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Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial Issue Newsletter VOLUME Xxxli, No Copyright © 1988 by the Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial and Educational Foundation ISSN 0197-663X Fall, 1988 Special Literary Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial Issue Newsletter VOLUME XXXlI, No. 3 Guest Editor, Jean Tsien, Beijing, China RED CLOUD, NEBRASKA Willa Cather’s Reputation in China was very popular as was George By JEAN TSIEN Bernard Shaw. Little American literature had yet been trans- Cather was first read in China acquainted with her name and lated for American literature had much earlier than most of us was later led to read her works. not yet entered the curriculum would think. Though there were Most likely he was her first anywhere I not even in the virtually no translations of her translator in China, having trans- United States. It was not until work into Chinese during her lated "Paul’s Case" for the liter- after the twenties of this century lifetime, we have reason to be- ary journal Time and Tide in that critics in Britain and Amer- lieve they were being read in the 1943. ica began to acknowledge that original in the 1920s and 1930s It was also around this time the U.S. was producing a distinc- by a small number of Chinese tive literature worthy of a posi- readers, mainly college students that Chang Lochi, then a Shang- hai college student, discovered tion in world literature. In China, and intellectuals. Here are a few the first American writers to examples to show this. Cather’s works in the original in the library. After reading them, have an important influence on On February 18, 1927, Yu she became so enthusiastic Chinese writers were Walt Whit- Dafu, a well-known Chinese about Cather that she wrote her man and Eugene O’Neill. Two writer and one of the founders of B.A. paper on her.2 famous Chinese writers Guo modern Chinese literature, Moruo, a poet and dramatist, wrote the following entry in his However, Cather did not really and Cao Yu, a dramatist, were in- diary after reading O Pioneers!: gain a foothold in China till the fluenced by their style. 1980s. The most important Read about sixty to seventy reason for this was that hardly In general, however, the pres- pages of Cather’s novel O any of her works had been trans- ence of American culture did not Pioneers!. Miss Cather lated into Chinese and for this make itself really felt in China writes about the life of the reason, she could not reach a until the forties, when the U.S. immigrants on the prairies wider audience. The twenties and China became allies against of America. Her writing is and thirties were a flourishing fascism. No doubt the showing very sure, her style rather period for the translation of of films based on works by Hem- similar to that of the Rus- Western literature. Chinese stu- ingway and Steinbeck helped to sian writer, Turgenev. dents had only gone abroad to enhance the popularity of these While we read her novel, study in Britain and the United writers in China. The works of a scenes of the life of Swed- States on a large scale after the number of earlier writers whose ish immigrants unfold viv- 1910s and had just discovered canon had risen such as Irving, idly before our eyes. The the treasure-trove of literature Hawthorne and Poe were also character of the woman there. As the period after World translated and a number of their protagonist, Alexandra, as War I was one of social turmoil stories were used in the original well as those of several and political awareness, Chi- as high school English texts. other characters, is well nese intellectuals, who com- Hardly anything of Cather’s was portrayed though not as prised a very small group, translated, though. She was still well as those of the Rus- tended in their translations to living but neither popular enough sian writer. Her description focus on writers who were to be read widely nor to be re- is natural and excellent, socially conscious. The most garded as a serious writer whose comparing favorably with works would be enduring. that in the early works of popular at the time were Rus- Turgenev. ’ sian (Tolstoy, Turgenev, Do- After 1949 and in particular stoevsky, Chekhov, Gogol, during the Cultural Revolution In 1935, as Sun Jiaxin notes in Gorkey and Pushkin were great- most works of Western litera- his essay, Cather was men. ly admired) and French (Zola, ture, particularly American liter- tioned in a review by Zhao Jiabi. Balzac and Maupassant were ature, were regarded with suspi- That was how Sun became among the favorites). Ibsen, too, cion and dismissed as "bour- Page 11 geois" or "apolitical" because the other three in collections of into the cities to find jobs in in- of the policy that literature short stories. This story alone dustry. Mass production had should serve the workers, peas- would reach hundreds of thou- brought material abundance ants and soldiers. A rigid inter- sands of Chinese readers scat- along with greater comforts and pretation and adherence to this tered over the country. conveniences, which Cather to- meant that only works calling on What is the reason for Ca- gether with others had come to revolution or exposing the cor- ther’s appeal to Chinese audi- appreciate. But at the same ruption of bourgeois society or ences in recent years? The time, it promoted commercial- the poverty of the poor could be essays in this issue, all written ization and standardization and translated into Chinese or by her translators in China, give thus the decline of individuality. taught in the classroom. Ob- some idea of why Chinese Still worse, it had a corrupting viously Cather’s work did not readers love her works and effect on people in the form of a belong to these categories. So choose to translate them. As Li growing desire for more material what little there was of her Wenjun, deputy editor-in-chief possessions. Because of this, works in China lay neglected on of World Literature, a prestig- money came to be valued more the library shelves until new ious literary magazine, says in and more for its own sake, to the policies were introduced in the his article: "Chinese readers get point of tainting human relation- late seventies. an instinctive feeling of close- ships. Since then, Cather has be- ness and warmth, a shock of The change disturbed Cather come widely read in China. Be- recognition, as if they were re- greatly. Like many other Ameri- ginning from 1980, her works reading the works of a familiar cans of her own day, she was have been taught to English ma- writer," when they read Cather. coming to feel that "commer- jors and graduate students in In the remainder of this essay, I cialization and the mad desire to English at Beijing Foreign Stud- shall attempt to analyse why make money [had] blotted out ies University, Peking Univer- this is so and to pinpoint where I everything else, and as a result sity, and Beijing Languages in- think Cather’s appeal lies to we are not living, but merely stituts, in Beijing alone. In re- present-day Chinese readers. existing.’’4 It made her nostalgic cent years all her major works One very important reason for the simple and harmonious have been or are being trans- why Chinese readers find it easy relationships of an earlier agrar- lated into Chinese. More of her to identify with the protagonists, Jan order before the corrosive in- works have been translated into situations and even moods in road of pecuniary interests. She Chinese than those of Fauikner, Cather’s works, particularly in felt that life had been more Hemingway or Fitzgerald or any those dealing with the pioneer- meaningful in the past, people other of her American contem- ing era or the passing of that era, better able to appreciate beauty poraries.= Critical articles have is that China was, and still basi- and culture, values more certain. also been written about her and cally is, a predominantly agrar- And as her disgust with the pres- last year a national symposium ian society which at the present ent grew, so did her respect for was held to commemorate the time is undergoing the same the values and qualities of a by- fortieth anniversary of Cather’s transition from an agrarian gone era, embodied in the noble death, at which some sixty society to a highly industrialized figure of the pioneer;, while her scholars, translators and re- one that Cather’s American life among them as a child porters from various parts of the society underwent during her underwent a kind of transfigura- country were present. Reports own lifetime. tion and took on a special mean- of the conference were carried Cather had grown up in Ne- ing. This is most apparent in in a number of newspapers and braska at a time when the coun- such works as O Pioneers!, literary journals, including China try was predominantly agrarian, My ,~ntonia, A Lost Lady and Daily, the prestigious English when such virtues as courage, "Neighbour Rosicky" which language newspaper in circula- perseverance, thrift, industry, deal with the early struggles of tion in China. warm human relations, love of the pioneers and their noble It is no exaggeration to say labour and of land were upheld qualities with the poignancy of a that Cather’s reputation is very and admired and were in tune writer celebrating a saga that is high in China, or that her works with the times.
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