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The Status of Women in North Carolina Politics

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The Status of Women in North Carolina Politics The Status of Women in North Carolina Politics STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Meredith College administration for the financial support that made this project possible. These funds allowed the hiring of two outstanding Meredith College students – Emily Hawkins, ’15, and Sidney Shank, ’18. Both women are committed to improving the status of women in North Carolina politics and their commitment made it possible for them to handle the many challenges we faced with this project. President Jo Allen, Senior Vice President and Provost Matthew Poslusny, Dean Garry Walton, and History and Political Science Department Chair Dan Fountain have encouraged and supported this work. They believed in the value of this work for the College, its students, and for improving the place of women in North Carolina going forward. The Meredith College Marketing Department also deserves special thanks. The staff used its expertise to communicate the ideas in this report to multiple audiences and developed strategies for creating publicity for the report. I want to thank the Women’s Forum of North Carolina for supporting earlier research on women in appointed office. David B. McLennan, Ph.D. Meredith College Research Assistants Emily Hawkins Sidney Shank MEREDITH COLLEGE 3 STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Study after study finds that when women seek and serve in political office – elected or appointed – they are as successful as their male counterparts. Yet, women remain severely underrepresented in North Carolina political offices. Although women make up over 54% of the registered voters in the state, women hold • Less than 25 percent of all appointed and elected offices • Under 20 percent of the elected positions with “taxing and spending” authority • Approximately 18 percent of the positions on “Power Boards” – those with policy-making authority • Slightly over 10 percent of leadership positions (e.g., mayor and board chair) in appointed and elected offices In the last two decades, women have achieved many “firsts” in North Carolina politics. Elizabeth Dole was elected to the United States Senate in 2002, and Beverly Perdue was elected governor in 2008. Despite the fact that women have been elected to high profile public offices in North Carolina, the total number of women serving in appointed and elected offices has changed little over the last twenty years. The situation is particularly acute in rural areas of North Carolina where women are not only greatly underrepresented in county and municipal offices, but many areas of North Carolina, there is no history of women ever serving in offices. There are 44 counties, for example, that have no women serving on the board of county commissions, and all are in areas of the state considered by the U.S. Census Bureau to be rural. The main reason so few women are in appointed or elected office is not overt discrimination or structural deficiencies in the processes used to appoint or elect candidates to office, but the fact that so few women seek these offices. In an increasing frequency, when women run, women win. In the 2014 elections, for example, 25 percent of the candidates across North Carolina on the ballot were women, but 63 percent of these candidates won their races. These findings point to the need for new solutions to the problems of underrepresentation. For the last few decades, the efforts to increase the number of women serving in political office has relied on a few underfunded nonprofit organizations that recruit or train women to run for office, political parties whose primary mission ignores gender equity, and some token efforts by government to establish commissions or study groups to examine the problem. The solutions need to be more comprehensive and sustained across North Carolina. Educational institutions, including high schools, colleges, and universities, must take more proactive steps to reverse the trend of young women losing interest in politics as they move 4 MEREDITH COLLEGE STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS from their teens to their 20s. Organizations whose missions are about preparing women leaders must join forces and resources to make larger and more sustained efforts at getting more women into the political pipeline. Finally, there needs to be much more awareness, not just about the problem of underrepresentation, but also about the research findings regarding the differences women – Democrat or Republican – make in governing, when they serve. MEREDITH COLLEGE 5 STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS INTRODUCTION Politics is often referred to as the last “glass ceiling” with women being vastly under- represented in political office (Kornblut, 2009). North Carolina has traditionally been a state with one of the largest gender gaps in the country. Currently, 27 percent of all elected officeholders in the state are women, while women are 51.3 percent of the state’s population (Census, 2013). Similarly, women hold about 25 percent of all appointed offices in North Carolina. North Carolina is not unique in terms of women being underrepresented in political office. Nationally, women are underrepresented at all levels of government. Women Officeholders in the United States 2015 Office Percent Women U.S. Senate 20.0 Members of the United States House of Representatives 19.3 State Governors 10.0 State Legislators 24.2 Mayors of the 100 Largest Cities 13.0 Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Rutgers University The problem of women’s underrepresentation is significant and enduring. In the 1980s, the number of women running for and serving in political offices gradually increased. During the 1990s, women improved their numbers in appointed and elected offices more significantly. 1992 was declared the “Year of the Woman,” and the percentage of women serving in state legislatures increased from 18.4 to 20.5 percent after the November midterm elections. The percentage of women serving in state houses gradually increased until 2010, when the total number of women serving in office decreased by 59 women. North Carolina experienced a similar pattern in terms of women running for and serving in political offices. During the 1992 election, North Carolina had a 12 percent increase in the number of women running for the General Assembly, which produced a net gain of six seats in the House and Senate for women. The percentage of women serving as state legislators grew until the 2010 election, when the state experienced a net decrease of six seats. Since then, the number of women running for and serving in legislative seats, as well as most other political offices in the state, has remained essentially flat. Analyzing the data further, particularly in North Carolina, reveals that women of color and rural women are even more significantly underrepresented than their white and urban sisters. Nationally, 6.2 percent of the members of Congress are women of color and 5.3 percent of state legislators (CAWP, 2015). North Carolina has one African American woman – Alma Adams – in Congress and ten women of color in the North Carolina General 6 MEREDITH COLLEGE STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS Assembly (5.8%), but since 2004, only 2.3% of candidates for elected office in the state have been women of color. Betsy Cochrane Former member of the North Carolina House of Citizens in rural areas of North Carolina have historically had fewer women representing Representatives and them in local and state offices than do those living in the larger metropolitan areas of North Carolina Senate Charlotte, the Triad, and the Triangle. In 2004, forty counties had no women serving on the Board of County Commissioners, all of which were considered rural counties in the state. In Betsy Cochrane’s public 2015, forty-four counties have no women serving on the Board of County Commissioners, service career was filled with with all but three of these among the 85 rural counties in North Carolina. One of the issues many “firsts.” The first woman that rural counties have in terms of women serving in elected office is that significantly fewer elected to the North Carolina women candidates run in these rural counties – about 30 percent fewer candidates than in House from her district in urban counties. Davidson County in 1980, she was also the first woman elected to the North Carolina Just as the situation for women in elected office has improved relatively little over the last Senate from her district in two decades, the number of women serving on political boards and commissions in the Davie County in 1988. Not state has remained relatively low. Women hold about 25 percent of the appointed offices in satisfied with serving as a North Carolina. member of both chambers, Cochrane assumed leadership Often overlooked by many citizens, these appointed political offices play an important positions in both chambers, function in government, but also provide a significant pathway for women entering elected becoming the first woman in office. Summarizing several longitudinal studies on women entering state legislative offices North Carolina to accomplish since 1981, Sanbonmatsu, Carroll, and Walsh (2009) report that a large majority – over 65 that task as she was the percent – of women start their public service careers by having served on a local or state Republican minority leader appointed board. The researchers contrast this with the experience of men who end up in in both the House (1985-88) and Senate (1989), as well as state legislative offices, less than one-third of whom had local or state board experience. chairing the appropriations committees of both chambers. North Carolina’s underrepresentation of women in appointed offices is also reflected around the country. At the federal level, women continue to be underrepresented in key appointed Cochrane attributes her positions like the President’s Cabinet with only forty-five women having served in cabinet- success as a legislator and level positions with most serving in the recent administrations of Presidents Clinton, Bush her ascension into leadership (George W.
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