors in development........ 147 V.3.Human Resources as factors in development.......... 149 V.4.Social facilities as factors in development........ 151 V.5.Transportation as a factor in development.......... 153 V..6.Agriculture as a factor in development............. 154 V.7.Rural industry as a factor in development.......... 157 CHAPTER VI.ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL KECAMATANS. VI.1.Factor Analysis as a method for data processing....................................... 161 VI.2.Criteria used to assess the significance of individual kecamatans for development 162 VI.2.1.I-iuman resource availability............... 164 VI.2.2.Potential in the agricultural sector...... 173 VI.2.3.Transportation facilities ................. 176 VI.2.3.1.The orientation of the kecarnatans....................... 179 111 VI.2.4.Availability of social and economic facilities................................ 180 VI.3.Application of the model. ........................ 184 VI.4.The criteria used to assess the relative significance of environmental factor............. 218 VI.5.Application of the model ......................... 224 CHAPTER VIJ.EXAMINATION BY THE GUTTMAN SCALE METHOD. VII.1.The Guttman Scale Method........................ 234 VII.1.1.Application of the Guttrnan Scale Method.................................. 236 VII.1.2.Variables used for Method ............... 236 VII.2.Comparison of the results from the two methodsof analysis ............................. 246 CHAPTER VIII.TFIE PRIORITY OF KECAMATANS AND PROPOSED PROGRAMMES FOR DEVELOPMENT VIII.1.Priority for development based on socio—economic,and environmental factors ...... 249 VIII.2.Proposed programmes for individual groups ofkecamatans................................. 262 VIII.3.The role of the market place as a physical manifestation of the commercial sector........ 266 CHAPTER IX.IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES FOR SELECTED KECAMATANS IX. 1.Option of strategies for coastal rural development.................................. 269 IX. 2.The relevance of Key Settlement policies indeveloping countries....................... 274 IX. 3.Relationship between the Key Settlement Concept and significant factors and its relevance for development in the kecama- tans......................................... 277 IX. 4.The functions of Key Settlements : a proposal...................................... 279 IX. 5.The application of the Key Settlements Concept....................................... 283 IX. 6.The proposed settlements hierarchy............ 286 IX. 7.Functional hierarchy of settlements, and thresholds for service units 291 IX. 8.Proposed population size of each level iv of Key Settlement . 293 IX. 9.Proposed distribution of facilities 296 CHAPTER X KECAMATAN WELERI AS A CASE STUDY X.1. Background to the area......................... 300 X.1.1.Population distribution.................. 300 X.1.2.The settlement unit...................... 306 X.1.3.Size of households...................... 308 X. 2.The functional settlement system in KecamatanWeleri ............................... 309 X.2.1.Settlement Centrality.................... 313 X. 3.Criteria for the selection of Key Settlements. 313 X. 4.lJnits to which the criteria are applied........ 319 X. 5.Scoring technique and proposed KeyVillages .................................. 319 X. 6.Planning for commercial facilities in KecamatanWeleri: .............................. 327 X.6.1.The need for facilities.................. 327 X.6.2.The circle method....................... 330 X.6.2.1.Modification of the new market locations ............. 335 X.6.3.The Location—Allocation Programme to determine the optimum location ofmarkets .............................. 337 X. 7.Level of inadequacy of facilities.............. 350 X. 8.The need for other facilities................. 352 X. 9.Planning for other facilities.................. 353 X.10.Distribution of new facilities ................ 355 X.11.Modification of proposed Key Settlements inKecamatan Weleri ........................... 357 X.12.Implementation at the Regency scale 360 CHAPTER XI.PROBLEMS IN THE KECAMATANS SELECTED FOR DEVELOPMENT XI.1.Programrne implementation: 365 XI.l.l.The organization of coastal rural development............................. 367 XI.1.2.Problems in kecamatans not Selected forspecial development................. 370 V XI.1.3.The organization of development.........372 XI.2.The impacts of development on the coastal environment....................................373 CHAPTERXII CONCLUSION ........................387 APPENDICES....................................393 GLOSSARY ......................................418 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................ 422 vi LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. 0. Framework of Study 4a Fig. 1. 1. Location of Central Java 22 Fig. 1. 2. Administration Map of Keca- matans in Central Java 23 Fig. 1. 3. Study Area 25 Fig. 2. 1. The Priority of Regions for Devel opment 72 Fig. 2. 2. Distribution of Potential Regions for Development 76 Fig. 4. 1. Regencies in the study area 86 Fig. 4. 2. Topography and the roads in Central Java 93 Fig. 4. 3. Slope and the Study Area Boundaries 94 Fig. 4. 4. Drainage System in the Study Area 96 Fig. 4. 5. Population Density in 1984 105 Fig. 4. 6. Diagram of Age and Sex Compo- sition of the Population in the Study Area in 1984 106 Fig. 4. 7. Working Age (15-50 years) Dis- tn buti on Fig. 4. 8. The Percentage of Rural Edu- cated People 108 Fig. 4. 9. Public Health Facilities 116 Fig. 4.10. The Production of Paddy 119 Fig. 4.11. The Production of Cassava 122 Fig. 4.12. The Production of Maize 123 Fig. 4.13. The Production of Little Green Pea 124 Fig. 4.14. The Production of Soybean 125 Fig. 4.15. The Production of Sweetpota- toes 126 Fig. 4.16. Network of Roads in Central vii Java 132 Fig. 4.17. Daily Traffic Flow in Cen- tral Java in 1974 133 Fig. 4.18. Flow of Goods and Services in the Study. area 141 Fig. 6. 1. The Pattern of Factor I 198 Fig. 6. 2. The Significant Kecamatans for Development Based on Fac- tor 1 199 Fig. 6. 3. The Pattern of Factor II 200 Fig. 6. 4. The Significant Kecamatans for Development Based on Fac- tor 2 201 Fig. 6. 5. The Pattern of Factor III 202 Fig. 6. 6. The Significant Kecamatans
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